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Mawlid

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Mawlid

The Mawlid (Arabic: مولد) is an annual festival commemorating the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad on the traditional date of 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month of the Islamic calendar.

The Muslim general Gökböri, a deputy of Saladin (r. 1174–1193), is believed to have been the first to publicly celebrate Mawlid, which he did in an impressive ceremony at the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. The Ottomans under Murad III (r. 1574–1595) declared it an official holiday.

Celebrants hold mahfils on Mawlid in which religious poetry is recited in praise of Muhammad accompanied by a feast. Other customs affiliated with Mawlid are supererogatory fasting, Music and dhikr.

The Mawlid observance is a recognized national holiday in most Muslim-majority countries of the world. It is generally approved by Shia Muslims as well as three Sunni schools of law, Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i. However, the Deobandi and Salafi movements and Hanbali school consider the Mawlid a reprehensible bid'a (innovation) and prohibit its observance. Some denominations of Islam do not approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday, as they claim that there is no evidence from the Prophet and his companions that supports this day.

The term Mawlid is derived from the Arabic root word walad, meaning "to give birth" or "descendant". Although it is a generic term for any day of birth, Mawlid usually refers to the observance of the birthday of Muhammad. The day is also known as Mawlid al-Nabi and sometimes spelled Milad in some areas.

Along with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid refers to the 'text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration' or "a text recited or sung on that day".

According to the majority of Sunni Muslims and most Shias, Muhammad was born on the 12th of Rabi' al-Awwal. Many Twelver Shia Muslims on the other hand assert that Muhammad was born on the 17th of Rabi' al-Awwal. It stands as a matter of ikhtilaf or disagreement since prominent Shia scholars such as Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Ibn Babawayh, and Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al-'Amili have affirmed the date of the 12th of Rabi' al-Awal. Nonetheless, others contend that the date of Muhammad's birth is unknown and is not definitively recorded in the Islamic traditions. The issue of the correct date of the Mawlid is recorded by Ibn Khallikan as constituting the first proven disagreement concerning the celebration.

The Ottomans declared it an official holiday in 1588, known as Mevlid Kandil. The term Mawlid is also used in some parts of the world, such as Egypt, as a generic term for the birthday celebrations of other historical religious figures such as Sufi saints.

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