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Keep Away, also called Monkey in the Middle, Piggy in the Middle, Pickle in a Dish, or Pickle in the Middle, or Monkey, is a children's game in which two or more players must pass a ball to one another, while another player (in the middle) attempts to intercept it. The game could be considered a reverse form of circle dodgeball, because instead of trying to hit people in the middle with the ball, players attempt to keep the ball away from them. The game is played worldwide.

Rules

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Keep Away is played by drawing a circle, about 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter, on the ground. One person stands in the center (and is called it, the monkey, the piggy, or the pickle) and the rest stand outside the circle. A player outside the circle must then throw the ball through the circle to another person outside the circle with the goal being to prevent the person who is it from getting to the ball. This continues until the person who is it catches the ball or otherwise gains possession due to a failed catch, deflection, etc. An intended recipient who fails to catch the ball replaces the person in the middle, unless they fail before the ball touches any part of their body. The ball may not be torn out of any of the players' hands. The monkey must not move from their spot until the other players start passing it to each other.

While the game is often played for fun, it is also frequently used as a form of bullying, where a personal item (such as a backpack) is taken from the victim and the bullies throw it between each other as the victim tries to catch it.

Variations

[edit]

Like other children's games, this game has many variations to shape it in the manner they like to play. Some common variations are:

  • Playing with a larger area and the person who is it only has to touch the ball instead of catch it.
  • The ball must bounce at least once in the circle on a pass to prevent high lobbing passes which can give taller children an unfair advantage.
  • When the person who is it catches the ball, they must get outside the circle with the ball without getting tagged by the thrower to make them it.
  • The person outside the circle to last touch the ball becomes it instead of the last thrower. Thus the person who failed to catch the ball is it instead of the thrower.
  • People with the ball outside the circle may not move until they throw it.
  • None of the people outside the circle may move around and must throw and catch from a constant position.
  • The people outside the circle must throw it within a certain amount of time, usually five seconds. This keeps the pace of the game high and prevents players from hogging the ball.
  • Playing with larger areas with multiple people being it and even multiple balls.
  • There isn't a circle; sometimes the one who is it tries to catch the ball while other players tackle the ball and pass to each other.
  • Similar to a Pickle, or "Rundown" in a game of baseball, two basemen throw a ball back and forth. A third player who is it remains safely touching a base, until they decides to make a play (run) for the other base. Either of the two basemen must physically tag the runner with the ball in hand to count the runner out. This is done by tossing the ball back and forth between the basemen, forcing the runner to change direction, while the basemen close the distance to the runner, until either the runner is safe at a base, or successfully tagged. When successfully tagged, the runner and the baseman exchange places, and the game continues.[citation needed]
  • When the "it" player catches the ball, then drops the ball, then the two other players can tackle the "it" person, or the it person can tackle the two other players to prevent them from getting the ball. You can also play this variation with basic American football rules and you could play with an American football.

Naming

[edit]

The name of the game varies with region. In the United States, the descriptive name Keep Away seems to prevail, while Canadian children commonly call the game either Pig in the Middle (Western Canada) or Monkey in the Middle (Eastern Canada, parts of New England, and parts of the Midwest). In the UK, Australia and New Zealand the name Piggy in the Middle is used (almost) exclusively. The game is also common in Germany, called "Schweinchen in der Mitte" (Piggy in the Middle) or "Dummer Hans" (Silly John), in Turkey under a name which translates to Rat in the Middle, in Denmark where it is known as what translates into Butter blob, in the Netherlands they call it "Lummelen" or, less commonly, "Aap in het Midden" [lit: "Monkey in the Middle"] and Silly Johnny in Poland. In Egypt, the name of the game translates as The Indecisive Dog. In Iran, the name "Vasati" is used. In Greece, it is called "koroido" which translates into "sucker". In Israel, the name of the game translates into "Donkey in the middle". In New York City it is also called "Salugi".

While the name Keep Away is self-explanatory, the origin of some of the other titles are less clear. Monkey in the Middle is likely to have arisen because the middle player jumps and waves their arms around like a monkey. The names Piggy in the Middle and Pickle in a Dish are of unknown derivation.

"Pickle in the middle" derives from the game of baseball. When the base runner is caught off base between two opposing players, one of whom has the ball, they are "in a pickle" (that is, in trouble).

Other meanings

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In America, the term pig in the middle is sometimes used as slang for being under pressure from both sides of a dispute. The similar term piggy in the middle means the same in the United Kingdom.

Appearances in media

[edit]
  • The British rock band The Rutles, featuring Eric Idle, released a single called "Piggy in the Middle", which is featured in the 1978 documentary film All You Need is Cash.
  • In The Adventures of Spot episode "Spot Goes to the Park", Spot and his friends play Monkey in the Middle.
  • In the Dexter's Laboratory episode "The Bus Boy", Gwen takes Dexter's pencil out of his shirt pocket and plays "Keep Away" with Becky.
  • In the Rugrats episode "Touchdown Tommy", Angelica Pickles plays Keep Away with the babies using a bottle of chocolate milk to pass from baby to baby, while Angelica is the person in the middle that is trying to grab the bottle of chocolate milk to drink.
  • In the video game Mario Party for the Nintendo 64, there is a mini-game called "Key-Pa-Way" where players have to keep a key away from mechanical enemies.
  • In the guide to daydreaming on Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, Billy Loomer and Jerry Crony play "Keep Away" with Susan Crabgrass's bookbag.
  • In the Monk episode "Mr. Monk and the Election", Adrian reveals that he played a lot of "Keep Away" in middle school. Later, he solves the episode's murder investigation while playing keep away with Natalie's car keys.
  • in CONQUEST: The Chronicles of the Invaders, by John Connolly and Jennifer Ridyard, Ch. 57, people who need to bathe in a loch are playing piggy-in-the-middle with a bar of wet soap.
  • The Finnish metal band Waltari has a song called "Piggy in the Middle" off of their album So Fine!.
  • In the movie The Sandlot, the kids play pickle in the middle and Benny "pickles" the Beast to retrieve an autographed baseball.
  • In the 2021 film version of West Side Story, Tony tries to convince Riff to call off the rumble by playing Keep Away with the latter's newly-bought gun, as part of the musical number "Cool."[1]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Keep away

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Keep away is a simple, competitive in which two or more players attempt to pass an object, typically a , among themselves to prevent one or more designated players from intercepting or obtaining it. Commonly played by children on playgrounds, keep away serves as an accessible activity requiring minimal equipment, often just a , and can be adapted for small or large groups. In its standard form, a group of outer players stand in a circle or formation and pass the by tossing or bouncing it below head height, while a central player—known as "it"—tries to deflect, intercept, or tag the or its holder; players may not hold the for more than three seconds to maintain quick play. If the central player succeeds in intercepting a pass or tagging a holder, they typically switch roles with one of the outer players, allowing the game to continue dynamically. Beyond recreational play, keep away is widely used as a training drill in sports such as soccer, , hockey, and to enhance skills like passing accuracy, defensive positioning, possession retention, and decision-making under pressure. Variations include team-based formats where one side defends while the other maintains possession within a defined area, timed challenges to complete a set number of passes, or additions like multiple balls or neutral helpers to increase complexity and promote teamwork. These adaptations make it suitable for , fostering physical benefits such as improved , coordination, throwing, catching, and quick reactions.

Introduction

Definition and Objective

Keep away is a simple, circle-based children's game in which a group of players pass a to one another while attempting to prevent a designated player, known as "it," positioned in the center from intercepting or catching it. The game emphasizes and evasion, with the outer players forming a ring to facilitate quick exchanges. The primary objective for the players on the outside is to maintain possession of the ball by passing it successfully among themselves without allowing the central player to touch or secure it. If the central player succeeds in intercepting the ball, the game concludes for that round, and roles rotate: the successful interceptor joins the circle, while one of the outer players—often the one who threw the intercepted pass—becomes the new "it." This rotation ensures all participants experience both defending and pursuing roles. Core mechanics involve rapid, accurate passes thrown across the circle, with standard rules limiting any player to holding the ball for no more than three seconds to promote continuous movement and prevent stalling. A typical setup features 5 to 8 players arranged in a circle, with one player starting in the center; this configuration allows for dynamic play while keeping the activity accessible for small groups. Variations of the game may alter these elements, such as using different objects or field sizes, but the focus remains on possession and .

Historical Context

Keep away, a simple folk game involving the passing of an object to prevent by an excluded player, has roots in traditional children's play activities without a documented inventor or precise origin date. As an informal pursuit, it parallels early forms of object-passing games observed in various cultures, but specific historical records of the under its modern name are scarce prior to the . The activity likely evolved organically from basic interactions, where children used available items like balls or improvised objects to engage in cooperative exclusionary play, similar to reversed tag mechanics but focused on possession rather than pursuit. The 's terminology and structure began appearing in American contexts during the early , with "keep-away" referenced in by . A by Clifford Kennedy Berryman depicts U.S. leaders engaging in a keep-away game with an economy-labeled ball, illustrating the term's familiarity in everyday language at the time. Influenced by related European folk variants, such as the German "Schweinchen in der Mitte" (piggy in the middle), the game emerged prominently in playgrounds and streets during the 19th and early 20th centuries, though without formal codification. The variant "monkey in the middle" gained traction mid-century, with the tracing its earliest printed use to 1952 in a newspaper, reflecting its spread as a named activity among . Keep away's popularity surged in American schools and summer camps following , aligning with expanded programs emphasizing no-equipment activities for skill-building. Postwar youth recreation guides and curricula from the frequently included it as a core exercise for developing coordination, , and . For instance, a 1951 Boston University thesis on integrating English and for sixth graders describes keep away as a team-based game using three groups to practice passing and evasion. Similarly, elementary school materials from the early , as documented in a 1973 historical review, list keep away alongside relays and circle games to promote basic motor skills in unstructured settings. This era marked its formal recognition as an accessible, inclusive playground staple during a time of increased focus on through play.

Gameplay

Basic Rules

Keep away is typically played with a group of 4 or more children forming an outer circle or square, with one player designated as "it" standing in the center. The outer players pass a to one another while attempting to prevent the central player from intercepting it, thereby keeping the ball away from "it." The central player moves within the formation to try to catch or tag the ball during passes. Passes must be made by tossing or bouncing the ball to another outer player, with the ball kept below the head level of the central player to ensure and . Outer players may not hold the ball for longer than three seconds before passing, which maintains a fast pace and prevents stalling. Passes are generally directed across the circle to non-adjacent players when possible, though adjacent passes are allowed, and the objective is to direct them in a way that challenges the central player's reach without aiming directly at them. If the central player successfully intercepts a pass, the outer player who made that pass switches places with "it," becoming the new central player, while the interceptor joins the outer circle. This rotation ensures all participants take turns in the center, promoting fairness and continued engagement. The game has no fixed end but continues indefinitely through these switches, or until the group leader calls a stop, often after multiple rotations to allow everyone a chance in the center. The duration is flexible and adaptable to group size and energy levels, though it can extend based on participant stamina. To promote safe play, all tosses and bounces should remain below head height to minimize from errant balls, and players are encouraged to maintain spacing in the circle to avoid collisions during movement. No physical contact is permitted between the central player and outer players, such as grabbing or pushing, to keep the focus on ball-handling skills rather than physical confrontation.

Equipment and Setup

Keep away is designed as a low-barrier activity that requires only basic materials to facilitate immediate play in various environments. The primary equipment consists of a single soft, lightweight ball, such as a foam or rubber playground ball, which ensures safety for all ages during passing and interception attempts. Setup involves players forming a circle in an open space on grass, pavement, or a floor, with one participant positioned in the center to attempt interceptions while the others pass the ball around the perimeter. For groups exceeding 5-8 players or to contain more dynamic movement, boundaries can be marked using cones or to define the play area clearly. In organized or supervised sessions, optional items like a whistle for the and a for timed rounds can enhance structure without complicating the core experience. To promote , adaptations include selecting larger, softer for younger children to minimize impact risks during play. An open area large enough for the formation and necessary mobility accommodates 5-10 participants.

Variations

Individual Variations

One prominent individual variation of keep away is Monkey in the Middle, where a single player designated as the "monkey" stands in the center while two to four outer players form a circle or line around them. The outer players pass a soft over the monkey's head, aiming to prevent , and if the monkey catches the ball, they switch places with the player who last threw it, rotating the role. To increase the challenge for the central player, a bouncing rule can be introduced, requiring the ball to bounce once before being caught by any participant, which slows the pace of play and gives the "it" player more time to react. This modification is particularly useful in small groups of three to five players, as it emphasizes timing and positioning over raw speed. Another tweak involves imposing time limits on possession, such as requiring outer players to pass the ball within two to three seconds of receiving it; failure to do so results in that player switching to the center position. This rule heightens the game's intensity and encourages quick decision-making in setups with fewer than six participants. A no-catch version lowers the skill barrier by allowing the central player to win a turn simply by touching or deflecting the rather than fully catching it, making the game accessible for beginners or younger players in groups of two to four. In this format, the outer players still pass a soft as in the standard rules, but the central player's success relies more on reach and anticipation.

Team-Based Variations

Team-based variations of keep away scale the game for larger groups, typically dividing players into opposing teams to emphasize possession, passing, and defensive pressure within a bounded area. These formats introduce competitive elements such as scoring through consecutive passes or zone advancements, fostering and strategic play. Often used in sports training like soccer, they adapt the basic rules to promote skill development in group settings. Ultimate Keep Away is a vigorous game typically played with leaders (2-3) passing a among themselves while a larger group of children (8-12) attempts to intercept, or vice versa with children passing under rules like throwing within 5 seconds and including all players. Possession switches on , focusing on maintaining passing streaks to elevate and practice movement skills; it can be adapted with a instead of . The 3v1 Keep Away setup features three maintaining possession against one defender in a small enclosed grid, focusing on quick passes and creating passing angles to retain the ball for as long as possible. The objective for attackers is to maximize time, often measured in seconds or until , while the defender pressures the ball carrier and closes lanes. Commonly employed in soccer training, this format builds technical skills and can be scaled to 4v2 for added challenge. Zone variations divide the playing field into multiple sections, requiring teams to advance the through passes across zones without defenders entering certain areas, promoting progressive build-up play. For example, in a 6v3 setup across three zones, attackers score by completing ten consecutive passes in an , earning additional points for every five passes thereafter, while defenders transition the to the opposite zone upon to reset the play. This structure simulates match scenarios where teams must maintain control while moving forward. Tournament-style keep away organizes play into multiple timed rounds, with teams competing in elimination or point-based formats where interceptions lead to possession changes and scoring rewards consecutive passes, such as one point per five successful ones. Games might run for three minutes per round across several sets, allowing for eight or more matches to determine a winner based on total points or fewest interceptions. This competitive framework heightens engagement in group sessions. Inclusive team play incorporates frequent defender rotations to balance skill levels, particularly in youth groups, ensuring all participants experience both offensive and defensive roles. In a 3v1 rotating format, a new defender enters after each possession loss or set time, passing the ball to before joining, which promotes equal participation and prevents fatigue or dominance by stronger players. This approach enhances accessibility and team cohesion.

Cultural and Social Aspects

Naming and Regional Differences

In the , the game is commonly referred to as "keep away," emphasizing the objective of preventing the central player from intercepting the ball, or alternatively as "monkey in the middle," a term first recorded in 1952 in sources. In the , it is known as "piggy in the middle" or "pig in the middle," with the earliest documented reference appearing in 1887 in a British compilation describing a similar children's activity where a central player attempts to break through or intercept. Australia shares the British naming convention, calling the game "piggy in the middle," as evidenced in contemporary educational and recreational resources for youth sports and play. These regional naming differences highlight linguistic variations in English-speaking areas, with "pig" reflecting older British colloquialisms for the isolated player, while "monkey" emerged later in American contexts possibly drawing from playful animal imagery. The term "monkey in the middle" has sparked debate in modern discussions about potential racial insensitivity, though it is generally understood as referring to the animal. Historically, the game has been gender-neutral among children.

Educational and Developmental Benefits

Keep away, a simple ball-passing game, offers significant physical benefits to participants, particularly children, by enhancing hand-eye coordination through precise passing and catching mechanics, while promoting via rapid directional changes to evade interceptions. The constant movement involved also supports , as players engage in sustained moderate-to-vigorous activity that elevates heart rates and improves endurance. On the social front, the game fosters and communication among outer players, who must coordinate passes to maintain possession, thereby building and cooperative strategies. When a player becomes "it," the experience teaches resilience and management, as they learn to persist despite temporary exclusion, promoting emotional regulation in group settings. Research from the emphasizes that unstructured and semi-structured play like keep away contributes to social well-being by encouraging peer interactions that develop and inclusivity skills. Cognitively, keep away sharpens , as players anticipate opponents' movements to execute or intercept passes, while demanding sustained focus to track the ball amid distractions. Its adaptability across age groups—such as smaller circles for younger children or larger areas for older ones—helps build by allowing progressive mastery without intense . The game's low entry barrier, requiring minimal rules and no advanced abilities, ensures broad participation, making it inclusive for diverse physical and cognitive levels and reducing barriers to engagement in group activities. In educational contexts, keep away has been integrated into curricula since the 1970s as part of the New Games movement, which emphasized non-competitive activities to develop fundamental motor skills and promote cooperative play over elimination-based games.

Appearances in Film and Television

Keep away, also known as "monkey in the middle" or "pickle" in certain variants, has been depicted in numerous films and television shows as a simple yet evocative game that highlights themes of childhood innocence, , and . In the 1993 coming-of-age film , the young s engage in a game of "pickle"—a baseball-infused version of keep away where runners try to advance between bases while fielders tag them out—during their summer adventures on the local diamond, serving as a rite-of-passage moment that underscores camaraderie and bravery. Similarly, the 1992 family comedy Beethoven portrays a darker side through a scene where school tormentors target the young Ted with his glasses, exemplifying until the family dog intervenes, emphasizing protection and family bonds. On television, keep away frequently appears in animated series to illustrate power imbalances among youth. In The Simpsons episode "Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood" (Season 5, Episode 8, 1993), school bullies Jimbo, Kearney, Dolph, and Nelson torment Bart Simpson by playing keep away with his new Junior American Protectors uniform, mocking his enthusiasm for scouting and reinforcing the show's satirical take on adolescent hierarchies. These scenes in The Simpsons often use the game to humorously critique bullying while showing characters' resilience. The game's appearances in media commonly symbolize broader social tensions, such as the vulnerability of the "it" player amid group exclusion, which mirrors real-world experiences of isolation or . In sports dramas and youth-oriented narratives, it can shift to represent , as seen in montages or friendly competitions that build skills and unity, though bully variants dominate to evoke for the outnumbered participant. Recent streaming content continues this tradition; for example, promotional material for the 2025 live-action remake of features Stitch dominating a game of keep away on the field. Overall, these portrayals leverage the game's simplicity to explore camaraderie versus conflict without delving into complex rules, aligning with its casual nature in .

References in Literature and Sports

In , keep away often serves as a device to explore themes of , rivalry, and social hierarchies among young characters. In Judy Blume's (1974), a group of fifth-graders on a taunts a classmate named Linda by dubbing her "Blubber" and playing keep away with her jacket, tossing it out of reach while mocking her weight; this scene illustrates the casual cruelty of and the role of bystanders in perpetuating exclusion, drawing from Blume's observations of real childhood dynamics. The game underscores sibling-like rivalries extended to school friends, where possession becomes a tool for dominance and emotional harm. Similar motifs appear in more recent novels, evoking keep away in contexts of to highlight growth through adversity. For instance, in Claire Swinarski's The Kate in Between (), popular girls led by Taylor engage in a keep-away game with newcomer Haddie's , luring her onto thin ice in a frozen ; Haddie falls through while retrieving it, prompting a viral rescue by the Kate and forcing reflections on authenticity versus fitting in. This depiction connects the game to broader coming-of-age narratives, where seemingly innocent play reveals vulnerabilities and catalyzes amid competitive social environments. In sports writing, keep away features prominently in coaching manuals and memoirs as a for building foundational skills like possession and . guides from the onward, amid the rise of small-sided games in North American soccer, detailed keep away as an essential warm-up to simulate match pressure and refine passing; for example, early implementations in programs like those from the emphasized 4v2 or 5v2 formats to encourage quick decisions under duress. In literature, such as technique-focused texts, the game parallels drills to hone ball-handling and evasion, akin to soccer's emphasis on maintaining control against defenders. These references portray keep away not just as play but as a vehicle for athletic maturation, mirroring literary themes of fostering resilience.

Other Meanings

In Sports Training

In soccer, keep away is commonly adapted as the "" drill, typically structured as a 3v1 possession game where three attackers maintain the ball against one defender in a , enhancing passing accuracy and the ability to withstand defensive pressure. This format originated in professional training in the 1970s through Spanish coach Laureano Ruiz at , where it became a staple for developing technical proficiency under duress. In , keep away manifests as possession games that emphasize ball-handling skills while facing active defense, helping players improve footwork and control under pressure. These drills are integrated into NBA youth programs, such as those from the Jr. NBA, where groups of three to five players pass within a defined area like a square formed by cones, with a defender attempting interceptions to simulate game scenarios. Keep away drills extend to other sports, including for practicing setting through controlled possession exchanges to refine touch and positioning. Sessions typically last 5-10 minutes to maintain intensity without fatigue overload. These drills build by elevating game and mental resilience, while fostering through rapid choices in tight spaces; they are scalable using grids like 10x10 yards to adjust difficulty based on skill level. Professional teams, such as , employ advanced variations in academy sessions as a foundational warm-up to instill possession principles.

Idiomatic and Colloquial Uses

The phrase "keep away" functions as a phrasal verb in English, meaning to maintain a physical or metaphorical from someone or something, or to prevent approach or contact. It often implies deliberate action to avoid proximity, as in warnings like "keep away from " to prevent danger. This usage emphasizes separation for safety or restraint, distinct from the children's of the same name; the sense of "keep-away" is first recorded in 1925. The expression's origins trace to , with "keep away" attested as early as the late in the sense of causing absence or remaining distant. By the , it appeared frequently in to convey avoidance or restraint, such as in ' Our Mutual Friend (1865), where a character laments, "I can't keep away from it," referring to an inescapable pull toward the River Thames. This predates the game's documentation, indicating the phrase evolved independently as a colloquial directive in everyday language. In speech and s, "keep away" features in idiomatic expressions promoting caution or , notably in the 19th-century Welsh "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread," first recorded in and later rhymed as "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" by 1913. Though unrelated to the game, its structure parallels avoidance themes. In , the phrase advises protecting children, as in "keep the kids away from the fire," to enforce boundaries and safety. Similarly, in relationships, it warns against entanglements, such as "keep away from bad influences" to avoid trouble or emotional harm. Over time, "keep away" has adapted to modern colloquial contexts, retaining its core of evasion while appearing in informal advice like "keep drama away" to maintain personal . This evolution reflects its versatility in English, from literal warnings in the to subtle relational strategies today, always underscoring proactive distance.

References

  1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/keep-away
  2. https://fkhk.sportmanitoba.ca/node/49
  3. https://soccerxpert.com/drills/details/keep-away-passing-game
  4. https://www.icehockeysystems.com/blog/coaching-tips/10-keep-away-games-develop-players
  5. https://officialgamerules.org/game-rules/monkey-in-the-middle/
  6. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/monkey-in-the-middle_n
  7. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/berryman/13/
  8. https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/2144/10558/1/McCabe_Earl_1951_web.pdf
  9. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/clayton_lurah_1973.pdf
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  13. https://www.mdek12.org/sites/default/files/owl_unit_5_week_2_002.pdf
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  16. https://fkhk.sportmanitoba.ca/node/441
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  18. https://ourcitysc.com/docs/coaches/44SmallSidedGames.pdf
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  21. https://australia.rugby/participate/get-into-rugby/activities/skills-catch-pass/piggy-in-the-middle
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  24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0t2orsauHI
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  26. https://www.joblo.com/lilo-stitch-super-bowl-spot/
  27. https://www.supersummary.com/blubber/summary/
  28. https://www.slj.com/review/the-kate-in-between
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  30. https://www.cupello.com/blog/benefits-using-rondos
  31. https://soccerhandbook.com/coaching-training/what-is-a-rondo-in-soccer/
  32. https://www.breakthroughbasketball.com/drills/passing-drills.html
  33. https://jr.nba.com/basketball-practice-plans/starter/page/4/
  34. https://pedl.uoregon.edu/2014/10/17/volleyball/
  35. https://beauregardunitedsoccerassociation.teamsnapsites.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/893/2024/05/soccer-keep-away-drill.docx
  36. https://barcaacademy.fcbarcelona.com/en/videos/1660513/the-rondo-the-hallmark-of-barca-training-sessions
  37. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/keep-away
  38. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/keep%2Baway
  39. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/keep_v
  40. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-anglaises-2012-1-page-80?lang=en
  41. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4420713/
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