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Manavadar is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district of India.

Key Information

History

[edit]

Bantva Manavadar was a princely state of British India. Founded in 1733, it became a British protectorate in 1818. On 25 September 1947, it acceded to the newly formed Pakistan. However, Indian forces entered the area on the grounds that the state was a vassal of the Junagadh state, which was itself a vassal of the Baroda state that had acceded to India. This land is still considered a disputed area between India and Pakistan.[2]

It was also known as the Asia's third center for cotton ginning. It contained almost around more than 75 ginning factories of cotton.

Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Manavadar, along with Junagadh State and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map.[3][4]

Geography

[edit]

Manavadar is located at 21°30′N 70°08′E / 21.5°N 70.13°E / 21.5; 70.13.[5] It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 feet).

Demographics

[edit]

As of 2001 India census,[6] Manavadar had a population of 27,559. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Manavadar has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 63%. In Manavadar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

It has developed cotton industry and cotton and groundnut are the most cash crops of the area. The town was famous once upon a time [when?] due to its vegetable ghee industries, but in winds and sweeps of economic reform in India, all three units has been closed. Manavadar taluk have big towns or villages like Bantwa, Nanadiya, Khambhla, Nakara, Pajod, Jilana, Sardargadh, Velva, Kodvav (List of Indian Princely States), Mitdi, Limbuda, Indra, Sherdi, Bhimora, Bodka (Swamina), Galvav, Sanosara, Koyalana (Ghed), Zinzari, Chudva, Khadiya, Vadala, Sitana, Bhitana, and Padaradi (Ghed) (પાદરડી-ઘેડ).[citation needed]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Manavadar

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Manavadar is a and the administrative headquarters of Manavadar taluka in , , , with a municipal population of 30,850 according to the 2011 census. The town serves as a regional center in the peninsula, historically tied to the princely state of , which was ruled by the of Pathan origin and covered approximately 574 square kilometers. The originated in 1733 when was granted to Diler Khanji Babi by the of , later coming under British protection in as a third-class state before promotion to second-class status. During the in 1947, the ruling , Ghulam Moin ud-din Khanji, acceded to on 24 September, reflecting the Muslim ruler's preference amid a predominantly Hindu . However, local agitation by Hindu residents led to Indian police intervention, and the state was annexed by on 22 1947, with subsequent events including a ruler's flight to and recognition of integration via plebiscite favoring union with . This episode paralleled the broader accession dispute, highlighting tensions over ' choices versus demographic majorities in post-independence territorial consolidation. Today, Manavadar functions as a taluka with a total exceeding 132,000, encompassing agricultural activities and proximity to regional attractions like the Gir Forest.

History

Origins and Early Development

Manavadar, situated in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, emerged within a landscape shaped by ancient trade networks connecting inland settlements to coastal ports like Dwarka and Somnath, though specific archaeological evidence tying pre-medieval activity directly to the site remains limited. The broader Saurashtra peninsula facilitated overland routes for commodities such as cotton and grains, with medieval texts alluding to regional hubs under local chieftains, but Manavadar itself lacks distinct references in such records prior to the 18th century. The area's consolidation as a distinct administrative unit occurred in the early under the , a Pashtun clan affiliated with the . In 1733, Nawab Muhammad Bahadur Khanji I of granted Bantva—closely linked to Manavadar—to his brother Diler Khanji Babi, establishing it as a amid the fragmented feudal politics of , where Muslim rulers navigated alliances with Mughal remnants and local Hindu jagirdars. This marked the transition from loose tribal oversight to a more structured local center, with Diler Khan's appointment formalizing control over agrarian lands prone to raids and tribute extraction, reflecting the era's reliance on military kin networks rather than centralized imperial authority. Early development centered on , including millet and cultivation suited to the semi-arid terrain, supplemented by minor trade in and salt from nearby Rann areas, within a feudal characterized by land grants to retainers and heavy reliance on labor under jagirdari obligations. By the mid-18th century, around , the estate's delineation as Bantva-Manavadar solidified its role as a buffer holding between larger powers like , fostering modest infrastructure such as fortified villages but perpetuating hierarchical exploitation typical of pre-colonial Saurashtra polities.

Princely State Period

Bantva-Manavadar functioned as a princely state under the suzerainty of , ruled by of the , who traced their origins to Mughal officials in . The territory originated in 1733 when was granted to Diler Khanji Babi by Nawab Muhammad Bahadur Khanji I of , establishing semi-autonomy within the larger Babi domain. By 1818, the state entered into a with the British , placing it under direct protection while remaining subordinate to for certain feudal obligations, including nominal tributes that reinforced hierarchical alliances among rulers. Classified initially as a third-class state, it was elevated to second-class status due to effective governance during the regency of Fatima Siddiqa , exemplifying administrative competence in revenue collection and local order amid British paramountcy oversight via the Political Agency. The Nawabs administered internal affairs, with land revenue—derived primarily from agricultural assessments on villages—serving as the economic backbone, supplemented by minor customs duties and judicial fines. Local justice systems blended Islamic law for Muslim elites and subjects with customary practices for the majority, enforced through the ruler's courts without direct British interference beyond paramountcy protocols. Nawab Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji, who ascended in the , upheld these structures, navigating relations with Junagadh's court and British agents through periodic durbars and compliance with terms that ensured military non-aggression and tribute-like contributions to regional stability. The state's compact size, encompassing roughly 100 square miles across 26 villages, limited expansive policies but prioritized fiscal prudence and communal to sustain loyalty amid Kathiawar's patchwork of taluqdari holdings.

Accession to India and Integration

In late September 1947, Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji, the Khan of , declared accession to the Dominion of , following the lead of 's , despite the state's primarily population of approximately 26,209 as per the 1941 census. This decision mirrored broader tensions in the region, where Muslim rulers sought alignment with amid a demographic reality of roughly 80% across the parent state. Local unrest ensued, fueled by the mismatch between the Khan's choice and the Hindu majority's preferences, prompting refugee outflows of toward Indian-administered areas and economic strains from blockades imposed on . On October 22, 1947, Indian police forces entered Manavadar in response to deteriorating law and order, placing the Khan under at Songadh and appointing an Indian administrator to oversee operations. This action preceded the establishment of a provisional Indian administration in on November 9, 1947, amid diplomatic negotiations and military posturing that encircled the region without escalating to full-scale conflict. accepted the initial accessions but faced logistical challenges due to non-contiguity, while India's strategy emphasized popular will through plebiscites over immediate force. A referendum held on February 20, 1948, encompassing and its vassal states including Manavadar, recorded 190,779 votes for integration with out of 190,870 cast, from an electorate of 201,457—equating to over 99.95% in favor—effectively nullifying the prior Pakistani accessions. Consequently, Manavadar was formally merged into the United State of Saurashtra on February 15, 1948, marking its complete incorporation into the Indian Union without prolonged warfare, though Pakistani sources have contested the process as coercive. This outcome reflected empirical demographic pressures and local resistance overriding the ruler's preferences.

Post-Independence Developments

Following integration into the Indian Union in late 1947, was merged into the United State of Saurashtra on 20 February 1949, dissolving its separate princely administration and subordinating it to a federated provincial structure with centralized revenue and judicial oversight. This transition ended the authority of the former , who received a in compensation, and aligned local governance with India's emerging constitutional framework, including the adoption of elective bodies at higher levels. Land reforms in the 1950s profoundly altered agrarian relations, as the Saurashtra Land Reforms Act of 1951 abolished the girasdari system—intermediary tenures akin to jagirs held by hereditary elites—and conferred occupancy rights on tenants for lands they cultivated, enabling many to gain ownership after paying assessed compensation. The subsequent Saurashtra Estate Acquisition Act of 1952 extended this by vesting intermediary estates in the state, facilitating redistribution to actual tillers and undermining the economic privileges of former rulers and landlords, though implementation faced resistance from displaced girasdars and uneven enforcement due to documentation disputes. These measures, part of broader Bombay Presidency policies, shifted power from feudal hierarchies to smallholders, fostering incremental agricultural investment but also initial disruptions in tenancy patterns. Saurashtra's merger into on 1 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act incorporated Manavadar into a linguistically mixed bilingual entity, standardizing administration across former princely territories. On 1 May 1960, linguistic bifurcation created Gujarat State, placing Manavadar under Gujarati-majority republican governance with elected panchayats and district councils, emphasizing development planning amid national five-year plans that prioritized and irrigation, though local progress remained constrained by arid topography and limited state resources until the late 1970s.

Geography and Environment

Location and Topography

Manavadar is situated in Junagadh district of Gujarat state, India, within the Saurashtra peninsula at geographic coordinates 21.5°N 70.13°E. The town lies approximately 33 kilometers northeast of Junagadh city by air distance, positioning it inland from the coastal regions of the district. The of Manavadar consists of low-lying flat with an average of 24 meters above , characterized by black soils prevalent in the area that support agricultural activities. The surrounding landscape features alluvial plains bordered by low hills, including extensions of the range to the southwest, contributing to its positional context in the peninsular geography. Approximately 50 kilometers from the coast, Manavadar's location historically facilitated connectivity to trade routes, with access to major roadways such as state highways linking to National Highway networks in the region.

Climate and Natural Features

Manavadar exhibits a hot under the Köppen BSh, marked by pronounced seasonal variations in and . Summers, spanning to , feature average daily high temperatures exceeding 35°C, with peaks occasionally surpassing 39°C in May, the hottest month. Winters from to remain mild, with average highs below 30°C and lows generally above 15°C. The region receives the bulk of its annual rainfall—approximately 600 to 800 mm—during the monsoon period from June to September, peaking in July with over 200 mm in wetter years, though distribution varies significantly year-to-year. Dry conditions prevail outside this window, contributing to semi-arid characteristics and periodic water stress. Prominent natural features include the Kharo River, which traverses the area and supports limited irrigation alongside the nearby Kharo Dam for water storage. Groundwater extraction supplements surface supplies due to inconsistent monsoon yields, rendering the locale susceptible to droughts; notable severe episodes affected Junagadh district, encompassing Manavadar, in years such as 1987 and 2002, with localized impacts evident in deficient rainfall seasons like 2000 when the taluka recorded only 103 mm. Vegetation is predominantly dry scrub adapted to aridity, though agricultural expansion has curtailed native habitats.

Demographics

The population of Manavadar town stood at 27,559 according to the , with a of approximately 923 females per 1,000 males. By the Census, this had risen to 30,850, comprising 16,120 males and 14,730 females, for a decadal growth rate of 11.9% and an average annual increase of 1.1%. This pace lagged behind Gujarat's statewide decadal growth of 19.3% over the same interval, consistent with patterns in smaller Saurashtra towns where net out-migration to larger urban centers like and has moderated local expansion. Census data for the broader Manavadar taluka, encompassing rural surroundings, recorded 132,830 residents in 2011, with 34.7% classified as urban, underscoring the town's role as the primary settlement amid gradual rural-to-urban shifts within the district. Historical records prior to 2001 are sparse for the town specifically, but aggregated census trends indicate sustained though uneven growth from mid-20th-century baselines, influenced by post-independence agricultural stabilization and limited industrial draw. Projections extrapolating the 2001–2011 rate suggest a 2021 population nearing 34,000, though official figures await the deferred national census.

Religious, Linguistic, and Social Composition

According to the 2011 census, the religious composition of is dominated by , with adherents comprising 90.41% of the population, followed by at 9.24%; other groups include Jains (0.13%), (0.09%), (0.08%), Buddhists (0.02%), and negligible others. The Muslim community traces its prominence partly to the historical rule of the by Nawabs of the Jafar Ali Khan family, who were , though the overall demographics reflect the Hindu-majority context of Saurashtra. Gujarati serves as the primary language spoken by the vast majority of residents, consistent with its status as the official and mother tongue for over 86% of Gujarat's population statewide. Regional variations may include Saurashtra dialects of Gujarati, with limited Kutchi influences due to proximity to Kutch, though Gujarati remains dominant. functions as a secondary language in administration and commerce, while English is employed in education and urban interactions. Socially, Manavadar exhibits caste structures typical of rural Gujarat, with Patidars (Patels) forming a key landowning and entrepreneurial group historically tied to agriculture and trade. Brahmins and other forward castes coexist alongside backward classes, while Scheduled Castes account for 7.5% and Scheduled Tribes for 1.2% of the town population per 2011 data. Gender ratios approach parity, with males slightly outnumbering females, but literacy rates reveal disparities: 86.95% for males versus 73.28% for females. These patterns underscore persistent gaps in female education and access, though overall literacy exceeds state rural averages.

Economy

Primary Sectors and Agriculture

Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Manavadar's economy, employing the majority of the local workforce in primary production activities aligned with district's rural profile. Key crops include groundnut as the predominant oilseed, alongside , , and minor pulses such as tuver and , reflecting the region's suitability for semi-arid cultivation patterns. Groundnut and dominate output due to their commercial viability, with the presence of an in Manavadar since 1979 supporting variety development and production for enhanced yields. Irrigation relies on the Kharo River and associated infrastructure, including the completed Kharo Medium Irrigation Project and local wells, which mitigate partial dependence on monsoons but cover limited command areas in Manavadar taluka. The Bantwa (Kharo) irrigation scheme in the Manavadar block exemplifies efforts to expand cultivable land, though overall water availability remains constrained by the district's topography and seasonal rainfall variability. Livestock rearing supplements agricultural income, with dairy farming prominent through breeds like Gir cattle and buffaloes, contributing to Junagadh's annual milk production exceeding 611,000 tonnes as of 2015-16. Goat rearing provides additional livelihoods for smallholders, integrated with crop residues for fodder, though scale remains modest compared to field crops. Persistent challenges include exacerbated by erratic monsoons, small fragmented landholdings averaging below district norms, and vulnerability to pest pressures on cash crops like and groundnut, limiting productivity despite research interventions. These factors underscore the sector's reliance on state services for resilience.

Trade, Industry, and Employment

Manavadar's trade sector centers on the local marketing of processed agricultural commodities, facilitated by a dedicated market yard sanctioned and implemented by NABARD to support in , oilseeds, and related goods. Small-scale trading units handle the distribution of ginned and extracted oils, with regional connectivity to ports like enabling exports of such products including raw and bauxite-derived goods. Industrial activity remains confined to agro-processing, featuring ginning and pressing factories alongside oil mills that process groundnut and castor seeds. As of 2015, the taluka hosted 45 operational factories, primarily ginning and processing units under associations like the Manavadar Ginning & Processing Factory Association, employing a total of 1,200 workers at an average of 30 per facility. Notable establishments include Amar Ginning & Pressing Factory, which exports bales, seeds, and oil, and Jagdish Ginning & Oil Mill. These micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) numbered 55 registered units between 2006 and 2015, generating 521 jobs with investments totaling Rs. 1,768.94 . Non-farm employment accounts for roughly 30% of main workers in the taluka, with 14,108 individuals classified as "other workers" and 361 in household industries per the 2011 Census, supplementing the dominant agricultural base. Factory-based roles in ginning provide year-round local opportunities, though the sector's scale limits broader industrialization. Potential expansion in oil and gas exploration, as surveyed by ONGC in nearby districts, could introduce new jobs and stimulate ancillary industries, though outcomes remain prospective.

Governance and Administration

Local Government Structure

Manavadar is governed by the Manavadar Nagar Palika, a Class C municipality under the administrative oversight of the Commissioner of Municipalities, Government of Gujarat, and situated within Junagadh district. The Nagar Palika operates pursuant to the Gujarat Municipalities Act, 1963, which establishes it as a body corporate comprising elected councillors representing designated wards. The councillors are directly elected by residents through periodic polls conducted by the Gujarat State Election Commission, ensuring representation of local interests in decision-making. The elects a president from among its members to preside over meetings, formulate policies, and represent the ; this elected head collaborates with an appointed chief officer responsible for and enforcement of resolutions. Administrative operations align with the BJP-led state government's urban development priorities, including integration with state schemes for and service delivery since the party's continuous from 1995 onward. Core responsibilities encompass obligatory functions such as supplying potable water, managing drainage and systems, solid and disposal, road maintenance, street lighting, and public health initiatives like and conservancy. Discretionary powers allow for additional services, including and within its jurisdiction over approximately 6,713 households. Revenue is derived primarily from local impositions like property taxes, water charges, and service fees, augmented by allocations from state and central government grants to support budget execution for civic amenities. The structure emphasizes fiscal accountability, with annual budgets approved by the council and subject to state audit mechanisms.

Historical Political Events

Manavadar, a small princely state and vassal of Junagadh in present-day Gujarat, experienced significant political turmoil during the partition of British India in 1947. Its Muslim ruler, Nawab Ghulam Moin ud-din Khanji, signed an instrument of accession to Pakistan on 14 September 1947, mirroring the decision of Junagadh's Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III. This move disregarded the demographic reality of the state, where Hindus comprised over 80% of the population, leading to immediate and widespread protests demanding integration with India rather than the geographically distant Pakistan. The unrest prompted local Hindu leaders to form a provisional government, asserting control amid the power vacuum created by the Nawab's alignment with Pakistan and the subsequent breakdown of order. Indian forces entered Manavadar on 22 October 1947, establishing military administration to quell the disturbances and administer the territory pending resolution. This intervention, viewed by Indian authorities as necessary to honor the majority's expressed preference through demonstrations and provisional governance, contrasted with Pakistani claims of unlawful occupation, highlighting tensions over princely rulers' autonomy versus popular sovereignty in the post-partition context. Integration proceeded in line with the Hindu majority's stance, overriding the elite decision of accession; Manavadar was merged into the United State of Saurashtra (later part of and ) by February 1949, without a standalone plebiscite but following the broader pattern of Junagadh's 1948 , where 190,870 votes favored against 91 for . Post-1949, no major political flashpoints emerged, though sporadic local disputes over land reforms in the 1970s reflected broader agrarian tensions in without escalating to significant unrest. The events underscored causal dynamics where demographic majorities and prevailed over rulers' preferences in state integration.

Culture and Society

Local Traditions and Festivals

Navratri, spanning nine nights in or , is a central in Manavadar, featuring communal worship of Goddess Durga through rituals, fasting, and vibrant performances of Garba and dances in circular formations under torchlight or lamps. These dances, integral to Saurashtra's Hindu traditions, involve rhythmic clapping and stick-beating to devotional , often continuing late into the night at local temples and community grounds, with participation peaking on ashtami and days marked by processions of decorated deities. Diwali, observed in October or November, emphasizes prosperity and the triumph of good over evil, with households in Manavadar illuminating homes with oil lamps (diyas), conducting Lakshmi Puja at dusk for wealth invocation, and exchanging sweets like ladoo and jalebi. Fireworks displays and family feasts follow, adhering to the Hindu lunar calendar's Amavasya, while local markets see heightened trade in rangoli powders and decorative items. Janmashtami, commemorating Lord Krishna's birth in August, draws on Saurashtra's deep Krishna devotion linked to nearby sites like , involving midnight abhishek rituals bathing idols with milk and water, followed by bhajans, fasting until roza breaks, and theatrical depictions (jashan) of Krishna's childhood exploits such as butter-stealing. Temples host swings (jhoola) for the deity, with vegetarian offerings like makhan mishri distributed among devotees. Local traditions extend to agrarian-influenced customs, such as preparing Gujarati vegetarian staples—dhokla, thepla, and khichdi—during these festivals, reflecting the community's farming heritage and emphasis on sattvic foods for purity in rituals. Annual fairs (mela) accompany major events, featuring folk games, artisan stalls with embroidered textiles, and cattle processions, though scaled smaller than regional Saurashtra gatherings. Post-independence integration has centered practices on observable Hindu observances, with minimal retention of prior Muslim-era influences in public customs.

Education and Community Life

Manavadar maintains a network of primarily government-operated primary and secondary schools, supplemented by a limited number of private institutions. The town hosts facilities such as the Government Higher Secondary School, which serves grades 9 through 12, and Lions Higher Secondary School, a co-educational institution offering similar levels of instruction. Access to higher secondary education remains constrained, with only a handful of such schools available locally, often necessitating travel to larger centers like Junagadh for advanced studies or specialized streams. Enrollment data reflects steady participation in primary levels, though dropout rates post-secondary are notable due to economic pressures in this semi-rural setting. Literacy in Manavadar city stood at 80.41% as of the 2011 census, surpassing Gujarat's state average of 78.03%, with male literacy at 86.95% and female at 73.28%. This marks a significant improvement from earlier decades, attributable to expanded government schooling and compulsory education mandates under the Right to Education Act of 2009, though female literacy lags behind male rates, mirroring broader rural Gujarat patterns where cultural norms prioritize boys' education. Community efforts through local panchayats have supported literacy drives, including adult education programs, but challenges persist in remote village clusters within the Manavadar taluka, where overall literacy is slightly lower at 78.17%. Community life in Manavadar centers on patrilineal family structures typical of Gujarati Hindu and Muslim households, with extended kin networks providing and following male lines. Panchayats play a key role in organizing community events, , and welfare initiatives, fostering cohesion in a predominantly . Basic health services are delivered via primary health centers offering routine care, vaccinations, and maternal services, though advanced facilities require referral to district hospitals. Social issues include persistent dowry practices, which, despite legal prohibitions under the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, contribute to gender disparities and occasional family conflicts, as documented in regional studies of . Female workforce participation remains low at around 20-30% in rural contexts like Manavadar, constrained by domestic roles, but has risen modestly with opportunities and government schemes promoting women's groups.

Infrastructure and Recent Developments

Transportation and Utilities

Manavadar is connected to regional centers via State Highway 97, which extends from Jamjodhpur through Upleta and Manavadar to Keshod and Rajkot, facilitating road travel over approximately 113 kilometers to Rajkot. Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) operates bus services from Manavadar to destinations including Rajkot and Ahmedabad. The town features Manavadar Railway Station (code: MVR), established in 1880 as part of a line built by the Gondal state from Junagadh to Saradiya, though current train services are limited. Electricity supply in Manavadar is managed by Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL), with local offices and customer care centers supporting distribution; the broader maintains 24-hour availability. Water supply primarily relies on extraction via borewells, which account for over half of irrigation sources in and support municipal schemes under the . Sanitation infrastructure has seen enhancements through national initiatives like , focusing on urban waste management in towns. However, the area faces seasonal disruptions from monsoon flooding, which has repeatedly waterlogged low-lying zones, necessitated evacuations of hundreds of residents, and required emergency repairs to power lines and roads.

Urban Projects and Growth Initiatives

In September 2020, the Gujarat government announced a riverfront development project along the Kharo River in Manavadar to promote tourism and recreational spaces, with construction handled by the Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited. The initiative, estimated at Rs 20 crore, encompasses a 760-meter stretch featuring a retaining wall for land reclamation, an amphitheater, walkways, flower gardens, five entry gates, riverbed deepening, and an open-air yoga center. Groundbreaking occurred on December 24, 2020, targeting completion within 18 months to enhance local amenities and attract visitors. Under the AMRUT 2.0 scheme, Manavadar Nagar Palika secured approval for green space developments, including the 1.69 Kailash project, aimed at expanding urban parks for and environmental improvement. These efforts prioritize creating accessible green areas to support community well-being amid urban expansion. infrastructure upgrades form another pillar of growth initiatives, with ongoing widening and strengthening of key routes such as the Agatrai-Akhatikar-Manavadar (km 4-20.1) and Manavadar-Sardargadh-Chudva (km 0-17.5, budgeted at 17 ). Complementing these, Nirmal Gujarat 2.0 includes 2024-25 tenders for iconic developments within Manavadar to bolster connectivity and facilitate economic activity. While these projects hold potential for eco-tourism through improved access to natural features like the Kharo River, outcomes depend on verified completion rates and measurable visitor impacts, with no data confirming full realization as of 2025.

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  65. https://www.gujarattourism.com/fair-and-festival.html
  66. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZY2TaEnEoc
  67. https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/lakshmipuja/festivals-lakshmipuja-timings.html?geoname-id=1263943
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  86. https://www.tenderdetail.com/Indian-Tenders/TenderNotice/22395145/6681aea8749f67fdc0b26867a8667cc5
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