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International Institute for Strategic Studies
International Institute for Strategic Studies
International Institute for Strategic Studies
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Headquarters at Arundel House, Temple, London

Key Information

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is an international research institute or think tank focusing on defence and security issues. Since 1997, its headquarters have been at Arundel House in London.[1] It has offices on four continents, producing data and research on questions of defence, security and global affairs, publishing publications and online analysis, and convening major security summits.[2] The Guardian newspaper has described the IISS as ‘one of the world’s leading security think tanks.’[3]

The current Director-General and Chief Executive is Bastian Giegerich while Sir John Chipman is the Executive Chairman.

The 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index ranked IISS as the tenth-best think tank worldwide and the second-best Defence and National Security think tank globally;[4] Think Tank Alert ranked it as the top, most-cited non-US-based think tank in 2025;[5] while Transparify ranked it third-largest UK think tank by expenditure, but gave it its lowest rating, describing it as deceptive, on funding transparency.[6]

Research

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The institute has worked with governments, defence ministries and global organisations such as NATO.[7]

Advisory services

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The IISS provides ‘strategic advice and political risk analysis to government and commercial clients’.[8]

Publications

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In 2011 the institute published the FARC files[9]—documents captured from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia that shed light on the movement's inner workings.

The 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index ranked the Shangri-La Dialogue as the best Think tank conference worldwide.[10]

History

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The Institute for Strategic Studies (ISS), as it was originally known, was founded in 1958, following a conference in January 1957, which gathered together the main voices interested in the nuclear issues of the day. Military historian Michael Howard chaired a group which recommended that ‘we should set up a body whose primary  purpose should be the collection and dissemination of information about nuclear weapons and their implications for international relations...And so the Institute was born.’

Its first director was the defence journalist Alastair Buchan, and its first president the former Labour prime minister Clement Attlee.

While the Institute’s initial composition was mainly British, from 1968 the council were joined by Australian and Japanese members. Because of this, it was renamed the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in 1971.

Since then, the IISS has convened many private discussion groups and conferences and also hosted influential public events and lectures. The 1977 Alastair Buchan memorial lecture, delivered by West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (an Institute member since 1959), which became known as one of the key appeals for ‘Euromissiles’ to counter new Soviet intermediate-range missiles.

In 2016, The Guardian reported that IISS "has been accused of jeopardising its independence after leaked documents showed it has secretly received £25m from the Bahraini royal family", noting that leaked "documents reveal that IISS and Bahrain's rulers specifically agreed to keep the latter's funding for the Manama Dialogues secret".[11][12] The IISS did not dispute the authenticity of the leaked documents or deny receiving funding from Bahrain, but issued a response stating that "[a]ll IISS contractual agreements, including those with host governments, contain a clause asserting the institute's absolute intellectual and operational independence as an international organisation that does not participate in any manner of advocacy".[13]

Peter Oborne in Middle East Eye subsequently reported that IISS may have received nearly half of its total income from Bahraini sources during the 2010s.[14][15]

The IISS moved to new headquarters at Arundel House in 2000. In 2023, the IISS had approximately 160 employees and an annual turnover of more than £25 million.

Raymond L. Garthoff wrote in 2004:[16]

In 1959 the IISS issued a pamphlet on the "military balance" between the Soviet Union and NATO. It was unfortunately replete with errors, having been put together from published sources of widely varying quality. I called this to the attention of Alastair Buchan, the director of the institute, who was quite disturbed. A new version was issued in November 1960, much more correct and accurate, though still not up to the latest intelligence. Again, I called this to Buchan's attention, and he undertook to check out with British authorities what became annual issuances.

Major funders

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Major funders contributing £100,000 or more:[17]

Directors

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Governance

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The IISS is a registered charity, and fundraising is overseen by the board of trustees.

The trustees appoint members of the IISS Council, the institute’s intellectual advisory body.[18] Both the trustees and the council have an international composition. The director-general and chief executive (Bastian Giegerich) and the executive chairman (Sir John Chipman KCMG) both report to the chairman of the trustees.

As of February 2024, the trustees of the IISS were:[19]

  • Bill Emmott (chairman of the trustees), chairman of the Japan Society (UK); former editor in chief, The Economist;
  • Caroline Atkinson, Senior Advisor, Rock Creek; former head, Global Policy, Google; former Deputy National Security Adviser, International Economics, Obama Administration;
  • Neha Aviral, principal, ghSMART;
  • Hakeem Belo-Osagie, chairman, FSDH Holding Company; chairman of the Board of Trustees, Harvard Centre for African Studies
  • John O. Brennan, former director, Central Intelligence Agency;
  • Chris Jones, director, Becton, Dickinson and Co;
  • Chung Min Lee, (chairman of the Advisory Council); professor, Institute of Convergence and Security Affairs, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology; Senior Fellow, Asia Programme, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
  • Florence Parly, Former Minister of the Armed Forces, France
  • Kasper Rørsted, Former CEO of Adidas; Former CEO of Henkel; Member of the Board of Directors, AP Moller-Maersk; Member of Supervisory Board Siemens AG;
  • Lord Sedwill, Former Cabinet Secretary and National Security Adviser, Cabinet Office, UK; chair of the Atlantic Future Forum;
  • Grace Reksten Skaugen, Co-founder and Board Member, Norwegian Institute of Directors; chair, Euronav NV; chair, Orrön Energy AB (formerly Lundin);
  • Matthew Symonds Co-founder, The Independent; former Defence and Security Editor, The Economist; former Executive Director, The Lawrence Ellison Foundation

The Advisory Council is composed of:[20]

  • Chung Min Lee (chairman of the Advisory Council)
  • Joanne de Asis, president, Globe Capital Partners; Senior Advisor, Morgan Stanley
  • Caroline Atkinson,
  • Linden P. Blue, chief executive officer, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems
  • Garvin Brown, chairman, Brown-Forman Corporation
  • General Sir Mark Carleton-Smith, GCB, CBE, Former Chief of the General Staff, British Army;
  • Alejandro Santo Domingo, Chairman of Grupo Empresarial Bavaria, Colombia; managing director, Quadrant Capital Advisors,
  • Bill Emmott (chairman of the Trustees)
  • Thomas Enders, president, German Council on Foreign Relations; former Chief Executive Officer, Airbus
  • Michael Fullilove, executive director, Lowy Institute;
  • Yoichi Funabashi, Co-founder and Chairman, Asia Pacific Initiative;
  • Alia Hatoug-Bouran, Senator, The Jordanian Senate; president, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean
  • Eyal Hulata, Senior international fellow, Foundation for Defense of Democracies; Former National Security Advisor, Israel and Former Head of Israel’s National Security Council
  • Badr Jafar, President of Crescent Petroleum; CEO of Crescent Enterprises
  • Bilahari Kausikan, chairman, Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore; Former Ambassador-at-Large and Policy Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore
  • Thomas Lembong, director, Consilience Policy; former Chairman, Investment Coordinating Board; former Minister of Trade, Indonesia
  • Eric X. Li, founder and Managing Director, Chengwei Capital
  • Peter Maurer, Former President, International Committee of the Red Cross; former Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the United Nations
  • Florence Parly;
  • Lord Powell of Bayswater KCMG, Member, House of Lords; former Private Secretary and Adviser on Foreign Affairs and Defence to Prime Ministers Thatcher and Major
  • Andrés Rozental, Eminent Ambassador of Mexico; President Rozental & Associates;
  • Lord Sedwill,
  • Debra Soon, Group Head, Marketing and Communications, Aviva Singlife Holdings
  • Heizo Takenaka, Professor Emeritus, Keio University; former Minister of Internal Affairs and Communication
  • Marcus Wallenberg, chairman, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken; Chairman Saab AB; Vice Chair, Investor AB; chairman, Foundation Asset Management; director, Astra Zeneca

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

International Institute for Strategic Studies

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from Grokipedia
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is an independent, non-profit research organization founded in 1958 in London, dedicated to providing objective analysis on international security, geopolitical risks, defense policy, and military capabilities. Headquartered at Arundel House along the River Thames, it maintains offices in Washington, D.C., Manama, and Singapore to support global operations. Initially focused on nuclear deterrence and arms control amid Cold War tensions, the IISS has evolved to address contemporary challenges including regional conflicts, terrorism, and emerging technologies in warfare. The institute's defining publications include the annual The Military Balance, a comprehensive assessment of worldwide military forces and equipment, and Strategic Survey, which reviews key developments. It also organizes high-profile events such as the in , Asia's leading intergovernmental security summit attended by defense ministers and military chiefs to discuss regional stability and strategic cooperation. These outputs influence policymakers, governments, and businesses by offering data-driven insights derived from rather than ideological advocacy. While the IISS asserts operational independence, funded through publication sales, conference sponsorships, research contracts, and donations from corporations, foundations, and governments, it has faced scrutiny over undisclosed contributions, notably £25 million from between 2007 and 2015, raising questions about potential biases in its analyses despite safeguards like donor agreements prohibiting influence on outputs. This episode underscores broader challenges for think tanks in maintaining credibility amid diverse funding sources that include defense industry firms such as and .

Founding and Early History

Establishment in 1958

The Institute for Strategic Studies (ISS), predecessor to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), was formally established in in November 1958 by a group of British and American experts concerned with strategic affairs amid escalating nuclear risks. The initiative stemmed from discussions within a study group on , which highlighted the absence of independent forums for rigorous analysis of defense policy detached from governmental influence. Founding members included figures such as Sir Michael Howard, a , and , a Labour politician with defense expertise, who sought to foster transatlantic dialogue on . The organization's formation was announced simultaneously in and Washington, reflecting its aim to bridge Anglo-American perspectives on global security. The establishment addressed a perceived gap in objective scholarship following , particularly the need for informed debate on nuclear deterrence, , and the maintenance of civilized in an era of . Unlike state-affiliated bodies, the ISS prioritized non-partisan research to inform policymakers without direct advocacy, drawing initial funding from private foundations and individual subscriptions to ensure autonomy. This focus emerged from post-Sputnik anxieties and the 1957 conference that preceded the institute's launch, where participants emphasized empirical assessment of strategic balance over ideological posturing. Alastair Buchan, a defense journalist formerly with The Observer, was appointed as the first director, guiding the institute's early emphasis on publishing studies and convening confidential seminars for elites from government, military, and academia. , the former UK prime minister, served as inaugural president, lending credibility while the organization operated from modest premises in with a small staff of analysts. By prioritizing data-driven evaluations of force postures and technological threats, the ISS quickly positioned itself as a counterweight to both optimistic narratives and unchecked , though its Western-centric origins drew later critiques for underrepresenting non-aligned viewpoints.

Objectives Amid Cold War Tensions

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) was founded in 1958 amid escalating tensions, including the Soviet Union's Sputnik launch in October 1957, which underscored the and prompted Western concerns over strategic vulnerabilities. The institute's core objectives centered on fostering independent analysis of military and strategic affairs to inform sound policies for global peace and security, emphasizing nuclear deterrence as a mechanism to prevent catastrophic conflict between superpowers. By design, IISS operated as a non-governmental entity to enable candid discourse unencumbered by official state doctrines, drawing on expertise from scholars, military professionals, and policymakers to dissect the implications of thermonuclear weapons and bipolar confrontation. A key aim was to promote rigorous, evidence-based research on and balance-of-power dynamics, recognizing that required nuanced understanding to avoid miscalculation. This involved annual assessments of global military capabilities—precursors to publications like The Military Balance—to provide verifiable data on force postures, thereby countering ideological distortions prevalent in both Eastern and Western propaganda. IISS sought to bridge transatlantic and international perspectives, hosting confidential seminars that facilitated dialogue among allies on topics such as strategy and the credibility of extended deterrence, without endorsing partisan agendas. In practice, these objectives addressed causal realities of the era: the diffusion of heightened escalation risks, necessitating first-principles evaluation of deterrence stability over optimistic schemes that ignored verification challenges. While IISS maintained operational , its early funding from private and foundation sources ensured focus on empirical strategic trends rather than short-term political pressures, though critics later noted influences from Western defense establishments. This approach positioned the institute as a bulwark against policy errors driven by incomplete intelligence or domestic biases, contributing to informed restraint during crises like the 1961 Berlin standoff.

Organizational Development

Post-Cold War Expansion

In the years following the end of the in 1991, the International Institute for Strategic Studies broadened its analytical scope to address emerging global security dynamics, including ethnic conflicts, , , and the strategic rise of , necessitating a more distributed to engage diverse regional stakeholders. The IISS established its Americas office in , to enhance transatlantic dialogue and provide North American policymakers with access to the Institute's research on post-Cold War security challenges, such as adaptation and ballistic missile defense. This hub facilitates connections between US-based experts, governments, and corporations with IISS global programs. Recognizing the shift in geopolitical weight toward the , the IISS opened its Asia office in , which coordinates region-specific research and hosts the annual —a key intergovernmental forum on defense and security convened since 2002. This initiative has drawn defense ministers and military chiefs from across the region, underscoring the Institute's role in fostering multilateral security discussions amid China's economic and military ascent. Further expansion included the 2019 establishment of a office in , , aimed at deepening analysis of Gulf security, energy geopolitics, and intra-Arab rivalries in a post-Iraq War environment. In 2021, the IISS launched IISS-Europe in , with interim leadership tasked to build capabilities for European defense policy research, responding to heightened continental tensions including Russia's actions in . These developments extended the Institute's presence to offices across , Washington, , , and , enabling more localized data collection and policy influence in a multipolar era. The relocation of headquarters to in during this period supported operational scaling, accommodating growth in staff and research output on transnational threats. By the early , the IISS maintained a network facilitating annual events, specialized dossiers, and consultations with over 100 governments, reflecting adaptation from Cold War-era nuclear focus to comprehensive global .

Global Offices and Recent Infrastructure

The International Institute for Strategic Studies operates a network of offices across five locations to facilitate its global research, events, and policy engagement. Its headquarters, at 6 Temple Place in , (WC2R 2PG), serves as the central hub for strategic direction and flagship activities, including the production of annual publications like The Military Balance. The office coordinates with regional branches to address security challenges spanning , , the , and the . Regional offices include IISS–Americas in , at 2121 K Street NW, Suite 600 (20037), which supports and U.S.-focused analysis; IISS–Asia in at 9 , #49-01 Republic Plaza (048619), established around 2003 to bolster security dialogues such as the ; IISS–Middle East in , , at the 14th Floor, GFH Tower, (Building 1411, Road 4626, 346), hosting the annual Manama Dialogue since 2004; and IISS–Europe in , , at 6A (10117), opened in 2021 with German government support to enhance policy analysis on European defense and security.
OfficeLocationEstablishment Context
HeadquartersLondon, UKArundel House occupied since 1997; core operations base.
IISS–AmericasWashington, D.C., USAFocuses on U.S. and hemispheric security ties.
IISS–AsiaSingaporeOpened circa 2003; key for regional summits.
IISS–Middle EastManama, BahrainSupports Gulf security forums.
IISS–EuropeBerlin, GermanyLaunched 2021; emphasizes EU and NATO issues.
Recent infrastructure developments center on the establishment of the office, which expanded the IISS's European footprint amid heightened focus on continental security post-Brexit and amid Russian aggression in . This addition, funded partly by the German federal government, enables dedicated research on European defense architecture without relocating core functions. No major physical expansions or new constructions have been reported at other sites in recent years.

Mission and Strategic Focus

Core Objectives and Methodological Approach

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) pursues core objectives centered on advancing independent research, informed debate, and policy-relevant analysis of , defense, and strategic affairs. Founded amid nuclear anxieties, its foundational purpose was to foster nonpartisan examination of how modern military technologies, especially nuclear weapons, shape global relations and security dynamics, serving as a forum for experts, policymakers, and diplomats to exchange verified information without governmental direction. In contemporary terms, IISS positions itself as a provider of factual, evidence-based insights into , military conflict, and geopolitical shifts, aiming to equip decision-makers with objective assessments that prioritize empirical realities over ideological narratives. Methodologically, IISS emphasizes rigorous, data-driven evaluation grounded in , official government disclosures, and cross-verified estimates compiled by multidisciplinary teams of analysts, former military officers, and regional specialists. This approach manifests in quantitative compilations, such as detailed inventories of global military personnel, equipment holdings, and defense budgets in its annual Military Balance publication, which relies on sources like exchange rates and state-reported figures adjusted for reliability through expert adjudication. Qualitative elements integrate causal assessments of strategic doctrines, conflict trajectories, and policy trade-offs, often informed by scenario modeling and historical precedents to discern underlying drivers rather than surface-level correlations. While IISS asserts analytical to ensure outputs reflect strategic realities, its operational has faced due to diversified streams, including substantial grants from foreign governments—such as £25 million from Bahrain's over 2011–2016—that coincided with hosting Gulf-focused events and may incentivize selective emphases in regional coverage. Nonetheless, the institute's outputs maintain a for factual precision, as evidenced by their use in governmental briefings and academic citations, predicated on transparent sourcing where possible and avoidance of unsubstantiated . This blend of empirical aggregation and interpretive realism underpins IISS's role in countering in volatile domains like arms proliferation and hybrid threats.

Primary Research Domains

The International Institute for Strategic Studies organises its research into thematic and regional programmes that address global security challenges, military capabilities, geopolitical dynamics, and . These domains draw on empirical data from sources such as the annual Military Balance report and specialised surveys to inform analysis of defence policies, conflict trends, and strategic competition. The institute's approach emphasises objective assessments of state capabilities and intentions, avoiding prescriptive policy advocacy while highlighting verifiable trends in armament, procurement, and operational doctrines. Defence and Military Analysis serves as a core thematic domain, delivering quantitative data on worldwide military forces, equipment inventories, defence budgets, and industrial bases as of assessments up to 2024. This programme tracks procurement trends, such as the global shift toward hypersonic weapons and unmanned systems, and evaluates national defence policies through metrics like personnel strength and readiness levels. It underpins flagship outputs like the Military Balance, which in its 2024 edition detailed over 40,000 equipment entries across 170 countries. Conflict, Security and Development focuses on active armed conflicts, producing the annual Armed Conflict Survey that curates original data on over 50 ongoing disputes as of 2023, including casualty figures, displacement statistics, and governance impacts. The programme examines causal links between internal instability, resource competition, and external interventions, such as in where non-state actors accounted for 60% of fatalities in tracked conflicts. Cyber Power and Future Conflict investigates state cyber capabilities and multi-domain operations, developing tools like the Cyber Power Matrix to rank nations on offensive and defensive postures based on institutional maturity and operational . Research highlights experiments in synchronised kinetic-cyber campaigns by great powers, with case studies from 2010–2022 showing cyber tools used for gathering and disruption rather than decisive warfighting. Strategy, Technology and analyses ' military applications, including AI, , and autonomous systems, alongside proliferation risks and treaty compliance. The programme assesses how states integrate dual-use innovations into strategies, noting as of 2023 that over 20 nations had declared policies on lethal autonomous weapons amid stalled talks. Geo-economics and Strategy explores economic instruments in statecraft, such as sanctions, trade dependencies, and vulnerabilities, with emphasis on great-power rivalry effects on global markets. It tracks metrics like critical mineral dependencies, where controlled 60% of rare earth processing in 2023. Regional programmes complement these by applying thematic lenses to specific geographies. The Indo-Pacific Defence and Strategy domain scrutinises inter-state rivalries, deterrence postures, and military balances, particularly U.S.- tensions, incorporating assessments of naval expansions where combined fleets exceeded 500 major combatants by 2024. research covers conflicts, defence economics, and energy geopolitics, analysing trends like Gulf states' $100 billion+ annual procurement since 2015 amid proxy wars. The programme evaluates modernisation, projecting capabilities for potential contingencies based on 2020–2025 investments exceeding $200 billion annually. European Security and Defence addresses cohesion and hybrid threats, while US Foreign Policy and Transatlantic Affairs examines alliance dynamics and power projection. These domains collectively inform IISS's non-partisan analysis, prioritising data-driven insights over ideological narratives.

Key Outputs and Activities

Flagship Publications

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) flagship publications include annual assessments and journals that deliver detailed, data-driven analyses of global capabilities, geopolitical trends, and strategic challenges. The Military Balance, first published in 1959, provides an open-source evaluation of the armed forces, personnel, inventories, and defence across more than 170 countries, including updated on military organizations and budgets; the 2025 edition, for instance, incorporates recent developments in global defence spending and regional force postures. This resource is widely regarded as indispensable for defence policymakers, analysts, and researchers due to its rigorous compilation of verifiable from official sources and open intelligence. Strategic Survey complements this with an annual review of and strategic affairs, offering in-depth coverage of geopolitical shifts, regional dynamics, and emerging security issues worldwide. It analyzes events from the preceding year, such as conflicts, alliances, and policy responses, to inform forward-looking strategic debates. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, the IISS's bi-monthly journal established as a core outlet, features peer-reviewed articles, essays, and commentaries on pressing topics in , from to cyber threats. The Armed Conflict Survey, another annual flagship, examines the political, military, and humanitarian aspects of ongoing armed conflicts, drawing on fieldwork and expert assessments to track trends in violence and resolution efforts. These publications collectively underpin the IISS's reputation for empirical, non-partisan analysis, though their reliance on aggregated open-source data necessitates user verification against primary government releases for absolute precision.

Conferences and Dialogues

The International Institute for Strategic Studies organises a range of high-profile conferences and dialogues that serve as platforms for senior government officials, military leaders, policymakers, and experts to address global challenges. These , often held in hybrid or in-person formats, facilitate Track One inter-governmental discussions and bilateral engagements, drawing participants from over 50 countries annually. The flagship IISS , established in 2002 and convened yearly in , is recognised as Asia's premier defence summit. It brings together defence ministers, senior military officers, and security analysts to debate pressing issues, including regional , defence innovation, and cross-regional security interlinkages. The 2025 edition, held from 30 May to 1 June, featured plenary sessions on topics such as defence innovation solutions and regional mechanisms, with keynote addresses from heads of state and opportunities for ministerial sideline talks. A preceding Sherpa meeting prepares the agenda, emphasising defence diplomacy in the region. Complementing this, the IISS Manama Dialogue, launched in 2004 and hosted annually in , focuses on Middle Eastern security dynamics. It convenes foreign and defence ministers, alongside regional and international stakeholders, to examine foreign-policy, defence, and geopolitical challenges, such as the interplay of global and Middle Eastern threats. The 2024 event, spanning 6–8 December, included plenary sessions on international approaches to regional stability, while the 2025 iteration is scheduled for late in the year to sustain ongoing dialogue amid evolving conflicts. Beyond these anchors, the IISS conducts specialised gatherings like the annual Missile Dialogue Initiative meetings, which in 2025 addressed missile defence cooperation in , and emerging forums such as the Defence Summit and Global Security and Innovation Summit, targeting European and technological security themes. These events underscore the institute's role in fostering multilateral exchanges without formal decision-making authority.

Specialized Research Programs

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) maintains several specialized programmes dedicated to in-depth of discrete challenges, drawing on interdisciplinary expertise to inform and strategic decision-making. These programmes produce reports, assessments, and events tailored to regional dynamics, technological shifts, and military capabilities, often integrating quantitative such as defence expenditure trends and force structures. The Conflict, Security and Development programme examines intra-state conflicts, armed violence in fragile states, and inter-state disputes with broad geopolitical ramifications, including annual reviews of global conflicts and infographics on security trends. The Middle East programme generates analysis of strategic drivers across the region from to , focusing on political instability, proxy conflicts, and influences. The programme serves as a hub for research on Chinese defence policy, military modernization, and regional security implications as China's capabilities expand. The Indo-Pacific Defence and Strategy programme assesses inter-state competition, deterrence mechanisms, and potential conflicts, incorporating IISS evaluations of military balances and alliance structures. The European Security and Defence programme provides analytical perspectives on European strategic issues, including NATO dynamics, hybrid threats, and defence procurement amid evolving continental risks. The Russia and Eurasia programme analyzes 's post-Ukraine invasion strategic posture, including implications for energy dependencies, eastern flank reinforcements, and broader international order disruptions. The Defence and Military Analysis programme compiles authoritative data on global defence budgets—totaling approximately $2.24 trillion in 2023—military inventories, procurement trends, and industrial capacities, underpinning tools like The Military Balance. The Strategy, Technology and programme investigates the integration of in applications, regimes, and strategic stability, particularly dual-use innovations like AI and hypersonics.

Advisory and Influence Mechanisms

Policy Advisory to Governments

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) extends strategic advice and analysis to governments, complementing its research outputs with tailored consultations on defense, , and geopolitical challenges. This advisory role leverages the institute's global network and analytical resources to inform decisions, often through confidential briefings and scenario-based assessments that address immediate threats such as regional conflicts, , and great-power competition. Governments engage IISS experts for insights grounded in empirical data, including capabilities evaluations from publications like The Military Balance, which track force structures and defense expenditures across more than 170 countries annually. IISS advisory engagements emphasize practical policy measures to enhance and international stability, advising on topics ranging from counter-terrorism strategies to deterrence postures amid rising tensions in areas like the and . For instance, the institute has supported governmental deliberations on nuclear non-proliferation and regional , drawing on its convening power at events like the , where defense ministers and policymakers receive direct analytical input. Such interactions position IISS as a discreet channel for cross-border strategic dialogue, distinct from formal diplomatic processes, though specific client engagements remain non-public to preserve independence and confidentiality. While IISS maintains that its advice remains impartial and evidence-based, the dual provision of services to governments and entities raises questions about potential overlaps in client interests, particularly in defense-related risk assessments. Nonetheless, governmental reliance on IISS persists due to its for rigorous, data-driven , as evidenced by contracts contributing to the institute's —totaling £155,805 from five sources in recent filings. This advisory function aligns with IISS's objective to promote sound policies for global peace, though outcomes depend on governmental adoption rather than direct implementation.

Corporate Consulting and Risk Analysis

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) offers corporate consulting through its IISS Advisory division, providing strategic advice and analysis to commercial clients worldwide. These services focus on geopolitical and geo-economic insights to help businesses identify risks and opportunities in volatile global markets, particularly in interconnected sectors where state actions and conflicts impact operations. Tailored for industries including , energy, and defence, the advisory emphasizes confidential, client-specific support to navigate uncertainties such as disruptions or regulatory shifts driven by international tensions. Key offerings include senior executive briefings on geopolitical developments, roundtables and seminars on geo-economics, ad hoc expert consultations for rapid issue assessment, and commissioned for in-depth strategic exploration. Corporate partnerships extend these with access to original on commercial implications of issues, complementing broader IISS . Specialized tools enhance : Strategic Signals delivers ongoing of political events' business ramifications, including bespoke leveraging IISS's regional expertise in and . The Geopolitical Risk Dashboard (GRD), updated monthly, quantifies risks across countries by processing over 50,000 news articles, conflict event data, and financial indicators into 25 metrics across 10 categories and 2 modules, augmented by qualitative expert commentary for actionable decision-making. These services position IISS as a bridge between analysis and corporate needs, enabling firms to integrate high-fidelity geopolitical intelligence into and strategies. While drawing on the institute's non-partisan framework, the commercial orientation supports revenue diversification alongside grants and publications, though specific consulting income figures remain undisclosed.

Governance and Leadership

Governing Structure

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is governed primarily by its Board of Trustees, which functions as the directors under the and as trustees under the Charities Act 2011, ensuring compliance with fiduciary, ethical, and charitable obligations. The Board provides strategic oversight, appoints key advisory bodies, and maintains independence in research and operations, with sub-committees handling nominations, , remuneration, and . As of July 16, 2025, the Chair is Lord Sedwill, former National Security Adviser and , succeeding Bill Emmott who held the position from January 2019. Trustees are appointed for their expertise in international affairs, defense, and business, drawing from diverse global backgrounds to reflect the Institute's international focus; notable members include John O. Brennan, former Director of the US Central Intelligence Agency (2013–2017); Florence Parly, former French Minister for the Armed Forces (2017–2022); and Matthew Symonds, former defense editor at The Economist. The Board also includes Dr. Grace Reksten Skaugen as Honorary Treasurer, alongside figures like Caroline Atkinson and Neha Aviral with experience in policy, finance, and consulting. The Trustees appoint the IISS Council, an intellectual advisory body of international experts that guides research priorities and strategic direction without direct operational control. Complementing this, the Advisory Council—comprising 20 to 35 members serving renewable three-year terms, drawn from the Institute's global membership—offers non-binding advice on policy and programs, chaired by Dr. Chung Min Lee, a and Asia-Pacific security specialist. Executive leadership reports to the Trustees, with Sir John Chipman serving as Executive Chairman since 1994, overseeing overall direction, and Dr. Bastian Giegerich as Director-General and Chief Executive since 2024, managing daily operations and research execution following his appointment by the Board. This structure emphasizes accountability to charitable objectives while fostering expert input, with the Memorandum and Articles of Association lodged with outlining formal powers and succession processes.

Key Directors and Leadership Transitions

Sir John Chipman served as Director-General and Chief Executive of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1993 to 2023, overseeing substantial institutional growth, including expansion from a single office in to a global network with offices in , the , and the . In a planned internal succession announced in May 2023, Dr. Bastian Giegerich assumed the role of Director-General and Chief Executive on 1 October 2023, succeeding Chipman who transitioned to a newly created part-time position as Executive Chairman to provide continuity and strategic oversight. Giegerich, who joined the IISS in 2005 and directed its Defence and Military Analysis programme from 2015, represents the first internal promotion to the top executive role in the institute's modern history. The Chair of the IISS Trustees, responsible for leading the board overseeing fiduciary and strategic governance, saw a transition in 2025 when Lord Mark Sedwill, former National Security Adviser, took the position on 16 July, succeeding Bill Emmott who had served since January 2019. Earlier leadership included Alastair Buchan as the institute's founding Director from its establishment in 1958 until 1969, during which the IISS established its foundational role in . Subsequent Directors-General included figures such as (1982–1987), noted for advancing and strategy research at the institute.

Funding and Financial Independence

Major Funding Sources

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) obtains its revenue from diverse streams to support its operations, with total income reaching £32.32 million for the year ended 30 September 2023. Primary categories include income from charitable activities—such as sales of publications, databases, research services, and conference hosting—which generated £21.07 million, alongside donations and legacies amounting to £9.56 million. Corporate sponsorships form a key pillar, particularly from firms in defense, , and related sectors, providing funding for events, briefings, and general operations through tiered models that offer access to IISS expertise and dialogues. Government grants and host-nation support for major conferences, such as the and Manama Dialogue, constitute another significant source, often governed by memoranda of understanding to delineate usage without compromising . Foundation grants supplement these, with examples including $825,000 from the in 2017 for international programs and ongoing support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for the IISS-US branch. A prominent case of host-government funding is from , which committed over £25 million between 2011 and 2016—including an initial £1 million payment and subsequent annual £3.5 million installments—to finance the Manama Dialogue, establish a regional office, and underwrite related programs like geo-economic seminars and the GCC Strategic Cyber Programme. Individual donations and royalties from publications provide additional, though smaller, contributions.

Implications for Objectivity

The IISS's funding model, which includes substantial contributions from governments, corporations, and foundations, incorporates mechanisms intended to preserve analytical independence, such as Memoranda of Understanding that grant the institute exclusive authority over themes, methodologies, and conclusions, particularly with state donors. Trustees oversee all to ensure alignment with the organization's commitment to excellence and non-interference, prohibiting acceptance of funds that could restrict output. However, this structure does not eliminate risks of implicit bias, as financial reliance on specific actors can create incentives for selective emphasis or restraint in critiquing funder interests, a dynamic observed in industry-funded more broadly where outputs often align with sponsor priorities without overt manipulation. A prominent case illustrating potential implications arose from the institute's receipt of at least £25 million from the Bahraini government between roughly 2005 and 2016, primarily to underwrite the annual IISS Dialogue and ancillary programs like GCC-focused initiatives, an arrangement shielded from public disclosure until leaked documents surfaced in 2016. This prompted a Charity Commission into whether the funding undermined independence, especially amid Bahrain's violent crackdown on 2011 pro-democracy protests, during which the IISS continued hosting events in without issuing correspondingly sharp condemnations of regime actions. Critics contend that such dependencies foster a cautious approach to sensitive topics involving donors, potentially diluting causal assessments of authoritarian resilience or in strategic contexts. Corporate sponsorships, including from defense and firms that benefit from global arms markets, further complicate objectivity claims, as the IISS's signature outputs like The Military Balance—which detail global force structures and trends—could reflect amplified for capability enhancements or spending levels conducive to industry growth. While no verified instances exist of direct editorial interference, the pattern of diversified yet interest-aligned funding mirrors broader think-tank challenges, where empirical rigor coexists with structural pressures to sustain revenue streams, warranting scrutiny of outputs against independent data rather than presuming neutrality.

Impact on Policy and Strategic Thinking

Contributions to Global Security Debates

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) has shaped global security debates through its rigorous, data-driven publications that provide empirical assessments of military capabilities and emerging threats. Its flagship annual report, The Military Balance, offers detailed open-source evaluations of armed forces, personnel, equipment inventories, and defense economics across more than 170 countries, enabling analysts and policymakers to evaluate power balances and strategic trends. The 2025 edition, released on February 12, 2025, highlighted rising global defense spending amid geopolitical tensions, with total expenditures reaching approximately $2.4 trillion in 2024, informing debates on and deterrence strategies. IISS also contributes specialized analyses on proliferation risks and technological disruptions. For example, its Strategic Dossiers and online commentaries address nuclear dynamics, such as the 2023 assessment of escalating nuclear complexities in the region, where great-power competition has intensified arsenal modernizations and doctrinal shifts among states like , , and . Similarly, research under the cyber, , and future conflict portfolio examines vulnerability proliferation, including state-sponsored attacks and domain dependencies, as evidenced in reports linking cyber threats to broader modernization efforts. These outputs, grounded in verifiable from defense budgets and capability inventories, counterbalance anecdotal narratives with quantifiable metrics, influencing [arms control](/page/arms control) discussions at forums like the . High-level events organized by IISS further amplify these debates by convening defense leaders for unscripted exchanges. The annual , held in since 2002, functions as Asia's leading intergovernmental security conference, drawing ministers and experts to address flashpoints like tensions and disputes; the 2025 edition, from May 30 to June 1, featured plenary sessions on cross-regional interlinkages and mechanisms. Complementary initiatives, such as the Missile Dialogue Initiative's seventh meeting on October 7–8, 2025, focus on ballistic and hypersonic threats, fostering technical dialogues that inform regimes and deterrence policies. Through these mechanisms, IISS prioritizes evidence-based discourse over ideological framing, though its analyses reflect institutional emphases on Western-aligned strategic interests.

Empirical Assessments of Conflicts

The International Institute for Strategic Studies conducts empirical assessments of conflicts primarily through its annual Armed Conflict Survey, which compiles data on the political, military, and humanitarian dimensions of over 30 active armed conflicts worldwide, drawing on , casualty figures, and event-based tracking to quantify trends in violence and actors involved. This publication includes statistical analyses of fatalities, displacement, and operational dynamics, such as a reported 37% year-on-year increase in fatalities from violent events during the period from 1 July 2023 to 30 June 2024, alongside more than 60 maps, tables, and infographics illustrating key developments. These assessments emphasize measurable indicators like battle deaths and territorial control shifts, enabling cross-conflict comparisons without reliance on partisan narratives. Complementing the Armed Conflict Survey is the IISS's Military Balance, an annual open-source evaluation of military capabilities across more than 170 countries, providing granular data on personnel numbers, inventories, and defence expenditures that inform conflict-specific analyses. For instance, in evaluating the Russia-Ukraine war, IISS reports have quantified Russia's of contract soldiers to sustain operations, estimating Moscow's capacity to maintain frontline pressure into 2024 despite losses, based on verified procurement and manpower data. Similarly, assessments of conflicts, such as those in , , and , highlight protracted stagnation with empirical metrics on militia strengths and humanitarian tolls, noting as of mid-2022 no resolution in sight amid evolving proxy dynamics. Regionally, the IISS identifies as the most conflict-affected area in its 2024 survey, with 14 of 49 countries experiencing active wars, driven by quantifiable surges in violence and governance failures. These evaluations prioritize causal factors like resource competition and external interventions, supported by trend maps that track event frequencies and outlooks, fostering evidence-based projections on escalation risks rather than speculative . By aggregating such data annually, the IISS contributes to with verifiable benchmarks, though interpretations remain subject to the limitations of open-source verification in denied-access environments.

Criticisms and Controversies

Allegations of Institutional Bias

Critics have alleged that the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) exhibits an institutional toward Western, particularly Atlanticist, perspectives in its strategic analyses, stemming from its foundational ties to and NATO-aligned elites and a staffing profile dominated by former government and military officials. Such claims posit that this structural orientation leads to outputs prioritizing of non-Western powers like and over balanced assessments of multipolar dynamics. For example, analyses in IISS publications have been described as embedding assumptions favorable to transatlantic alliances, potentially underemphasizing the strategic rationales of adversarial states. Specific methodological critiques target The Military Balance, the IISS's annual compendium of global military capabilities, which has been accused of incorporating political biases into data aggregation and interpretation. A 1981 academic examination argued that discrepancies in reported figures—such as equipment inventories and force strengths—reflected selective sourcing and adjustments aligning with prevailing Western policy narratives during the era, rather than rigorous empirical consistency. These allegations suggest that institutional incentives, including reliance on filtered through allied channels, perpetuate a systemic skew in quantitative assessments of adversaries' capabilities. Further allegations highlight biases in regional reporting, where the IISS has been charged with downplaying concerns or authoritarian practices in donor states to preserve access and funding. A critique contended that corporate memberships from arms manufacturers and contributions from Gulf monarchies, including , correlated with tempered criticism of Bahrain's 2011 crackdown on protests, framing it more as a security challenge than a legitimacy crisis. While the IISS maintains editorial firewalls, detractors argue these examples reveal an embedded realism that privileges geopolitical stability over normative scrutiny, informed by its evolution from a Cold War-era institution designed to bolster Western deterrence strategies. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) has encountered significant challenges to its independence stemming from opaque funding arrangements, most notably a protracted secret financial relationship with the Bahraini government. Leaked documents published in December revealed that the institute received at least £25 million from 's royal family between 2008 and , with funds allocated to underwrite the annual Dialogue security summit and establish a dedicated IISS office in . This support was formalized under agreements stipulating confidentiality, which critics contended undermined the IISS's commitments to transparency and , particularly as faced international condemnation for suppressing post-2011 Arab Spring protests and documented abuses. The arrangement prompted allegations of potential , with observers noting the IISS's measured critiques of compared to its analyses of other regional actors, though the institute maintained that funding did not dictate research outcomes. In response to the disclosures, IISS Executive Director John Chipman resigned in early 2017, citing the need for new leadership amid the fallout. Corporate sponsorships from defense and aerospace firms represent another vector of potential influence, as the IISS derives substantial revenue from partnerships with entities such as , , and , which contribute to events, publications, and operational costs. While the institute asserts that such funding adheres to internal safeguards against compromising objectivity—including segregated financial streams and editorial firewalls—critics argue that reliance on donors could incentivize analyses favoring expanded military and higher defense budgets, aligning with corporate interests in global markets valued at hundreds of billions annually. The IISS's flagship Military Balance , which tracks global defense capabilities and spending, has been scrutinized in this , as its data-driven assessments often underpin advocacy for NATO allies to meet or exceed 2% GDP defense spending targets, potentially amplifying funder-aligned policy recommendations without explicit disclosure of sponsorship impacts. Host-nation subsidies for flagship events further complicate independence claims, with governments providing in-kind support—such as venues, , and logistics—for gatherings like the in or the Manama Dialogue, contributing materially to the IISS's estimated annual turnover exceeding £25 million as of recent filings. These arrangements, while standard for international forums, raise causal concerns about agenda-setting influence, as host states may shape participant selection or discussion framing to advance national priorities, such as Bahrain's emphasis on Gulf amid domestic unrest. The IISS's permits confidential under a "statement of values" emphasizing non-interference, yet limited public disclosure—beyond mandatory Charity Commission reports—has fueled demands for greater transparency, including donor lists and earmarked fund usage, to empirically verify insulation from donor pressures. Empirical assessments of outputs, including those from transparency watchdogs, highlight that undisclosed state and corporate ties correlate with selective issue framing, though direct causation in IISS case studies remains debated absent internal audits.

Notable Disputes and Methodological Critiques

In 2016, leaked documents disclosed that the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) received approximately £25 million from Bahrain's royal family between 2009 and 2016, funding the Manama Dialogue regional security conference hosted in Bahrain. The funding's scale—estimated at up to one-third of the institute's budget in some years—prompted allegations of compromised independence, with critics arguing it incentivized favorable coverage of Bahrain amid its suppression of post-Arab Spring protests and documented human rights abuses, including torture of detainees. IISS director John Chipman defended the arrangement as restricted to event logistics, with no sway over research outputs, but the opacity fueled disputes over donor influence on analytical rigor, culminating in a UK Charity Commission probe into governance and disclosure practices that concluded without formal sanctions in 2017. Methodological critiques have centered on The Military Balance, IISS's flagship annual assessment of global military forces, which relies on open-source data, government disclosures, and expert estimates for inventories of personnel, equipment, and defense spending across over 170 countries. A 1981 peer-reviewed analysis identified inconsistencies in sourcing capabilities, such as inflated readiness rates for non-Western forces and selective emphasis on qualitative factors favoring , attributing these to potential political biases in aggregation methods rather than empirical verification. Subsequent observers have echoed concerns over subjective judgments in categorizing equipment modernity—e.g., deeming certain tanks "modern" based on upgrades without uniform criteria—and exchange-rate distortions in spending comparisons that undervalue non-Western efficiencies, though IISS counters with updates incorporating and multilateral data for transparency. These issues highlight challenges in quantifying asymmetric capabilities, where estimates can diverge from declassified intelligence by 10-20% in contested regions like the or .

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