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Liliw, officially the Municipality of Liliw (Tagalog: Bayan ng Liliw), is a municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 39,976 people.[6]

Key Information

It is known for its cold water spring resorts, native homemade sweets and a sizeable shoe industry that rivals that of Marikina.[7] Also, the town is known for its baroque church and its Liliw-style houses.

History

[edit]

Founded in 1571 by Gat Tayaw, the small town of Liliw is nestled at the foot of Mount Banahaw, 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from Santa Cruz, Laguna's capital.

According to a story, Liliw got its name from a bird. It was said that Gat Tayaw and his followers decided to erect a bamboo pole and to name the town after the bird that would first alight at the top of the pole within four days. A crow, however, was the first bird to alight on the pole. A crow was considered bad and so Gat Tayaw and his men moved south and erected another bamboo pole. A beautiful bird alighted on the pole and sang, "Liw, Liw, Liw". Thus the town became Liliw.

This is supported by Tagalog dictionary written by Fr. Noceda and Fr. San Lucar, under the dictionary entry 'lilio' stating "a type of bird, from which the town in Laguna under the Franciscan monks is named after."

The spelling of the town's name from Lilio was changed on June 11, 1965, when the municipal council passed Resolution No. 38-S-65 which declared “Liliw” as the official name and spelling of the town. This was to avoid confusion in pronouncing and spelling the name of the town.

Geography

[edit]

Liliw has a total land area of 3,910 hectares (9,700 acres). [8] It is bounded on the north-west by Santa Cruz; north-east by Magdalena; on the east by Majayjay; on the west by Nagcarlan; and on the south by Dolores in Quezon Province. It is 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Santa Cruz and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Manila.

It is one of the highland towns forming the southern extremity of Laguna. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Banahaw.

Barangays

[edit]

Liliw is politically subdivided into 33 barangays, as indicated below. [8] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Bagong Anyo (Poblacion)
  • Bayate
  • Bongkol
  • Bubukal
  • Cabuyew
  • Calumpang
  • San Isidro
  • Culoy
  • Dagatan
  • Daniw
  • Dita
  • Ibabang Palina
  • Ibabang San Roque
  • Ibabang Sungi
  • Ibabang Taykin
  • Ilayang Palina
  • Ilayang San Roque
  • Ilayang Sungi
  • Ilayang Taykin
  • Kanlurang Bukal
  • Laguan
  • Luquin
  • Malabo-Kalantukan
  • Masikap (Poblacion)
  • Maslun (Poblacion)
  • Mojon
  • Novaliches
  • Oples
  • Pag-asa (Poblacion)
  • Palayan
  • Rizal (Poblacion)
  • San Isidro
  • Silangang Bukal
  • Tuy-Baanan

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Liliw, Laguna
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25
(77) 		27
(81) 		28
(82) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		27
(81) 		27
(81) 		25
(77) 		28
(82)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19
(66) 		18
(64) 		19
(66) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52
(2.0) 		35
(1.4) 		27
(1.1) 		27
(1.1) 		82
(3.2) 		124
(4.9) 		163
(6.4) 		144
(5.7) 		145
(5.7) 		141
(5.6) 		100
(3.9) 		102
(4.0) 		1,142
(45)
Average rainy days 12.0 8.1 8.8 9.7 17.9 22.6 26.2 24.5 24.6 22.0 16.7 14.9 208
Source: Meteoblue[9]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Liliw
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 4,669—    
1918 6,306+2.02%
1939 7,588+0.89%
1948 7,977+0.56%
1960 11,064+2.76%
1970 14,638+2.84%
1975 15,907+1.68%
1980 17,436+1.85%
1990 21,911+2.31%
1995 24,434+2.06%
2000 27,537+2.60%
2007 32,727+2.41%
2010 33,851+1.24%
2015 36,582+1.49%
2020 39,491+1.62%
2024 39,976+0.29%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[10][11][12][13][14]

In the 2020 census, the population of Liliw was 39,491 people,[15] with a density of 1,000 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,600 inhabitants per square mile.

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Liliw

5
10
15
20
25
30
2000
20.07
2003
14.18
2006
10.50
2009
7.61
2012
9.86
2015
3.92
2018
2.06
2021
6.91

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Slippers of Liliw

The town's main attraction is its growing footwear industry. It started in 1931 when Casiano Pisueña became interested in making slippers. His first prototype was made from coconut husk and rubber from tire interiors. He soon became successful and many residents of Liliw followed suit. At present there are about 50 stores selling footwear in Liliw. The regular slippers are still the most popular, but many stores are now selling shoes, handbags and other leather goods. Most stores still carry the three-for-P100 slippers. The annual Tsinelas Festival is celebrated every end of April.

Government

[edit]

The local government is currently undertaking means to conserve its cultural heritage sites and has proposed to enact a legislation that would mandate the usage of the Liliw-style architecture as the only means of construction and re-construction in the town. If the ordinance passes, Liliw will have a greater chance to become a heritage town, and further support from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

Transportation

[edit]

Tricycles and jeepneys are popular modes of transportation in Liliw. Buses are available to Santa Cruz, Calamba, and Metro Manila.

Religion

[edit]

The town's main Roman Catholic church is the Saint John the Baptist Parish Church, whose current structure was built during the 19th century.[24] It is also the burial place of Spanish missionary Juan de Plasencia.[25]

Education

[edit]

The Liliw Schools District Office governs all educational institutions within the municipality. It oversees the management and operations of all private and public, from primary to secondary schools.[26]

Primary and elementary schools

[edit]
  • Calumpang Elementary School
  • Daniw Elementary School
  • Francisco S. Brosas Memorial Elementary School
  • Liliw Central Elementary School
  • Maranatha Christian Academy
  • Mojon Elementary School
  • Novaliches Elementary School
  • Pag-asa Elementary School
  • Sanctuario de San Antonio Children Learning Center
  • School of Saint John Bosco
  • Taykin Elementary School

Secondary schools

[edit]
  • Liliw National High School
  • Liliw Senior High School
  • School of Saint John Bosco (High school)
[edit]
  • Saint John the Baptist Parish Church
    Saint John the Baptist Parish Church
  • Liliw town hall
    Liliw town hall
  • Poblacion
    Poblacion
  • Municipal Hall
    Municipal Hall

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Liliw

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Liliw is a landlocked municipality in the province of Laguna, Calabarzon region, Luzon, Philippines.
As of the 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority, it has a population of 39,491 residents distributed across 18 barangays.
The municipality spans a total land area of 39.10 square kilometers, situated at the southern extremity of Laguna at the foot of Mount Banahaw.
Liliw is particularly noted for its footwear industry, which produces slippers (tsinelas) and shoes, earning it recognition as a key center for such manufacturing in the region.
The town preserves historical sites including the Baroque-style Saint John the Baptist Parish Church and ancestral houses, reflecting its colonial-era heritage.
Local tradition attributes the town's founding to Gat Tayaw in 1571, with its name derived from a bird that alighted on a ceremonial pole.

History

Founding and Spanish Colonial Era

Local tradition attributes the founding of Liliw to the chieftain Gat Tayaw in 1571, who led the initial settlement in the area. The name "Liliw" originated from a folk etymology involving a bird: Tayaw and his followers reportedly erected a bamboo pole, intending to name the town after the first bird to perch upon it, which was identified as a "liliw," a local term possibly referring to a type of swift or similar bird. In 1578, Franciscan missionaries Fray Juan de Plasencia and Fray Diego de Oropesa evangelized the settlement, establishing it as a reducción—a organized Christian village—and annexing it initially as a visita (mission station) of the neighboring parish of Nagcarlan. This marked the onset of systematic Spanish colonial influence, focused on converting indigenous populations to Catholicism through missionary outposts. By 1605, Liliw separated from Nagcarlan to form its own parish dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, reflecting the expansion of Franciscan efforts in Laguna province. The of the Saint John the Baptist exemplifies colonial and : an initial wooden was erected around , later replaced by a more durable stone edifice in the style during the 17th and 18th centuries, utilizing local red bricks characteristic of Laguna's Spanish-era . This church served as the focal point for , , and cultural transformation under Spanish , with no recorded major local revolts against colonial during this period, indicating relative compliance amid broader regional pacification efforts.

American Period and Independence

Following the U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War and the subsequent Philippine-American War, Liliw, as a municipality within Laguna province, fell under American civil government administration formalized by the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, which reorganized local governance structures nationwide. This transition emphasized centralized control, public education, and basic infrastructure development, though specific projects in Liliw—such as road improvements linking it to neighboring towns—remained modest and geared toward facilitating agricultural exports like abaca and rice. Land tenure practices began shifting with the introduction of surveys under the Public Land Act of 1903, enabling homesteading claims that gradually altered traditional communal land use in rural barangays, albeit with limited immediate impact in Liliw due to its established Spanish-era hacienda patterns. During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, Liliw endured wartime hardships common to Laguna's interior municipalities, including food shortages, forced labor requisitions, and sporadic guerrilla skirmishes involving local Hukbalahap units operating against Imperial forces, though no major battles were recorded in the town itself. American and Filipino liberation forces reclaimed Laguna by early 1945, restoring nominal civil authority ahead of full independence. The Republic of the Philippines achieved sovereignty on July 4, 1946, with Liliw seamlessly incorporated as one of Laguna's 24 municipalities under the new national framework, maintaining its pre-war boundaries and administrative setup. Post-independence stabilization focused on rebuilding war-damaged economy and governance, with early agrarian initiatives under the 1950s Rice Share Tenancy Act influencing tenant-farmer relations in Liliw's rice-dependent areas, though comprehensive redistribution effects were deferred until later national programs. In a nod to linguistic heritage, the municipal council passed Resolution No. 8-S-65 on June 11, 1965, reverting the town's official name from the American-era "Lilio" back to "Liliw" to preserve indigenous orthography.

Post-War and Contemporary Developments

After World War II, Liliw's economy began recovering through the commercialization of its natural hot and cold springs by private families and groups, capitalizing on the area's geothermal features for tourism and local use. Parallel to this, the footwear industry developed as a cottage-based sector, with artisans producing slippers (tsinelas) and shoes that filled market gaps post-war, evolving into a competitive hub rivaling Marikina City's output. By the late 20th century, this industry accounted for 15 to 20 percent of the local economy, sustained by familial social networks, skilled labor migration from nearby areas, and direct sales along Gat Tayaw Street to domestic buyers from across the Philippines. Population growth underscored these economic shifts, with the municipality's residents increasing to 39,491 by the 2020 census, driven by in production and proximity to within Laguna's . This expansion reflected broader trends, including remittances from migrant workers and integration into regional supply chains, though the sector remains predominantly informal and small-scale. Contemporary challenges include vulnerability to flooding from nearby rivers and typhoons, as seen in April 2019 when heavy rains swelled waterways in local barangays, destroying community-built bridges and prompting evacuations despite bayanihan (communal) repair efforts. Responses emphasize local initiatives over dependency, complemented by infrastructure like Department of and Highways road projects in barangays such as , aimed at enhancing drainage and access to reduce disaster impacts. Recent adoption of by footwear producers has further bolstered resilience, expanding markets beyond physical tied to shoes and native sweets.

Geography

Physical Features and Location


Liliw is a landlocked municipality in Laguna province, Calabarzon region, Luzon island, Philippines, positioned centrally within the province at geographic coordinates approximately 14°08′N 121°26′E. The municipality spans a total land area of 39.10 square kilometers, characterized by an elongated north-south orientation. It borders Santa Cruz to the northwest, Magdalena to the northeast, Majayjay to the east, Pila to the south, and Victoria to the west, placing it amid the province's interior terrain away from Laguna de Bay's immediate lakeshore. The topography features undulating hills and slopes, particularly pronounced in the southern portions due to its position at the northern foothills of , which rises to 2,178 meters elevation nearby. Elevations within Liliw range from lowland areas near 50 meters above in the north to higher slopes exceeding 300 meters in the south, contributing to varied drainage patterns. The region is underlain by volcanic-derived soils, predominantly Lipa loam in the broader Sta. Cruz River basin, which supports inherent but also influences on steeper gradients. Principal waterways include tributaries of the Sta. Cruz River traversing the municipality, which can lead to flooding during heavy monsoon rains; LiDAR-based modeling indicates affected lowland zones in Liliw with potential inundation depths reaching 1-2 meters under a 5-year return period rainfall event. Seismically, the area faces moderate to high risk from regional tectonic activity, with Laguna province recording historical events like the 1994 Mindoro earthquake (magnitude 7.1) impacting nearby zones, though local geological stability is maintained absent active faults directly beneath. Natural hydrological features encompass cold springs emerging from Banahaw's slopes, fed by groundwater percolation through permeable volcanic substrates.

Administrative Divisions (Barangays)

Liliw is subdivided into 33 barangays, which constitute the primary units for local governance, community organization, and delivery of basic services such as sanitation, public safety, and infrastructure maintenance under the Philippine Local Government Code of 1991. These divisions enable decentralized administration across the municipality's approximately 33.28 square kilometers, with barangays often aligned to natural topography—evident in paired names denoting upper (Ilayang) and lower (Ibabang) areas—to optimize resource allocation for rural and semi-urban needs. Barangay Rizal serves as the functional poblacion or administrative core, hosting the municipal hall and central government facilities; it was formerly named Poblacion prior to a redesignation reflecting national commemorative practices. No barangays are officially classified as fully urban by the Philippine Statistics Authority as of the 2020 census, though those nearer the center exhibit denser settlement patterns supportive of commerce and administration. The complete list of barangays, in alphabetical order, is as follows:
  • Bagong Anyo
  • Bayate
  • Bongkol
  • Bubukal
  • Calumpang
  • Culoy
  • Dagatan
  • Daniw
  • Dita
  • Ibabang Palina
  • Ibabang San Roque
  • Ibabang Sungi
  • Ibabang Taykin
  • Ilayang Palina
  • Ilayang San Roque
  • Ilayang Sungi
  • Ilayang Taykin
  • Kanlurang Bukal
  • Laguan
  • Luquin
  • Malabo-Kalantukan
  • Masikap
  • Maslun
  • Mojon
  • Oples
  • Pag-asa
  • Rizal
  • San Isidro
  • Silangang Bukal
  • Tuy-Baanan

Climate and Environmental Conditions

Liliw experiences a , classified under the Köppen system as Am, with consistently high temperatures averaging 27°C annually and no extended . Monthly mean temperatures range from a low of approximately 25°C in to a high of 29°C in May, with maximum daytime highs reaching up to 33.97°C during the warmest month of May and minimum nighttime lows around 22.89°C in February. Annual rainfall totals approximately 2,500 mm, concentrated in the wet season from June to October, where July sees the peak at 275.59 mm, while the driest period in February records only 15.49 mm; this pattern aligns with broader PAGASA climatological normals for Laguna province, derived from regional stations. These climatic conditions directly influence local agriculture, particularly rice and vegetable farming, with the wet season enabling flood-irrigated paddies but posing risks of waterlogging and crop loss from excessive precipitation. The relatively shorter dry season from November to May requires reliance on river diversions and shallow wells for irrigation, sustaining productivity in a region where farming remains a key economic activity. Historical typhoon events, such as Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) in September 2009, which brought over 400 mm of rain to Laguna and caused widespread flooding, underscore vulnerability; mitigation has historically involved communal dike maintenance and crop diversification, practices observed in pre-modern records of resilient wet-rice systems.) Environmentally, Liliw features fragmented forest remnants and agroforestry systems amid agricultural expansion, with soil quality varying by land use: forest areas exhibit higher organic matter and nutrient retention compared to intensively farmed plots, as assessed through soil quality indices measuring parameters like pH, carbon content, and microbial activity. Community-based forest management in sites like those in Liliw integrates tree crops with annuals, preserving biodiversity elements such as native hardwoods and understory species while countering deforestation pressures; these efforts, documented in local agroforestry evaluations, support limited ecological corridors linking to Laguna's upland forests, though overall biodiversity is constrained by urbanization and elevation-limited habitats around 150 meters above sea level. No major perennial springs dominate, but seasonal streams contribute to groundwater recharge essential for dry-season resilience.

Demographics

The population of Liliw has exhibited steady growth over the past century, rising from 4,669 inhabitants in the 1903 census to 39,491 in the 2020 census, reflecting an overall increase driven by natural growth and limited internal migration within Laguna province. This trajectory includes periods of accelerated expansion, such as 2.92% annual growth between 1948 and 1960, and more moderate rates in recent decades, with 1.62% annual growth from 2015 to 2020.
Census YearPopulationAnnual Growth Rate (%)
-
1.92
0.93
0.51
2.92
2.78
19751.68
19801.85
19902.31
19952.06
20002.60
20072.41
1.24
20151.49
20201.62
Data compiled from censuses. As of the 2020 census, Liliw's population density stood at approximately 1,010 inhabitants per square kilometer across its 39.10 km² land area, indicating moderate rural-urban density typical of inland Laguna municipalities. household size was 3.93 persons in 2015, based on 9,309 households comprising the household population of 36,558, a figure consistent with national trends of declining family sizes due to influences in . Age distribution in 2015 showed a youthful profile, with the 5-9 age group comprising the largest segment at 3,587 individuals (9.81% of the population), while those aged 80 and over numbered only 335 (0.92%), underscoring a broad base for future labor supply. Sex distribution, inferred from 2019 registered voters, revealed 11,386 males and 12,650 females, suggesting a slight female majority potentially linked to male out-migration for employment in nearby Metro Manila. Empirical surveys indicate limited net migration to Liliw, with provincial inflows from rural areas contributing modestly to growth amid broader Calabarzon urbanization rates exceeding 2% annually.

Ethnic Composition, Languages, and Religion

The population of Liliw consists almost entirely of ethnic Filipinos, primarily of Tagalog descent, as is typical for municipalities in Laguna province where historical settlement patterns and migration have homogenized the demographic base without significant presence of indigenous Aeta or other minority groups. Philippine census data does not disaggregate ethnicity at the municipal level for such areas, but regional profiles confirm the dominance of lowland Tagalog Filipinos, with negligible non-Filipino immigrant communities reported. Tagalog serves as the predominant language in Liliw, aligning with its status as the vernacular across Laguna, where it functions as the primary medium of daily communication, education, and local governance. English is used secondarily in formal and commercial contexts, but no substantial use of other Philippine languages like Bikol or Ilocano is documented in the locality. Roman Catholicism prevails as the dominant religion, with adherence rates mirroring Laguna province's 88.2% figure from the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, underscoring the deep integration of Catholic practices in community life. The Saint John the Baptist Parish Church, founded as an independent parish in 1605 and with its first wooden structure erected in 1612 under Franciscan auspices, remains the focal point of religious observance, hosting annual feasts and sacraments that reinforce traditional familial and communal bonds. Minimal data exists on non-Catholic minorities, such as Protestants or Muslims, in Liliw specifically, though national trends indicate they comprise under 5% in similar rural settings.

Government and Administration

Local Governance Structure

The municipal government of Liliw adheres to the decentralized framework outlined in Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, which vests municipalities with executive, legislative, and fiscal powers to deliver services autonomously while ensuring accountability to constituents. Elected officials serve three-year terms, with limits of three consecutive terms for the mayor and vice-mayor, fostering periodic electoral oversight. The executive authority rests with the mayor, who enforces ordinances, directs administrative operations, manages public safety and health services, and supervises barangay implementation of municipal policies. The vice-mayor presides over sessions of the Sangguniang Bayan—the municipal legislature comprising eight elected members plus ex-officio representatives from the barangay captains' association and youth council—and assumes mayoral duties in cases of absence or incapacity, while lacking a regular vote except to break ties. The Sangguniang Bayan legislates on local taxation, land use, and appropriations, approving the annual budget to align expenditures with revenue capacities. Municipal finances rely on the Internal Revenue Allotment from national taxes, comprising the bulk of funds, augmented by local sources including real property taxes and business permits, notably from Liliw's footwear manufacturing sector, which generates revenue through industry-specific fees and contributes to economic self-sufficiency beyond central subsidies. This revenue mix demands fiscal prudence, as officials must balance service provision against fluctuating allotments and local collections to avoid deficits. Barangays exercise devolved autonomy in grassroots governance, particularly through the Lupong Tagapamayapa for mandatory conciliation in disputes under 1,000,000 pesos or involving residents of the same barangay, via the Katarungang Pambarangay mechanism, which resolves conflicts at the community level prior to judicial escalation and reinforces municipal oversight without supplanting higher authority.

Political History and Notable Leaders

Liliw's political landscape post-1946 has followed the standard framework of Philippine local governance, with mayoral elections conducted under national electoral laws and influenced by familial networks common in rural municipalities. Detailed records of early post-independence elections show no major partisan shifts or dominance by national parties, as local contests prioritized community ties and patronage over ideological platforms. Notable among Liliw's leaders is the Sulibit family, which held the mayoralty in recent decades. Cesar Sulibit, a former mayor, contributed to local administration before succumbing to COVID-19 in March 2021 after a two-week battle with the disease. His son, Ericson J. Sulibit, served as mayor from 2016 to 2022, during which he launched the "Bagong Liliw" rebranding initiative in 2020 to enhance tourism promotion and economic visibility through updated municipal identity and marketing efforts. Ildefonso D. Monleon succeeded Sulibit as mayor starting in 2022, focusing on security and administrative efficiency. Under his leadership, Liliw was declared a Zone of Stable Internal Peace and Security (SIPS) on September 26, 2024, recognizing collaborative efforts with military and community stakeholders to achieve conflict-sensitive governance and reduced internal threats, as verified by official proclamations. No verified corruption cases or audit irregularities specific to Liliw officials have surfaced in official reports from this period.

Economy

Traditional Industries and Agriculture

Liliw's footwear industry, centered on handmade slippers and shoes, represents a key traditional economic activity, with over 70 small-scale workshops and outlets concentrated along Gat Tayaw Street in the town center. These enterprises produce export-quality items using artisan techniques, including hand-stitching and materials like abaca fibers, sustaining family-run operations despite competition from imports. The sector contributes 15 to 20 percent to the local economy, employing local labor in a cottage-style model that emphasizes skill-based production over mechanization. Agriculture in Liliw focuses on rice and highland vegetables, leveraging the province's volcanic soils for nutrient-rich cultivation. Farmers primarily grow rice alongside vegetables such as cabbage, string beans, chayote, and radish, often rotating crops to optimize land use and soil fertility in the absence of extensive irrigation. Vegetable production supports household livelihoods and local markets, with adaptive farming practices enabling resilience to climate variability, including diversified plots that enhance yields on small holdings. Rice farming aligns with Laguna's broader palay systems, though Liliw's terrain favors integrated vegetable-rice systems for self-sufficiency.

Modern Commerce, Manufacturing, and Tourism

The footwear manufacturing sector constitutes a primary component of Liliw's contemporary economy, characterized by numerous small-scale producers specializing in shoes and slippers. Approximately 70 to 80 retail stores line the town center, offering diverse products that incorporate modern designs and materials to align with current market preferences. This industry sustains local employment through familial and community-based workshops, enabling resilience against competition from larger hubs like Marikina and Biñan via robust social networks that facilitate knowledge sharing and supply chain coordination. Tourism in Liliw increasingly revolves around natural attractions such as Kilangin Falls, which draws visitors for its scenic appeal and contributes to ancillary economic activities like guiding and vending. A 2025 study assessing sustainability communication initiatives at the falls revealed high levels of resident knowledge (mean score 2.97) and positive attitudes (mean 3.54) toward preservation, though practical implementation remains low (mean 1.73), including limited adoption of eco-friendly materials and community collaboration. These findings underscore the falls' role in enhancing local socioeconomic well-being through indirect income generation, prompting recommendations for enhanced local participation in sustainable practices to mitigate environmental strain. Challenges persist in both sectors, including competitive pressures on manufacturing from imported goods and established rivals, alongside seasonal fluctuations in tourism that heighten vulnerability to external factors like weather or economic downturns. Efforts to integrate footwear retail with tourism, such as promoting shoe shopping as a cultural experience, offer potential diversification, though quantifiable revenue data remains sparse, emphasizing the need for targeted development plans to balance growth with sustainability.

Infrastructure and Services

Transportation Networks

Liliw Municipality is connected to the broader Laguna Province road network primarily through provincial and barangay roads, with no direct access to national highways like the Pan-Philippine Highway (Maharlika Highway, Route 1). Access from major urban centers such as Manila typically involves travel via the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) to San Pablo City, followed by secondary roads linking to Liliw, covering approximately 90-100 kilometers in total. Public utility vehicles, including jeepneys and tricycles, serve as the main intra- and inter-municipal transport, with jeepney routes operating from San Pablo City (about 15-20 minutes travel time) and neighboring towns like Majayjay and Nagcarlan. Jeepney services to Liliw are frequent during daytime hours but limited outside peak times, with fares around ₱10 from San Pablo terminals. Routes connect Liliw to nearby municipalities for local commuting and goods movement, such as Majayjay-San Pablo via Liliw, supporting agricultural transport like shoes and pandan crafts. Tricycles provide last-mile connectivity within the town's 29 barangays, navigating narrow internal streets. The absence of rail links—nearest commuter rail extensions under the North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR) reach Calamba but not Liliw directly—means reliance on road-based logistics, increasing vulnerability to traffic congestion and weather disruptions for freight. Internal road conditions in Liliw are generally paved with concrete or asphalt, maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Region IV-A. Recent projects include road construction in Barangay Palayan (completed December 2024) and asphalt overlays in Barangay Maslun (March 2025), aimed at improving durability for heavy vehicle passage. These efforts address typical rural road wear from monsoon rains, though some secondary paths remain unpaved, limiting efficient goods haulage to markets in San Pablo or Sta. Cruz. No airport or seaport facilities exist locally, reinforcing road dependency for all inbound and outbound transport.

Education System

The public education system in Liliw, Laguna, operates under the Department of Education (DepEd) and includes several elementary schools, such as Liliw Central Elementary School and Mojon Elementary School, alongside secondary institutions like Liliw Senior High School, a stand-alone facility serving Grades 11-12. Private schools, including Liceo de Liliw, offer supplementary options, particularly general academic strands (GAS) in senior high school, though public institutions dominate enrollment. Enrollment data from the Liliw DepEd sub-office's 2022 annual report indicate high participation in early education, with gross enrollment rates of 99.12% for kindergarten and 98.87% for Grades I-VI, compared to 75% for junior high (Years 7-10), suggesting stronger retention in elementary levels amid secondary transition challenges. No local colleges exist within Liliw, but partnerships with Laguna State Polytechnic University (LSPU) aim to introduce tertiary programs, addressing higher education access. Literacy rates align closely with national figures of 97.0% for the household population aged 5 and over, as reported in the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, reflecting effective basic schooling outcomes despite rural constraints. Vocational training emphasizes practical skills tied to local industries, such as footwear production—Liliw's economic mainstay—with programs often delivered via TESDA-accredited courses or school-based initiatives like basic production training at Liliw Senior High School, though formal integration into core curricula remains limited. Public schools demonstrate higher enrollment volumes and accessibility compared to private ones, which serve niche academic needs but face scalability limits; efficacy metrics, including post-pandemic learning recovery, highlight ongoing issues like uneven secondary completion rates, per local DepEd assessments. Teacher shortages, inferred from national DepEd enrollment pressures and regional staffing data, pose risks to instructional quality, though specific Liliw figures underscore stable elementary infrastructure.

Healthcare and Public Services

Liliw's primary healthcare infrastructure centers on the Liliw Rural Health Unit, a government-operated facility in Barangay Pag-asa that delivers essential primary care, including consultations, vaccinations, and maternal services to the municipality's approximately 44,000 residents. The unit participates in national programs such as tuberculosis control, emphasizing preventive care and community outreach over advanced hospitalization, which residents seek in nearby facilities like those in San Pablo City, about 10 kilometers away. Vaccination coverage aligns with provincial trends, supported by Department of Health initiatives, though specific local metrics reflect reliance on barangay health workers for routine immunizations amid rural access challenges. Public utilities in Liliw emphasize localized management, with water supply drawn from municipal systems supplemented by natural springs in upland barangays, achieving near-universal household connections following a 2019 rehabilitation project valued at 55 million pesos that installed 1,950 service lines for 24-hour availability. Electrification stands at full coverage through the Laguna Electric Cooperative, enabling consistent power for households and small enterprises without significant state dependency beyond grid maintenance. Sanitation efforts integrate barangay-led septic systems and drainage improvements, as outlined in the local drainage master plan, which divides the municipality into zones for stormwater and sewer management to mitigate flooding. Waste management operates via barangay collection and segregation under Republic Act 9003, with municipal oversight directing recyclables to regional facilities and biodegradables to community composting, reducing landfill reliance through grassroots enforcement rather than centralized processing. These services underscore self-reliant community structures, where local government units coordinate with residents for maintenance, contrasting with urban models dependent on large-scale infrastructure.

Culture and Heritage

Religious and Historical Sites

The Saint John the Baptist Parish Church, also known as Liliw Church, stands as the primary religious landmark in Liliw, Laguna, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist whose feast is observed on August 29. Founded in 1605 by Franciscan friars following its separation from the parish of Nagcarlan, the church exemplifies Catholic centrality in the town's communal life, serving as a focal point for religious observances and social gatherings that foster community bonds. Construction of the initial wooden church commenced in 1612 under Padre Kalenton, transitioning to a more durable concrete structure by 1635 during the tenure of Fr. Antonio Kohaguit. The present Baroque-style edifice, characterized by its robust stone facade and historical restorations, reflects Spanish colonial architectural influences while enduring as a symbol of resilience amid regional upheavals. This enduring presence has reinforced social cohesion, with the church acting as a repository of local history and a venue for rites that unite residents across generations. Beyond ecclesiastical structures, Liliw preserves colonial-era ancestral homes, particularly along Gat Tayaw Street, which feature traditional bahay na bato designs with elevated wooden upper levels and stone ground floors adapted from Spanish influences. Exemplars include the Villanueva Ancestral House, erected between 1895 and 1910, showcasing extended renovations over 125 years that highlight adaptive preservation efforts. These residences mark the town's historical evolution under colonial rule, contributing to cultural continuity by housing family lineages and evoking shared heritage in daily community interactions.

Local Traditions, Festivals, and Cuisine

The annual fiesta honoring the martyrdom of Saint John the Baptist, celebrated on August 29, centers on the patron saint of Liliw's parish church and includes solemn masses, processions, and communal family feasts that emphasize Catholic devotion and local kinship ties. This event reinforces enduring Tagalog customs of religious observance and shared meals, with residents preparing homemade sweets to distribute among kin and visitors, fostering social bonds amid modern influences. Complementing religious traditions, the Gat Tayaw Tsinelas Festival occurs annually in late April, typically spanning April 25 to May 1 as of its 21st edition in 2025, highlighting Liliw's historic slipper-making craft through parades of oversized footwear floats, artisan stalls, and cultural performances that preserve pre-colonial chieftain heritage linked to founder Gat Tayaw. These gatherings underscore resistance to globalization by promoting manual skills and community pride in tangible goods over imported alternatives. Liliw's cuisine features uraro cookies, a signature delicacy made from arrowroot flour abundant in the region's soils, yielding flower-shaped, melt-in-the-mouth treats wrapped in cellophane or Japanese paper for gifting during fiestas and visits. Family recipes, guarded across generations, blend arrowroot with butter and eggs, providing a nutrient-dense snack rich in carbohydrates, potassium, and iron while symbolizing obedience and resilience—traits tied to the plant's hardy growth. This tradition sustains local agriculture and counters homogenized consumer trends by prioritizing heirloom methods over mass-produced confections.

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