Hubbry Logo
CalauanCalauanMain
Open search
Calauan
Community hub
Calauan
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Calauan
Calauan
Calauan
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Calauan (IPA: [kɐˈlaː.wɐn]), officially the Municipality of Calauan (Tagalog: Bayan ng Calauan), is a municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. The municipality has a land area of 25.25 square miles which constitutes 2.4% of Laguna's total area. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 89,670 people.[6]

Key Information

The town is known for its pineapple production which is part of its local economy.[7] It also offers a serene destinations like the Field of Faith situated in Barangay Lamot 2 and the Isdaan Floating Restaurant located along the Calamba–Pagsanjan Road.[8]

Etymology

[edit]

Calauan, also spelled as Calauang,[9] got its name from the Tagalog term kalawang, which means rust. Folklore has it that during the construction of the Municipal Church, water seeped into the holes dug for its foundation, giving it a brown, rusty hue, hence the name Calauan (Kalawang).

History

[edit]

The fertile soil of Calauan attracted the attention of Captain Juan de Salcedo, when he passed through Laguna and Tayabas (now Quezon) on his way to Bicol in 1572. Ten years later, Spanish authorities established a town government two kilometers (1.2 mi) from the site of the present Poblacion, in what is now Barrio Mabacan. They called the townsite “Calauan” (Tagalog word for rust). Following in epidemic in 1703, the town was moved to its present site at the fork of three roads—now to the south-west leading to San Pablo, the other southeastward to Santa Cruz, the provincial capital, and the third going North to Manila.

At the turn of the 18th century, when Bay was designated as the provincial capital of Laguna, Calauan became a sitio of Bay. Merchants going to Southern Luzon passed through Bay and Calauan. One of them, an opulent Spaniard by the name of Iñigo, bought large tracts of land in Calauan in 1812. The landholdings of Iñigo and, later, of his heirs were so vast that many portions were still unsettled. The property was and still is, known as Hacienda Calauan. About a century later, the people of Calauan fought a “guardia civil” during the Philippine Revolution. Basilio Geiroza (better known as Cabesang Basilio) and his men routed a battalion of “guardia civiles” in a five-hour battle in Bario Cupangan (now Lamot I) in December 1897. During the subsequent Philippine-American hostilities, Calauan patriots fought numerically superior forces of General Elwell Otis in Barrio San Diego of San Pablo. With the establishment of civilian authority in Calauan in 1902, the Americans assigned Mariano Marfori as first “presidente”. Hacienda Calauan financed the construction of a hospital in 1926, and Mariano O. Marfori Jr. son of the first municipal presidente, as hospital director and the resident physician, respectively.

In 1939, by the request of President Manuel L. Quezon, Doña Margarita Roxas vda. de Soriano, granddaughter of the Spaniard, Iñigo., subdivided Hacienda Calauan and sold it to the tenants, part of what remained was converted into a rest house and a swimming pool and it became one of the tourist attractions until 1956.

In 1993, the town became the focus of media attention when Antonio Sanchez, who was serving as mayor at the time, got involved into a rape and double murder case involving two University of the Philippines Los Baños students. Sanchez and several other men were given a life sentence in March 1995.[10]

Geography

[edit]

Situated at 73 kilometers (45 mi) southeast of Manila, via Calamba and Los Baños, and 26 kilometers (16 mi) from Santa Cruz. Calauan is known for the Pineapple Festival, which is celebrated every 15 May.

Geographical landmarks

[edit]

Barangay Lamot 2 in Calauan is the site is the site of Mount Kalisungan,[11] known for being site where retreating Japanese soldiers made their last stand in Laguna at the end of World War II.[11] The 760 MASL mountain is sometimes also known as Mount Nagcarlan or Mount Lamot, and is a traditional during holy week hiking site among locals.[11] It is considered a hiker's favorite because it offers a clear view of Talim Island, Mount Tagapo, the Jalajala peninsula and Mount Sembrano to the north, the Caliraya highlands to the east, the seven lakes of San Pablo, Mount San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw to the south, and Mount Makiling to the west.[11]

Barangays

[edit]
Welcome Arch
Brgy. Map of Calauan

Calauan is politically subdivided into 17 barangays, as indicated below. [12] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Balayhangin
  • Bangyas
  • Dayap
  • Hanggan
  • Imok
  • Lamot 1
  • Lamot 2
  • Limao
  • Mabacan
  • Masiit
  • Paliparan
  • Pérez
  • Kanluran (Poblacion)
  • Silangan (Poblacion)
  • Prinza
  • San Isidro
  • Santo Tomas

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Calauan, Laguna
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27
(81) 		28
(82) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		29
(84)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		23
(73)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52
(2.0) 		35
(1.4) 		27
(1.1) 		27
(1.1) 		82
(3.2) 		124
(4.9) 		163
(6.4) 		144
(5.7) 		145
(5.7) 		141
(5.6) 		100
(3.9) 		102
(4.0) 		1,142
(45)
Average rainy days 12.0 8.1 8.8 9.7 17.9 22.6 26.2 24.5 24.6 22.0 16.7 14.9 208
Source: Meteoblue (Use with caution: this is modeled/calculated data, not measured locally.)[13]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Calauan
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 2,624—    
1918 2,832+0.51%
1939 7,302+4.61%
1948 9,180+2.58%
1960 13,168+3.05%
1970 19,747+4.13%
1975 23,370+3.44%
1980 25,259+1.57%
1990 32,736+2.63%
1995 36,677+2.15%
2000 43,284+3.61%
2007 54,248+3.16%
2010 74,890+12.45%
2015 80,453+1.37%
2020 87,693+1.83%
2024 89,670+0.54%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[14][15][16][17][18]

In the 2020 census, the population of Calauan, Laguna, was 87,693 people,[19] with a density of 1,300 inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,400 inhabitants per square mile.

Calauan's population is expected to rise, as the town is being used as resettlement of informal settlers in Metro Manila through the Bayan ni Juan and the Kapit-Bisig para sa Ilog Pasig project of the ABS-CBN Foundation.

Religion

[edit]

The patron saint of Calauan is Isidore the Laborer, the patron of farmers, known in Spanish as San Isidro Labrador.

Economy

[edit]
Commercial area in Calauan

Poverty incidence of Calauan

5
10
15
20
25
30
2000
26.79
2003
15.36
2006
16.60
2009
11.99
2012
13.03
2015
9.68
2018
4.04
2021
6.98

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Government

[edit]
Calauan Municipal Hall
Calauan municipal officials (2022–2025)
Name Party
Mayor
Roseller G. Caratihan Lakas
Vice Mayor
Allan Jun V. Sanchez Lakas
Municipal Councilors
Ave Marie Tonee S. Alcid Independent
Aldrin P. Alimbuyog PDP–Laban
June Joseph F. Brion Independent
Mark Austine C. Camargo Independent
Charles Owen M. Caratihan PDP–Laban
Joewel M. Gonzales Nacionalista
Joselito M. Manalo Lakas
Allan Antonio V. Sanchez II Lakas

Education

[edit]

The Calauan Schools District Office governs all educational institutions within the municipality. It oversees the management and operations of all private and public, from primary to secondary schools.[28]

Primary and elementary schools

[edit]
  • Antonio Chipeco Memorial School
  • Balayhangin Elementary School
  • Bangyas Elementary School
  • Calauan Central Elementary School
  • Dayap Elementary School
  • Dayap Elementary School (Annex)
  • Grace Christian Community School
  • Imok Elementary School
  • Lamot Elementary School
  • Lamot Elementary School (Annex)
  • Limao Elementary School
  • Mabacan Elementary School
  • Madre Giovanna Zippo Learning Center
  • Mahabang Parang Elementary School
  • Makativille Elementary School
  • Maranatha Christian Academy
  • Masiit Elementary School
  • Paliparan Elementary School
  • Perez Elementary School
  • Prinza Elementary School
  • Proverbsville Baptist Academy
  • San Isidro Elementary School
  • Santo Tomas Elementary School
  • T.C. Dator Memorial Elementary School (Pulong Dayap Elementary School)
  • Tamlong Elementary School
  • The Refiner's Christian School

Secondary schools

[edit]
  • Dayap National High School
  • Dayap National High School (Mabacan Annex)
  • Dayap National Integrated High School
  • Liceo de Calauan
  • Sto. Tomas Integrated High School

Higher educational institution

[edit]
  • Luzonian Center of Excellence for Science and Technology

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Calauan

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Calauan, officially the of Calauan, is a landlocked in the province of Laguna, region, . According to the 2020 by the , it has a population of 87,693 people living in 17,245 households, with a of 1,100 inhabitants per square kilometer over a land area of 77.85 square kilometers. The comprises 17 barangays and is classified as a first-class based on income, reflecting recent economic classification by the Department of Finance in 2024. Calauan's economy is predominantly agricultural, with rice and pineapple production serving as key sectors supporting local livelihoods and contributing to the province's output. The area benefits from fertile soils suitable for these crops, though the broader Laguna province has seen shifts toward industrialization in adjacent areas. The municipality gained national infamy in 1993 due to the rape and murders of Los Baños students Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez, for which former mayor Antonio was convicted as the mastermind; , who held office from 1980 to 1986 and 1988 to 1993, received multiple life sentences and died in prison in 2021. This case, involving abduction, gang rape, and execution-style killings by municipal police under 's orders, underscored abuses of local political power and prompted widespread public outrage and legal reforms.

Etymology

Name origin and historical references

The name Calauan derives from the Tagalog word kalawang, meaning "rust," reflecting local environmental features such as iron oxide deposits or discolored waters observed in the area's early settlements. This etymology is supported by linguistic analysis of Tagalog roots, where kalawang denotes corrosion or reddish-brown staining, consistent with geological conditions in Laguna province involving ferruginous soils and water sources. Oral traditions attribute the naming to recurring appearances of rust-like lumps in nearby bodies of water, but these lack primary documentary corroboration and align more with descriptive topography than verifiable events. Historical records distinguish Calauan from similarly spelled places like in province, where the name originates from an incident involving a large (kala) caught near the shore, producing a sound interpreted as uag. In contrast, Calauan's designation predates formal town organization, appearing in Spanish-era accounts as a sitio under by the early 18th century, with references tied to rust-associated landmarks rather than faunal events. Church construction records from 1787 provide a key historical reference, documenting a edifice funded by a local benefactor and dedicated to San Isidro Labrador () and San Roque as patron saints, formalized by the archbishop. These do not directly inform the name's origin, which stems from pre-existing Tagalog nomenclature, but underscore the site's agricultural context, as San Isidro's veneration emphasized farming amid Laguna's fertile, iron-rich lands. No primary ecclesiastical or colonial archives link the rust-derived name to saintly patronage, prioritizing empirical linguistic evidence over interpretive associations.

History

Spanish colonial founding and early development

Calauan traces its origins to the Spanish colonial era, with initial settlement spurred by the region's fertile volcanic soil, which drew the attention of Captain during his 1570 expedition through Laguna and (now ) en route to the . In 1580, Spanish authorities formalized the area by establishing a town government approximately two kilometers from the initial village site, integrating it into the newly organized Province of Laguna, which had been delineated earlier in the 1570s as part of broader administrative efforts to consolidate control over . This founding reflected typical Spanish patterns of settlement, prioritizing agricultural potential and strategic positioning near for trade and defense. Early development was shaped by both administrative shifts and religious infrastructure. At the turn of the 18th century, as Bay was designated the provincial capital of Laguna, Calauan was reclassified as a sitio (subordinate settlement) under Bay, facilitating oversight of local governance and tribute collection. A devastating epidemic in 1703 prompted relocation of the townsite to its current position at the confluence of two rivers, enhancing defensibility and access to water resources for farming communities. Religious establishment advanced significantly in 1787 with the construction of a concrete church, funded by a wealthy local benefactor, which served as a catalyst for centralized settlement; the Archbishop of Manila consecrated it under the joint patronage of San Isidro Labrador, invoking agricultural prosperity, and San Antonio de Padua. Agrarian expansion drove further growth into the early , as and abaca cultivation proliferated on the alluvial plains, drawing migrant laborers and solidifying the town proper around the church and administrative core. This period marked Calauan's transition from a peripheral visita to a self-sustaining , bolstered by Spanish systems that incentivized land clearance and productivity, though records indicate persistent challenges from floods and labor shortages.

World War II and post-independence period

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, Calauan experienced economic hardship, food shortages, and sporadic guerrilla resistance, as in much of Laguna province. Retreating Imperial Japanese forces made their final stand in Laguna at Mount Lamot (also known as Mount Kalisungan) in Barangay Lamot, Calauan, during the closing months of World War II in early 1945, as Allied and Filipino forces advanced southward from Manila. This defensive position delayed liberation efforts in the area but ultimately fell amid the broader collapse of Japanese defenses on Luzon. Following liberation, post-war reconstruction in Calauan prioritized restoring agricultural , including systems and fields devastated by wartime and neglect, to revive the local economy reliant on farming. The ' independence on July 4, 1946, brought national focus to rural recovery, with initial U.S. aid under the Philippine Trade Act supporting rehabilitation in agrarian municipalities like Calauan. In the independence era, Calauan maintained administrative stability as a municipality in Laguna, avoiding major political disruptions seen elsewhere in the country during the Hukbalahap insurgency. Early land reform initiatives, such as the 1955 Agricultural Tenancy Act, began addressing tenant farmer grievances in rice-growing areas like Calauan by regulating sharecropping rents, though comprehensive redistribution remained limited until later decades. This period saw gradual population recovery and economic stabilization through traditional agriculture, setting the stage for modest provincial growth without significant upheavals.

Contemporary developments and challenges

Since the early , Calauan has undergone urbanization spurred by national relocation initiatives targeting informal settlers from , notably the Bayan ni Juan program within the Southville 7 site, which housed over 3,000 families initially relocated from areas and later expanded to accommodate 2,000 more affected by Ondoy in 2009. This 107-hectare government-led project, managed by the National Housing Authority, transitioned from early challenges in community cohesion and basic services to a model resettlement through multisector partnerships involving NGOs, private firms, and international aid, including grants that enhanced water systems and livelihoods for nearly 6,000 families by 2016. Economic transformations in Calauan mirror broader regional growth, with shifts from agrarian dominance toward light industry and services, facilitated by proximity to Laguna's economic zones; the approved 255 new and expansion projects region-wide in 2024, contributing to diversified employment amid Laguna's master-planned townships and industrial parks. These developments have integrated relocated populations into peri-urban economies, though sustaining income levels remains a challenge, as evidenced by studies on local shuttle services addressing commuting needs for off-site work. In agriculture-focused infrastructure, the provincial government in October 2025 committed to subsidizing electricity costs for a long-dormant rice processing center in Barangay Lamot 2, enabling operations for two cropping seasons to reduce post-harvest losses and support farmers without prior utilization since completion in 2024. Complementing this, the Oplan School Edible Landscaping initiative, launched in February 2025 by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture in partnership with the Department of Education, established self-watering edible gardens in Calauan schools using recycled materials to foster sustainable practices, environmental awareness, and supplementary . Ongoing challenges include balancing rapid influx-driven urban pressures with resilient , as transportation and access continue to influence and integration.

Geography

Location and physical features

Calauan is situated in the province of Laguna within the region of the , at geographic coordinates approximately 14°09′N 121°19′E. The municipality covers a land area of 65.40 square kilometers and lies about 73 kilometers southeast of , accessible via major roads through Calamba and Los Baños. Its terrain transitions from low-lying flatlands near to undulating hills and steeper slopes in the eastern portions, with an average elevation of 93 meters above . Prominent physical features include Mount Kalisungan, a peak reaching 760 meters above sea level located in the municipality's hilly interior, also referred to locally as Mount Lamot due to its position near Barangay Lamot. The area benefits from proximity to geothermal zones associated with the Makiling-Banahaw complex, which supports potential energy resource development through subsurface heat gradients and volcanic influences in Laguna province. River systems within the Calauan sub-basin, part of the broader watershed, drain surface waters toward the lake, facilitating networks essential for . Predominant types, such as clay loams and loams prevalent in Laguna's and alluvial plains, provide fertile grounds conducive to cultivation and other crops due to their water retention and nutrient-holding capacities.

Administrative barangays

Calauan is administratively subdivided into 17 barangays, comprising two urban barangays and 15 rural barangays, which facilitate , service delivery, and management across its 77.85 square kilometers. The urban barangays, Silangan and Kanluran, primarily handle commercial activities, residential density, and proximity to hubs, while the rural barangays focus on agricultural production and peripheral development. The following table enumerates the barangays, their classifications, and primary administrative functions based on land use and governance roles:
BarangayClassificationPrimary Function
BalayhanginRuralAgricultural periphery
BangyasRuralAgricultural and residential outskirts
DayapRuralMixed residential and relocation hosting
HangganRuralAgricultural lands
ImokRuralFarming communities
KanluranUrbanCommercial and administrative core
Lamot 1RuralRural residential and agriculture
Lamot 2RuralRural residential and agriculture
LimaoRuralAgricultural extension
PaliparanRuralPeripheral farming
PoblacionRuralTown proper with administrative services
Puting LupaRuralAgricultural zones
San IsidroRuralRural development areas
Santa CruzRuralFarming and community services
SilanganUrbanUrban commercial hub
Sto. TomasRuralRelocation and residential growth
UnspecifiedRuralAdditional rural administrative unit
Poblacion functions as the de facto town center, accommodating municipal offices and markets despite its rural designation, enabling centralized administration for the municipality. Rural barangays like those on the outskirts support crop cultivation and livestock rearing, contributing to Calauan's agrarian base, while urban ones drive service-oriented activities and connectivity to adjacent towns. The Southville 7 relocation site, a government housing project for informal settler families, spans Dayap and Sto. Tomas barangays, exemplifying adaptive for social housing in peripheral areas. No boundary adjustments or reclassifications among barangays have been recorded since 2020.

Climate and natural environment

Calauan exhibits a (Köppen Am), featuring high temperatures and significant seasonal rainfall variation. The , influenced by the southwest , runs from to October, delivering the majority of annual precipitation, while the prevails from November to May under the influence of the northeast and . Average annual rainfall totals approximately 2,000 millimeters, with peaks exceeding 200 millimeters monthly during the wet period, contributing to lush vegetation but also periodic waterlogging in low-lying agricultural areas. Year-round temperatures are consistently warm and humid, with averages ranging from 25°C to 32°C and diurnal highs often reaching 34°C; lows rarely drop below 22°C, fostering year-round but increasing heat stress for outdoor labor in rice and crop farming, a mainstay of the local economy. Relative humidity frequently exceeds 80%, exacerbating discomfort and mold risks in poorly ventilated structures. These patterns support two rice cropping cycles annually but heighten economic vulnerability through erratic yields tied to rainfall intensity. The municipality faces elevated risks from , which average 20 annually across the and bring intense rainfall leading to flash floods in riverine barangays like Balinlac and . Flooding disrupts transportation and inundates farmlands, as evidenced by impacts on production from events like Ondoy in 2009 and subsequent storms, underscoring causal links between amplification and lowland . Ecologically, Calauan's environment integrates with Laguna province's volcanic terrain, including proximity to Mount Makiling's forest reserve, which harbors diverse and such as endemic dipterocarp trees and bird species, though fragmented by . Geothermal activity shapes the , with the 181.4 MW Makban-Calauan project in Limao extracting steam from subsurface reservoirs, potentially altering local via reinjection but providing baseload that indirectly stabilizes amid variability. Hot springs and fumaroles indicate ongoing volcanic influence, enriching for agriculture while posing risks of seismic .

Demographics

The population of Calauan was recorded at 60,968 in the 2000 of Population and Housing by the (PSA). This figure rose to 74,890 by the 2010 , representing an average annual growth rate of 2.06% over the decade. By the 2020 , the population reached 87,693, with an average annual growth rate of 1.59% from 2010 to 2020. The deceleration in growth rate post-2010 aligns with broader regional patterns of moderated natural increase amid sustained in-migration from due to urban overflow and proximity via major transport corridors.
Census YearPopulationAverage Annual Growth Rate (%)
200060,968-
201074,8902.06
202087,6931.59
Calauan's land area measures 77.85 km², yielding a of 1,126 persons per km² as of 2020, influenced by informal settlements and government relocations in peri-urban barangays. In the 2020 Census, the age distribution showed concentrations in working-age cohorts, with 12,024 individuals aged 30-39 years and 11,865 aged 20-29 years, comprising over 27% of the total population; children under 10 years accounted for approximately 18%. Sex distribution was nearly balanced, consistent with provincial norms, though specific ratios for Calauan indicate a slight male predominance in younger brackets due to migration patterns.

Ethnic, linguistic, and religious composition

The ethnic composition of Calauan reflects the broader demographic patterns of Laguna province, where the population is overwhelmingly of Tagalog descent, comprising the principal ethnic group in the region. This homogeneity stems from historical settlement patterns in the Tagalog heartland, with minimal presence of indigenous or other migrant ethnic minorities such as Bicolano or Bisaya groups, which nationally account for smaller shares. Linguistically, Tagalog serves as the dominant , spoken by more than 95% of residents as their mother tongue or primary dialect, aligning with Laguna's profile where Tagalog fluency exceeds 99% province-wide. English functions as a secondary in formal settings, including and , per national policy, though daily communication remains firmly rooted in Tagalog. Religiously, Roman Catholicism predominates, representing approximately 80-90% of the population, consistent with the national figure of 78.8% from the 2020 census and elevated adherence in Catholic-majority areas like Laguna. This is manifested in the community's devotion to San Isidro Labrador, the Catholic of farmers, whose feast underscores agrarian traditions. Minority faiths, including Protestant denominations (around 3-4% nationally) and (2.6%), are present among urban in-migrants and returnees from .

Economy

Agricultural base and traditional livelihoods

Agriculture in Calauan primarily revolves around cultivation, which serves as the dominant staple crop and underpins traditional livelihoods for a significant portion of the population. The municipality is recognized as one of Laguna province's largest -producing areas, with family-based farming systems sustaining intra-generational continuity despite demographic pressures such as aging farmers and declining numbers in the sector. yields here are heavily reliant on infrastructure, as the crop's water-intensive nature demands consistent supply to achieve viable harvests, aligning with broader patterns in Philippine lowland farming where coverage directly correlates with . Complementing are production and rearing, which form ancillary but essential components of local agricultural output. Lowland , including crops suited to Calauan's terrain, contribute to the regional economy of , where Laguna ranks as a top producer, supporting household incomes through diversified smallholder operations. activities, such as and basic , provide additional revenue streams and integrate with crop systems via manure-based fertilization, though they remain secondary to field crops in scale. These activities collectively engage a large share of Calauan's workforce in farming-related pursuits, forming the backbone of traditional economic sustenance prior to broader sectoral shifts. Provincial interventions, such as the Laguna government's commitment in September 2025 to cover electricity costs for a rice processing facility in Lamot 2, aim to bolster post-harvest efficiency and reduce operational burdens on farmers, enabling better for milled . This support addresses inefficiencies in processing that previously hampered value addition in rice-dependent communities like Calauan. Persistent challenges include land conversion to non-agricultural uses driven by and industrialization pressures in Laguna, which erode arable areas dedicated to and , thereby threatening the of irrigation-supported yields. Such conversions have contributed to shrinking production footprints across the , exacerbating vulnerability to external factors like fluctuating water availability and market competition.

Industrial growth and energy sector

Calauan's industrial landscape features small-scale , particularly in , amid Laguna province's broader dominance, which accounts for 55.6% of the provincial economy. Enterprises such as BSFIL Technologies Inc., a food firm with a state-of-the-art plant in Dayap, exemplify local operations focused on processing and storage. San Miguel Foods Inc. also maintains a presence in the municipality for food-related production. These activities represent a modest expansion from traditional , though comprehensive data on growth or proliferation specific to Calauan remains sparse. The energy sector centers on generation, leveraging the Makban Geothermal Complex spanning Calauan and adjacent areas. AP Renewables, Inc. (APRI), a of Aboitiz Power Corporation, operates facilities in Calauan contributing to a 195 MW net capacity across Bay, Calauan, and Sto. Tomas, with initial commissioning in 1979. In 2022, the Philippine Department of Energy endorsed APRI's 181.4 MW Makban-Calauan expansion project in Barangay Limao for grid impact studies, signaling investment in renewable capacity augmentation. Geothermal operations have bolstered local revenues, with APRI recognized as Calauan's top taxpayer among local businesses in July 2025, reflecting significant fiscal contributions from energy production. This sector supports baseload renewable power supply, aligning with national goals for clean energy, though direct employment metrics for Calauan-specific shifts from agrarian to industrial labor are not publicly quantified in available records.

Recent economic initiatives and investments

In March 2025, the Calauan Campus launched a Business Innovation Hub in with the university's Management Office, aimed at fostering local through spin-off businesses and intellectual property . The initiative targets innovation in and small-scale , sectors dominant in Calauan's , but as of October 2025, no public data quantifies new business formations or revenue impacts attributable to the hub. A diversion project in Calauan received completion approval in September 2025, designed to improve connectivity to tourist sites including hot springs and rural landscapes, with local government projecting enhanced visitor access and economic spillover from diversification. This infrastructure aligns with broader Laguna provincial efforts, where contributed to the region's 5.0% GDP growth in 2024, though Calauan-specific revenue data post-project remains unavailable for efficacy assessment. AP Renewables, Inc., a firm, was recognized as Calauan's top local taxpayer in July 2025, reflecting sustained private investment in the energy sector amid post-2020 recovery, with the company's operations underscoring industrial contributions to municipal revenues exceeding those from traditional agriculture. Despite these inputs, Calauan's third-class status—defined by annual between ₱45-55 million—persists, indicating limited overall diversification outcomes as of 2025.

Government and Administration

Local governance structure

Calauan operates as a municipal local government unit under the provisions of Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code of 1991, which establishes the standard structure for municipalities in the . The executive power is vested in the municipal , who exercises general supervisory authority over all barangays and implements municipal ordinances and national laws within the locality. The legislative authority resides in the , comprising the vice mayor as presiding officer, eight regularly elected councilors, and ex-officio members including the president of the and the federation chairman of the . This body enacts ordinances, approves the annual budget, and reviews resolutions to ensure compliance with legal standards. All elective municipal officials—mayor, vice mayor, and councilors—serve concurrent three-year terms, with a maximum of three consecutive terms permitted. Calauan consists of 17 s, each functioning as the smallest administrative unit with semi-autonomous governance led by an elected punong barangay and seven kagawads forming the , alongside a for youth representation. Barangays exercise powers devolved under the , such as basic services and regulation, but remain subject to the mayor's general and the Sangguniang Bayan's review of their enactments. Municipal revenues derive from local sources including taxes assessed on land and improvements, business permits and fees, and charges for services, augmented by the national government's and shares in national taxes. These funds support administrative operations, , and devolved functions like and .

Political leadership and elections

In the 2025 local elections held on May 12, municipal voters in Calauan re-elected Mayor Roseller "Osel" Caratihan of the Lakas-CMD , who garnered 38,463 votes, equivalent to 73.93% of the reported tally from all precincts. Caratihan, who first assumed office in 2022 following a victory in that year's synchronized polls, demonstrated strong incumbency advantage through decisive margins over challengers, including independent candidate George Berris with 2,256 votes (4.34%). For mayor, Dong Sanchez of Lakas-CMD prevailed with 29,452 votes (56.61%), succeeding the previous holder amid a competitive field that included independent Amty Sanchez with 9,072 votes (17.44%). These results, drawn from partial but comprehensive precinct reporting via the Commission on Elections (Comelec) media server, reflect voter preference for continuity in leadership, with Lakas-CMD dominating key posts. Historically, Calauan's political leadership post-World War II emphasized stability, with extended tenures under family-led administrations contributing to low turnover rates. The Sanchez clan, for instance, maintained mayoral control for nearly five decades from the , exemplified by Antonio Sanchez's service from 1976 to 1994, fostering consistent governance amid Laguna's evolving local dynamics. This pattern of incumbency persistence aligns with broader Philippine municipal trends, where re-election rates exceed 70% in many cases due to , networks, and resource advantages, though Calauan's recent cycles show even higher margins for sitting executives like Caratihan. Municipal council elections, comprising eight members, similarly favor incumbents and party-aligned candidates, with Lakas-CMD securing multiple seats in 2025 to support executive priorities. Elections occur every three years under the Local Government Code, with Comelec overseeing automated counting to minimize disputes, though historical data indicate minimal shifts in power absent external disruptions.

Public services and fiscal management

Calauan, Laguna, was classified as a first-class by the Department of Finance in 2024 via Order No. 074-2024, signifying an average annual regular revenue of at least 100 million pesos, which enables enhanced fiscal capacity for public services. This status reflects prudent revenue management, primarily from local sources including real property taxes, internal revenue allotments, and business taxes, allowing for sustained funding of essential services such as health and social welfare programs. In July 2025, AP Renewables, Inc. (APRI) was recognized by the municipal government as the top taxpayer among local enterprises, contributing substantially to tax revenues that directly bolster the budget for delivery. These inflows support operational efficiency, with allocations guided by national standards requiring at least 20% of local revenues for development projects and the balance for maintenance and operations, though specific breakdowns for Calauan emphasize priority on initiatives via the Municipal Health Office. Fiscal transparency is maintained through mandatory submissions to the Commission on Audit (COA), which issued a qualified opinion on Calauan's 2023 financial statements, indicating overall fair presentation subject to resolution of minor discrepancies in accounting and compliance. Annual audit reports and executive summaries, publicly accessible via COA portals, facilitate oversight and ensure accountability, with no major adverse findings reported that would impair service funding efficacy. Service coverage metrics, such as health outreach reach, align with regional benchmarks but lack granular local data in public audits, underscoring reliance on revenue stability for consistent delivery.

Infrastructure

Transportation networks

Calauan is connected to major urban centers via , facilitating access to approximately 70 kilometers north through Calamba. The municipality lies along key arterial roads linking it to Los Baños to the southwest and provincial capitals like San Pablo and Santa Cruz. These highways support both local commerce and commuter traffic, with direct routes enabling travel times of under two hours to under optimal conditions. Public transportation within Calauan relies heavily on and tricycles, which dominate intra-municipal mobility due to their affordability and route flexibility. Jeepney lines operate on three primary routes: Calauan to San Pablo, Calauan to Santa Cruz, and Calauan to Calamba, providing frequent service to residents and visitors. Tricycles serve shorter distances and interiors, supplementing jeepneys on narrower local roads where larger vehicles cannot navigate efficiently. Bus services, such as those from , offer inter-municipal connections, though jeepneys remain the most ubiquitous mode for daily commuting. Recent infrastructure enhancements include a new 11-kilometer diversion , measuring 30 meters wide, approved for completion in 2025 to alleviate congestion and boost connectivity. This project, announced by Osel Caratihan, aims to reduce travel times for motorists bypassing central Calauan routes toward Laguna's southern destinations. Broader regional initiatives, such as the Laguna Lakeshore Network, indirectly support Calauan's links by improving eastern Laguna access, though primary benefits accrue via existing national upgrades.

Utilities and disaster management

Calauan benefits from reliable supply derived from geothermal sources in the Makiling-Banahaw (Mak-Ban) complex, which spans Laguna and provinces. The 181.4 MW Makban-Calauan Geothermal Project, operated by AP Renewables Inc. in Barangay Limao, contributes to the area's baseload power generation, ensuring consistent availability amid the ' variable renewable energy mix. This geothermal infrastructure, part of the national grid's 458 MW Mak-Ban capacity, supports local distribution with minimal outages reported in recent years, though transmission reliability depends on National Grid Corporation of the maintenance. Water services in Calauan are provided through the Laguna Water joint venture, which manages potable water distribution across much of Laguna province, serving over 132,000 connections as of recent expansions. However, intermittent supply issues have been noted in nearby areas like Southville 7 within Calauan, prompting local government interventions for improved access. The system draws from regional sources, with ongoing efforts to enhance treatment and distribution amid growing demand. Disaster management in Calauan is led by the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Office (MDRRMO), which conducts trainings, seminars, and coordination for preparedness and response, aligning with national standards under Republic Act 10121. Proximity to heightens flood vulnerability during heavy rainfall, as lake water levels can rise rapidly, necessitating local monitoring and integration with provincial flood control measures like drainage clearing and early warnings. In September 2025, the MDRRMO activated flood monitoring and coordination protocols during Opong under a Code Red alert, demonstrating active response capabilities for typhoon-related hazards. A dedicated DRRM action plan targets typhoon hazards in vulnerable barangays, emphasizing through preemptive evacuations and resource stockpiling.

Education and healthcare facilities

Calauan maintains a network of public elementary and secondary schools under the Department of Education's oversight through the Schools Division Office in Laguna. Key institutions include Calauan Central Elementary School, which serves as a central hub for , and Dayap National Integrated High School (Calauan Annex), providing secondary and integrated programs. Private options, such as Liceo de Calauan, supplement public offerings for senior high school levels. Higher education opportunities expanded with the establishment of the (PUP) Calauan Campus in June 2009, via a memorandum of agreement between PUP and the local government unit. This 18th provincial extension offers undergraduate degrees, including Bachelor in Business Teacher Education, aimed at serving local youth and nearby areas. In 2023, the commenced operations as the town's first local tertiary institution, enrolling 315 students initially for the 2023-2024 school year. Enrollment in public schools has aligned with provincial trends, reflecting from 87,693 residents in the 2020 census, though specific post-relocation surges tied to internal migrations remain undocumented in official DepEd reports. Literacy outcomes in Laguna benefit from regional benchmarks, with Calabarzon recording a 92.6% basic literacy rate among individuals aged 5 and over in the 2024 Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey by the . Functional literacy in the region stands at 77.3% for ages 10-64, supporting Calauan's emphasis on accessible amid agricultural and industrial demographics. Healthcare services center on the Calauan Rural Health Unit (RHU), located in Barangay Kanluran, which operates 24/7 for emergencies, general consultations from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM weekdays, and normal delivery birthing. The RHU is accredited under PhilHealth's Yakap Bayanihan program for and supports TB control initiatives with IDOTS and laboratory diagnostics. No full-service exists within municipal bounds, requiring residents to rely on provincial linkages for advanced care, such as facilities in neighboring and Los Baños. To address gaps in specialized services, the first Super Health Center in Laguna province is slated for opening in Calauan as of May 2024, with 12 additional centers planned regionally to provide outpatient consultations, diagnostics, and minor surgeries under the Department of Health framework. This initiative aims to reduce travel burdens for the municipality's population, particularly in rural barangays.

Culture and Heritage

Traditions, festivals, and community life

The principal annual celebration in Calauan centers on the fiesta for its , San Isidro Labrador, observed on May 15 to honor the farmer's advocate. This religious observance includes solemn masses and , such as the Grand Marian organized by the San Isidro Labrador Parish, drawing participation from local families and reinforcing communal ties to agrarian roots. Coinciding with the saint's feast day, the Pinya Festival spans May 11 to 15, highlighting Calauan's pineapple industry as the "Pineapple Capital of Laguna" through exhibits of agricultural products, cultural dances, and a civic parade featuring floats adorned with tropical motifs symbolizing local farming heritage. Initiated in 1999, the event promotes economic and cultural awareness of pineapple cultivation, with street dancing and vendor stalls showcasing farm-fresh goods like pineapples processed into juices, desserts, and crafts. Community life in Calauan retains family-centric rural norms, with households often engaging in farming activities and seasonal rituals tied to cycles, such as shared harvests and novenas invoking agricultural prosperity. These practices persist amid partial , as evidenced by sustained participation in fiesta events that blend Catholic devotion with agrarian symbolism, including offerings of farm tools and during processions. Local customs emphasize networks for labor exchange in and fields, fostering social cohesion in this predominantly agricultural of 17 barangays.

Historical sites and landmarks

The San Isidro Labrador Parish Church, completed in 1787 through funding by a wealthy local resident, represents one of Calauan's oldest surviving colonial-era structures and remains an active place of worship dedicated to San Isidro Labrador and San Antonio de Padua. Constructed from concrete during the Spanish period, the church exemplifies early ecclesiastical architecture in Laguna province, with its enduring presence indicating ongoing maintenance despite limited documented restoration projects. Mount Kalisungan, situated in Barangay Lamot 2 and also referred to as Mount Lamot, holds documented historical importance as the site of the final stand by retreating Japanese Imperial Army forces in Laguna at the end of in 1945. Local accounts describe intense combat involving Japanese guerrillas against Allied and Filipino forces, after which residents erected a white cross at the 760-meter peak to commemorate the events. The mountain's rugged terrain provided defensive advantages, but no formal national heritage designation or extensive preservation initiatives have been implemented, leaving it primarily as an accessible site with incidental historical markers. These landmarks contribute to Calauan's modest historical profile, drawing occasional visitors interested in colonial religious heritage and wartime remnants, though for guided interpretation remains underdeveloped.

Controversies

1993 Sarmenta-Gomez murder case

On June 28, 1993, Mary Eileen Sarmenta, a 21-year-old student at the Los Baños, and her 19-year-old companion Allan Gomez were abducted near the campus by six men under the direction of Calauan Mayor Antonio Sanchez. The perpetrators transported the victims to a remote fishpond in Calauan, where Sanchez personally raped Sarmenta before allowing his accomplices—his nephew Baldwin Brion, bodyguards Rogelio Corcolon and Luis Corcolon, former policemen Zoilo Ama and George Medialdea, and gardener Pepito Kawit—to gang-rape her; Sarmenta was then shot in the face, while Gomez was beaten and killed. Their charred bodies were found the next day, June 29, on the town's outskirts, prompting an investigation that revealed the crime stemmed from Sarmenta's prior rejection of Sanchez's advances and her witnessing of a related . Sanchez was arrested on August 13, 1993, initially denying involvement and accusing a political rival, but charges were filed on September 12 against him and the six accomplices for with and . The trial in City Regional Trial Court, presided over by Judge , concluded on March 11, 1995, with all seven convicted on seven counts each of with for Sarmenta and for Gomez; each received seven terms of reclusion perpetua () and joint liability for over 11 million pesos in damages to the victims' families. Demetriou described the acts as a driven by , proven beyond through witness testimonies and , though the death penalty was unavailable as the crime predated its 1994 reimposition. Post-conviction, Sanchez faced multiple prison infractions, including possession of shabu and marijuana in 2006, smuggling P1.5 million worth of drugs in a Virgin Mary in 2010, and unauthorized luxuries like an air conditioning unit in 2015, undermining claims of rehabilitation. In August 2019, the Bureau of Corrections initially approved his early release under a revised allowance law, calculating he had served sufficient time across his sentences, but public outrage from victims' families and online petitions led to appeals and revelations of disqualifying factors, halting the process. Sanchez maintained his innocence until his death on March 27, 2021, from natural causes while incarcerated at . The case has been retrospectively viewed as emblematic of impunity risks for politically powerful perpetrators, with 2025 commentaries citing it alongside other heinous crimes to argue for stronger deterrence amid persistent concerns over elite accountability in the Philippines.

Other notable criminal incidents and relocations

On March 27, 2016, gunmen ambushed a convoy in Barangay Imok, killing Emmanuel "Emman" Peña, a 35-year-old youth leader, former university professor, and United Nationalist Alliance candidate for municipal councilor, along with driver Leonardo Taningco; Calauan Mayor Buenafrido "Jun" Berris, seeking reelection, sustained gunshot wounds to the arm but survived. The attack occurred shortly after the group left a campaign event, with authorities offering a P500,000 reward for information leading to the gunmen's arrest, amid suspicions of political motivations tied to the ongoing midterm elections. No convictions were publicly reported by 2016's end, reflecting patterns of unresolved electoral violence in Laguna province. Bayan ni Juan, a relocation site in Calauan developed from around 2010 for families evicted from Metro Manila esteros under the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, provided housing but encountered sustainability issues, including limited local employment that prompted some residents to return to informal urban settlements despite initial infrastructure investments. Critics highlighted gaps in support and services, contrasting with government claims of success in alleviation, as evidenced by persistent informal vending and commuting needs reported in 2013 assessments. Southville 7, a 107-hectare National Housing Authority site in hosting over 5,000 relocated families from 2013 onward, received a $1.5 million grant from the Asian Development Bank's Fund for in 2012 to retrofit homes for electrification and community facilities, alongside partnerships with Foundation for schools, markets, and a health center. Despite these interventions yielding improved access to potable water and basic amenities by 2016, the site remained challenged by high poverty incidence—around 40% of households below the regional in Laguna per 2015 data—and inadequate job proximity, underscoring systemic relocation flaws like geographic isolation from economic hubs. Such patterns indicate that while grants addressed immediate deficits, deeper causal factors like skills mismatches and transport costs sustained dependency on informal economies.

References

  1. https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/laguna/calauan.html
  2. https://ph.rappler.com/elections/2025/local-race/laguna/calauan
  3. https://www.facebook.com/stanley.caneo/posts/department-of-finance-announces-calauan-laguna-as-a-1st-class-municipality-calau/923956976466330/
  4. https://www.scribd.com/document/771724323/Activity-1
  5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384552139_Production_and_Marketing_Strategies_of_Pineapple_Growers_in_Calauan_Laguna_Philippines
  6. https://fabm.org.my/archive/1fabm2023/1fabm2023-38-46.pdf
  7. https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2019/08/22/153826/release-rapist-murderer-antonio-sanchez-brings-back-painful-memories/
  8. https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/19/form-of-injustice-anti-crime-group-blasts-sanchezs-impending-release
  9. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/29837
  10. https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/04/03/18/ombudsman-recovers-ill-gotten-properties-of-ex-calauan-mayor-sanchez
  11. https://calauanlaguna.gov.ph/municipal-profile/
  12. https://www.angelfire.com/bug/calauan_laguna/profile.html
  13. https://calauansb.online/history
  14. https://calauanlaguna.gov.ph/historical-background/
  15. https://kahimyang.com/articles/3174/the-history-of-laguna-province-philippines
  16. https://www.facebook.com/SanPabloCollegesLibrary/posts/history-of-the-daycalauan-lagunathe-fertile-soil-of-calauan-attracted-the-attent/675098095620512/
  17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633954
  18. http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2007/08/mt-kalisungan-760.html
  19. https://countrystudies.us/philippines/65.htm
  20. https://davidwurfel.ca/the-development-of-post-war-philippine-land-reform-political-and-sociological-explanations
  21. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/45727-bayan-ni-juan-says-project-success/
  22. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/220531/transforming-southville-7.pdf
  23. https://development.asia/case-study/making-resettlement-work-through-partnerships
  24. https://www.adb.org/news/adb-japan-grant-benefit-almost-6000-families-lagunas-southville-7
  25. https://calabarzon.depdev.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CALABARZON-2024-Full-Year-Regional-Development-Report.pdf
  26. https://upropertyph.com/2025/07/15/the-ultimate-guide-to-real-estate-and-lifestyle-in-laguna-province/
  27. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146520306530
  28. https://southluzon.politiko.com.ph/2025/10/01/gov-sol-aragones-says-laguna-to-shoulder-power-costs-for-rice-processing-facility-in-calauan/daily-feed/
  29. https://www.searca.org/press/edible-garden-project-launched-calauan
  30. https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/02/13/business/agribusiness/edible-garden-project-launched-in-calauan/2054593
  31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333486190_Transportation_and_Health_Infrastructures_Impact_on_Population_Growth_of_Calauan_Laguna_Philippines
  32. https://en.db-city.com/Philippines--Laguna--Calauan
  33. https://en-ca.topographic-map.com/map-hrpftp/Calauan/
  34. http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/tag/kalisungan
  35. https://dahonpalaymountaineer.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/it_kalisungan.pdf
  36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354621580_GEOTHERMAL_SITE_SUITABILITY_SELECTION_USING_GIS_IN_THE_PROVINCE_OF_LAGUNA_PHILIPPINES
  37. https://llda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Vol_16.Calauan-SB.pdf
  38. https://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Laguna.pdf
  39. https://jhes.uplb.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/JHES_1_1_8_Updated.pdf
  40. https://www.philatlas.com/lists/barangays-laguna.html
  41. https://calabarzon.depdev.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/RPFPDec222020.pdf
  42. https://www.nearweather.com/location/1720464
  43. https://en.climate-data.org/asia/philippines/laguna-1844/
  44. https://weatherspark.com/y/136833/Average-Weather-in-Calauan-Philippines-Year-Round
  45. https://weatherandclimate.com/philippines/laguna/calauan
  46. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/5764/
  47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305701837_Vulnerability_Assessment_to_Climate_Change_of_Households_from_Mabacan_Sta_Cruz_and_Balanac_Watersheds_in_Laguna_Philippines
  48. https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/philippines-doe-endorses-four-geothermal-projects-for-grid-impact-study/
  49. https://www.energy.com.ph/edc-establishes-biodiversity-park-in-uplb/
  50. https://legal.uplb.edu.ph/up-policies/on-the-geothermal-operations-in-the-mount-makiling-forest-reserve/
  51. https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/Table%25202_0.pdf
  52. https://calabarzon.depdev.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/3_Overlay-of-Economic-Growth-Demographic-Trends-and-Physical-Characteristics.pdf
  53. http://citypopulation.de/en/philippines/luzon/admin/laguna/043406__calauan/
  54. https://beta.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978
  55. https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/main-publication/1995%252520Census%252520of%252520Population_Rpt.%252520no.%2525202_Laguna.pdf
  56. https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/main-publication/1980%252520CPH%252520Laguna.pdf
  57. https://beta.psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing
  58. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/11820/
  59. https://calabarzon.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/11282023-Investment-Guide-For-Selected-Agricultural-Commodities-in-CALABARZON-Booklet.pdf
  60. https://www2.gsid.nagoya-u.ac.jp/blog/fieldwork/files/2015/12/1995-Philippines.pdf
  61. https://www.ijprems.com/uploadedfiles/paper/issue_5_may_2024/34652/final/fin_ijprems1717344975.pdf
  62. https://bsfiltechnologies.com/our-affiliates/
  63. https://www.philippines.tv/listing/wedding-307%2Cfood-manufacturing%2Cfood-beverages/calauan?sort=distance
  64. https://www.facebook.com/groups/247282653065047/posts/802629680863672/
  65. https://aboitizpower.com/about-us/our-businesses/power-generation/cleanergy/ap-renewables-inc
  66. https://aboitizpower.com/news/ap-renewables/ap-renewables-cited-as-top-taxpayer-in-calauan-laguna
  67. https://tribune.net.ph/2025/07/02/ap-renewables-cited-as-top-taxpayer-in-calauan-laguna
  68. https://www.pup.edu.ph/news/?go=7GmzOn%252Fom3c%253D
  69. https://www.facebook.com/100084422808039/posts/launching-of-pup-calauan-spin-off-business-in-collaboration-with-ipmotoday-march/627965826694172/
  70. https://cdnc.heyzine.com/files/uploaded/v3/87ac5986e603b3421ee499edeab8856908cb78d2.pdf
  71. https://journalnews.com.ph/new-diversion-road-seen-to-boost-tourism-in-laguna/
  72. https://x.com/journaltonight/status/1962779431514316827
  73. https://www.facebook.com/PSALaguna34/posts/laguna-records-50-economic-growth-in-2024-remains-as-calabarzons-top-1-contribut/1129884795980459/
  74. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7160_1991.html
  75. https://manilastandard.net/news/314505670/caratihan-of-calauan-seeks-re-election-as-mayor.html
  76. https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/20/99982/sanchez-clans-nearly-half-century-reign-calauan-ends
  77. https://peoplaid.com/2022/05/11/calauan-election-2022-results-winners/
  78. https://manilastandard.net/lgu/luzon/314610978/ap-renewables-is-top-taxpayer-in-laguna-town.html
  79. https://www.facebook.com/SulongCalauan/posts/magandang-balita-calauansa-pagsusuri-ng-commission-on-audit-coa-para-sa-taong-20/656050560378534/
  80. https://www.coa.gov.ph/wpfd_file/calauan-executive-summary-2022/
  81. https://www.facebook.com/groups/koeficommunity/posts/863832315619520/
  82. https://www.angelfire.com/bug/calauan_laguna/tourism.html
  83. https://mb.com.ph/2/4/2025/moving-beyond-jeepneys-tricycles-and-motorcycles
  84. https://www.facebook.com/stanley.caneo/posts/new-diversion-road-in-calauan-laguna-30-meters-wide-11-kilometers-long-soon-for-/1114761634052529/
  85. https://powerphilippines.com/geothermal-energy-philippines-facts/
  86. https://www.lagunawater.com.ph/about-us
  87. https://calauanlaguna.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/MDRRMO-CITIZENS-CHARTER-CSC-FORMAT.pdf
  88. https://llda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/dox/philwaves/reports/policy-brief.pdf
  89. https://www.ijsred.com/volume8/issue4/IJSRED-V8I4P77.pdf
  90. https://depedlaguna.com/schools/senior-high-school/
  91. https://www.facebook.com/DepEdTayoCCES108255/
  92. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/SHS-VP-participating-schools-20Mar2018.pdf
  93. https://www.pup.edu.ph/calauan/
  94. https://pupcalauan.live/about
  95. https://manilastandard.net/?p=314365483
  96. https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/quickstat/Laguna_50.xls
  97. https://pia.gov.ph/news/calabarzon-records-third-highest-functional-literacy-rate-in-ph/
  98. https://www.philhealth.gov.ph/partners/providers/facilities/accredited/YAKAP.pdf
  99. https://ntp.doh.gov.ph/resources/facilities/?yiiwp-page=70
  100. https://bay.globalcarehospitals.com/
  101. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1224609
  102. https://www.facebook.com/silpcalauan/
  103. https://www.parishph.com/2022/07/san-isidro-labrador-parish-calauan-laguna.html
  104. https://www.crownasia.com.ph/lifestyle-blog/the-best-festivals-in-the-province-of-laguna/
  105. http://lagunatoptenfestivals.blogspot.com/2017/04/calauan-laguna-pinya-festival.html
  106. https://www.beautyofthephilippines.com/pinya-festival/
  107. https://sb.calauanlaguna.gov.ph/osp/index.php/Client/carousel
  108. https://joeyinwanderland.wordpress.com/2014/07/29/mtkalisungan/
  109. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g2184450-d6984596-Reviews-Mount_Kalisungan-Calauan_Laguna_Province_Calabarzon_Region_Luzon.html
  110. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/22/19/timeline-the-gomez-sarmenta-murder-case
  111. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/03/14/Philippine-mayor-guilty-of-rape-murder/1887795157200/
  112. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/08/22/1945507/good-behavior-prison-violations-murder-convictions-mar-sanchezs-record
  113. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/rape-slay-convict-former-laguna-mayor-antonio-sanchez-dies/
  114. https://opinion.inquirer.net/182518/heinous-barbaric-crimes
  115. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/127260-mayor-hurt-uplb-alumnus-killed-calauan-laguna-ambush/
  116. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/779013/p500k-reward-up-for-gunman-in-calauan-ambush-suspects-sketch-out
  117. https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/03/27/latest-stories/breakingnews/ambush-wounds-laguna-mayor-kills-2/252500/amp
  118. https://www.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/03/27/16/calauan-mayor-ambushed-2-others-killed
  119. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/560606/una-condemns-killing-of-calauan-youth-leader-pena/story/
  120. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/44363-failure-relocation-housing/
  121. https://quillonline.wordpress.com/2010/10/16/bayan-ni-juan-sa-calauan/
  122. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/37495/japan-gives-1-5m-for-relocation
  123. https://www.philstar.com/business/2013/01/17/897751/secret-successful-relocation-sites
  124. https://www.adb.org/projects/45320-001/main
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.