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Michael Aris
Michael Aris
Michael Aris
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Michael Vaillancourt Aris (27 March 1946 – 27 March 1999)[1] was a British historian who wrote and lectured on Bhutanese, Tibetan, and Himalayan culture and history. He was the husband of Aung San Suu Kyi, who would later become State Counsellor of Myanmar.

Key Information

Life

[edit]

Aris was born in Havana, Cuba, son of British Council officer John Arundel Aris[2] and Josette, daughter of Emile Vaillancourt, Canadian Ambassador to Cuba.[1][3][4]

He was educated at Worth School in Sussex, and read modern history at Durham University, where he was a member of St Cuthbert's Society. After graduating in 1967, he spent six years as a private tutor to the children of the Bhutanese royal family.[5][6]

In 1976, Aris moved on to the University of Oxford and became a junior research fellow and a member of the university faculty at St John's College. In 1978, he obtained a Ph.D. in Tibetan literature from SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies). Later at St Antony's College, Oxford, he became a senior research fellow at the Asian Studies Centre. In the last years before his death, he helped establish a specialist Tibetan and Himalayan studies centre at Oxford.[1]

Michael Aris's identical twin brother, Anthony Aris, similarly became a scholar of Tibetan studies, and founded Serindia Publications to focus on bringing Tibetan history and culture to modern audiences.[1][3]

Relationship with Aung San Suu Kyi

[edit]

Having met at university, Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi were married in a Buddhist ceremony in 1972. After spending a year in Bhutan, they settled in North Oxford, where they raised their two sons, Alexander Aris and Kim Aris. During this time, Aris pursued his postgraduate studies at SOAS and obtained a PhD in Tibetan literature in 1978.[7] In 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to care for her mother, but later to lead the country's pro-democracy movement. St John's College provided Aris with an extended leave of absence as a fellow on full stipend so that he could lobby for his wife's cause.[citation needed]

In 1997, Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer which was later found to be terminal. Several countries, prominent individuals and organisations – including the United States government, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II – made appeals to the Burmese authorities to issue a visa for Aris.[8] The Burmese government however refused this request, claiming a lack of adequate healthcare facilities and instead urging Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. Although Suu Kyi was at the time temporarily relieved from house arrest, she was unwilling to depart. Not trusting the junta's assurances, she feared her re-entry would be refused upon her return.[9]

In the ten years following his wife's first house arrest in 1989, Aris would only see Suu Kyi another five times before his death in 1999. Their last meeting took place at Christmas 1995, when Suu Kyi had been released from house arrest.[8]

Death

[edit]

Aris died of prostate cancer on his 53rd birthday in 1999, in Oxford.[1][8]

Publications

[edit]
  • Freedom from Fear and Other Writings: Revised Edition (Paperback) by Aung San Suu Kyi (Author), Václav Havel (Foreword), Desmond M. Tutu (Foreword), Michael Aris (Editor). Penguin (Non-Classics); Rev Sub edition (1 March 1996). ISBN 978-0-14-025317-7.
  • Tibetan Studies in Honor of Hugh Richardson. Edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi. Preface by Michael Aris. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi.
  • "Notes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridor." In: * Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson, pp. 9–20. Edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi.
  • Hidden Treasures and Secret Lives: A Study of Pemalingpa (1450–1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683–1706) (1450–1521 and the Sixth Dalai Lama). Kegan Paul; 1st edition (May 1989). ISBN 978-0-7103-0328-8.
  • The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan (Hardcover). Serindia Publications (1 October 2005). ISBN 978-1-932476-21-7.
  • Lamas, Princes, and Brigands: Joseph Rock's Photographs of the Tibetan Borderlands of China. Joseph F. Rock (Author), Michael Aris (Editor). 1st edition 1982. Reprint: China House Gallery. China Institute in America (June 1992). ISBN 978-0-295-97209-1.
  • Bhutan, the Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom. (Aris & Phillips Central Asian Studies) (Paperback). Aris & Phillips (May 1979). ISBN 978-0-85668-199-8.
  • Views of Medieval Bhutan: The Diary and Drawings of Samuel Davis 1783 (Hardcover). Roli Books International (1982).
  • High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture (Paperback) by Hugh Richardson (Author), Michael Aris (Author). Serindia Publications (October 1998). ISBN 978-0-906026-46-5.
  • Ceremonies of the Lhasa Year (Heritage of Tibet) (Paperback) by Hugh Richardson (Author), Michael Aris (Editor). Serindia Publications (June 1994). ISBN 978-0-906026-29-8.
  • Sources for the history of Bhutan (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde) (Unknown Binding). Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien (1986).
  • Tibetan studies and resources in Oxford. (6 pages only – unknown publisher and binding)

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Michael Aris

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from Grokipedia
Michael Vaillancourt Aris (27 March 1946 – 27 March 1999) was a British and academic whose research focused on Bhutanese, Tibetan, and Himalayan . Born in , , to a Canadian mother and British father, Aris pursued studies in at before earning a PhD in Tibetan literature from and later advancing his career at , where he served as a junior research fellow at St John's College from 1976 to 1989 and lectured on Asian . His scholarly output included influential works such as Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom, which drew on archival sources to document Bhutan's formative periods, and editorial contributions to collections on Tibetan like High Peaks, Pure Earth. In 1972, Aris married in a Buddhist ceremony in following their meeting at university; the couple resided briefly in for his tutoring role to the royal family before relocating to , where they raised two sons, and Kim Aris. Aris's intersected with Burmese when his wife entered opposition , leading to her in 1989; he campaigned internationally for her release and , though authorities repeatedly denied him visas, including during his terminal illness from , which metastasized to his spine and lungs. He died peacefully in on his 53rd birthday, leaving a legacy of rigorous scholarship amid personal sacrifice.

Early Life and Education

Birth and Family Background

Michael Vaillancourt Aris was born on 27 March 1946 in , , as one of identical twin brothers. His father, John Arundel Aris, was an English officer with the , which facilitated postings abroad including at the time of his birth. His mother, Josette Aris (née Vaillancourt), was French Canadian and the daughter of Émile Vaillancourt, who served as the Canadian to . His twin brother, Anthony Aris, later became a publisher specializing in Tibetan studies through Serindia Publications. The family's international circumstances, stemming from the father's diplomatic role, shaped Aris's early exposure to diverse cultures.

Formal Education and Early Interests

Michael Aris attended , a Catholic independent boarding school in , , during his secondary education. Following this, he enrolled at in 1964 to study history, completing a degree in 1967. Upon graduation, Aris pursued an early interest in Himalayan cultures by accepting a position as private tutor to the children of Bhutan's royal family, serving from 1967 to 1973 in the isolated kingdom. This role immersed him in Bhutanese society, fostering a deep fascination with the region's history, Buddhist heritage, and languages, including , which he learned to facilitate his research into historical manuscripts and oral traditions. These experiences in marked the onset of Aris's scholarly focus on Tibetan and Bhutanese studies, distinguishing his early academic path from conventional Western historical pursuits and emphasizing fieldwork in remote, under-documented Asian polities.

Academic Career

Positions in and

Aris arrived in in 1968, shortly after completing his undergraduate studies, and was appointed as the private English tutor to the children of King . He held this position for approximately six years, during which he developed a close relationship with the royal family and gained intimate access to Bhutanese society, language, and historical archives. This role allowed him to conduct pioneering fieldwork on Bhutanese history and culture, laying the foundation for his later scholarly work, including translations of key historical texts. In addition to tutoring, Aris served as head of the Bhutanese government's translation department, where he oversaw efforts to render official documents and cultural materials into English and other languages. This administrative position, held concurrently with his tutoring duties through the early 1970s, involved managing linguistic projects that supported Bhutan's modernization while preserving its Himalayan traditions. His tenure ended around 1974, after which he returned to the to pursue postgraduate studies, but his Bhutanese experience established him as one of the foremost Western experts on the kingdom's history. Later, in the mid-1980s, Aris held a research fellowship at the in , where he focused on Tibetan and Himalayan studies amid the region's geopolitical complexities. This two-year appointment facilitated archival research and lectures on Bhutanese and Tibetan topics, bridging his earlier fieldwork with broader South Asian scholarship. The position underscored his expertise in the borderlands between , , and , though it was limited in duration due to his growing academic commitments in .

Oxford Fellowships and Research Focus

Aris assumed a junior research fellowship at , in 1976, marking the beginning of his at the university, where he also became a member of the faculty. He subsequently held research fellowships at Wolfson College before transitioning in 1989 to St Antony's College as a fellow, where he served concurrently as Senior Research Fellow at the Asian Studies Centre. In this role, Aris dedicated significant time to graduate-level teaching in Tibetan language and related disciplines, fostering scholarly engagement with Himalayan regions. His research centered on Tibetan and Himalayan studies, with a particular emphasis on documenting the historical, cultural, and linguistic traces of and amid rapid modernization and geopolitical changes. Aris's fieldwork and archival work highlighted the preservation of indigenous traditions in these areas, drawing from his earlier experiences as a tutor in Bhutanese royal courts during the and . This focus culminated in contributions such as co-editing proceedings from the Second Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, which he convened in in 1979. Aris's scholarly legacy at endures through the Michael Aris Fund for Tibetan and Himalayan Studies, established posthumously to support research and language training in these fields, reflecting his commitment to empirical documentation over interpretive narratives. His approach prioritized primary sources and on-site observation, yielding insights into the causal dynamics of cultural continuity and disruption in isolated Himalayan societies.

Key Scholarly Contributions

Michael Aris specialized in Tibetan and Himalayan studies, with a particular emphasis on Bhutanese and culture, areas that received limited scholarly attention prior to his work. His research drew on archival materials, fieldwork in during the 1960s and 1970s, and analysis of primary sources in Tibetan and , establishing foundational narratives for the kingdom's pre-modern development. A cornerstone of his contributions was Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom (1979), which traced 's origins from the through the establishment of its dual spiritual-temporal governance under the lineage, integrating numismatic, epigraphic, and textual evidence to challenge prior assumptions of . This monograph, based on his doctoral research at , highlighted the interplay between and local power structures, influencing subsequent historiography. Aris further advanced understanding of Bhutan's monarchy in The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan (1994), examining the 17th-century unification under through ritual symbolism and , including the raven emblem's ties to Padmasambhava's prophecies. He also compiled Sources for the History of Bhutan (1988), a catalog of European manuscripts and early accounts from the 18th to 19th centuries, providing researchers with annotated access to previously obscure documents. In Tibetan studies, Aris co-edited Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson (1980) with , compiling proceedings from the Second Seminar on Tibetan Studies at in 1978, which featured interdisciplinary papers on , , and , thereby fostering international collaboration in the field. His earlier articles, such as "The Admonition of the Thunderbolt Cannon-Ball and Its Place in the Bhutanese New Year Festival" (1976), analyzed ritual texts and festivals, linking them to historical . These works, grounded in philological rigor, positioned Aris as a pivotal figure in elevating Himalayan scholarship beyond orientalist tropes.

Marriage and Family

Meeting Aung San Suu Kyi

Michael Aris first encountered in 1966 at a social gathering hosted by Lord and Lady Gore-Booth in , , while she was studying at St Hugh's College from 1964 to 1967. Aris, then a student of Tibetan civilization at but connected to circles, later recalled being immediately struck by her presence and beauty during the event. The two shared interests in Eastern cultures and scholarship, fostering an initial connection amid their respective academic pursuits—Suu Kyi researching Bhutanese and , and Aris focusing on Himalayan studies. Their relationship developed gradually over the following years, despite geographical separations as Suu Kyi traveled for in (1969–1971) and worked briefly for the in New York. Aris, who had taken up a position tutoring the Bhutanese royal family, proposed marriage, leading to their union on January 1, 1972, in a Buddhist at a registry office in . Following the wedding, Suu Kyi joined Aris in , where she took a role as a research officer in the while he headed the royal translation department. This meeting and subsequent partnership blended their scholarly lives, with Aris supporting Suu Kyi's intellectual endeavors in Asian history and culture.

Family Life and Children

Michael Aris and married on January 1, 1972, and initially resided in for a year, where Aris served as tutor to the royal family and head of the translation department. Following this period, the couple settled in North , , establishing a family home centered on academic life and child-rearing. Aung San Suu Kyi primarily managed household duties and the upbringing of their children, while Aris advanced his scholarly pursuits in Tibetan and Himalayan studies. The couple had two sons: Alexander Myint San Aung Aris, born in London on April 12, 1973, and Kim Aris (also known as Htein Lin), born in London in 1977. The family resided together in Oxford until 1988, when Aung San Suu Kyi traveled to Burma to care for her ailing mother, an absence that extended indefinitely due to political developments there. During this separation, Aris assumed primary responsibility for raising Alexander and Kim in Oxford, supporting their education amid limited contact with their mother, who was permitted only brief reunions in the 1990s and 2010. Aris maintained a stable environment for his sons, balancing his fellowship at , with family needs, though the prolonged maternal absence strained family dynamics. Alexander pursued activism, while Kim resided in the and later advocated for his mother's release from detention. The brothers were stripped of Burmese citizenship in the 1980s, reflecting the regime's policies toward the family.

Engagement with Burmese Affairs

Support for Aung San Suu Kyi's Return and Activism

Michael Aris endorsed Aung San Suu Kyi's return to on June 22, 1988, to attend to her mother, Daw , who was hospitalized following a ; in the preface to Suu Kyi's and Other Writings (which he edited), Aris recounted the evening of her departure from their home as "a quiet evening... the last we were to spend together for many years," underscoring his awareness of the potential long-term separation amid 's volatile political climate. Following the and Suu Kyi's emergence as a leader of the (), Aris publicly affirmed her choice to stay and commit to the pro-democracy struggle rather than rejoin the family in the , stating in 1991, "I support her decision." Aris emerged as a key international advocate for Suu Kyi's release after her house arrest by the military junta on July 20, 1989, serving as her primary spokesman and amplifying her message through tireless global outreach. He edited and promoted Freedom from Fear and Other Writings, persuading Penguin Books to publish the volume in 1991, which compiled Suu Kyi's essays on nonviolent resistance and human rights, thereby elevating her profile and contributing to international condemnation of the regime. In lectures, such as one at Harvard University in December 1991, Aris detailed the junta's repressive tactics, declaring, "Today, the finger of fear touches everyone in Burma," and linked these to broader calls for sanctions and diplomatic pressure. His efforts extended to direct lobbying of foreign officials, including discussions with Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans, positioning him as Suu Kyi's voice in Western capitals during her isolation from 1989 to 1992 and beyond. Aris's advocacy aligned with organizations like the Peace Foundation, which pushed for Suu Kyi's freedom and democratic reforms, coinciding with a human rights resolution criticizing in late 1991. Described as a "staunch supporter" of Suu Kyi's campaign for a free and democratic , Aris balanced his academic career with these activities, raising awareness without compromising his scholarly focus on Himalayan cultures.

Visa Denials and Separation from Family

Following Aung San Suu Kyi's decision to remain in in 1988 amid political unrest and her mother's illness, Michael Aris returned to the with their two young sons, and Kim, initiating a prolonged separation. Aris, then lecturing at , assumed primary responsibility for raising the children while Suu Kyi's involvement in the pro-democracy movement deepened. Over the subsequent decade, the couple met only five times, with Burmese military authorities exerting control over visits, communications, and movements as part of broader restrictions on opposition figures. Suu Kyi's beginning in July 1989 further limited contact, though Aris received permission for occasional visits during her detention, which lasted until her temporary release in 1995. Their final meeting took place over 1995, after which the junta reimposed house arrest in late 1995 and consistently denied Aris's visa applications for entry into . No explicit reasons were publicly detailed by authorities for these post-1995 refusals, though they aligned with intensified harassment of Suu Kyi's party, including suppression following its 1990 election landslide victory. Telephone calls between Aris, Suu Kyi, and the sons were frequently interrupted or curtailed by Burmese officials. Aris's separation intensified after his 1997 diagnosis of , which metastasized to his spine and lungs by 1999. Despite international appeals and his terminal condition, the junta rejected multiple visa requests, including a final one in March 1999, citing inadequate medical facilities in to handle his care while proposing—unsuccessfully—that Suu Kyi travel to the UK instead, a move she rejected over fears of denied re-entry and permanent exile. The sons, who retained periodic access to their mother until restrictions tightened, had their Burmese citizenship withdrawn around this period, barring their entry as well. Aris died on March 27, 1999, in without reuniting, having prioritized advocacy for Burmese democratic reforms over personal relocation.

Illness and Death

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Michael Aris experienced persistent backache in the months leading up to early 1999, which prompted medical evaluation. In January 1999, he was diagnosed with advanced that had metastasized to his spine and lungs. The diagnosis revealed the cancer to be terminal, with rapid progression limiting effective treatment options. Following the diagnosis, Aris immediately applied for a visa to visit his wife, , in , but the military government denied the request despite international appeals. Medical assessments confirmed the cancer's aggressiveness, with symptoms including severe pain managed through at Churchill Hospital in . The terminal prognosis was publicly disclosed around the time of diagnosis, prompting global efforts to facilitate a family reunion that ultimately failed.

Final Efforts for Reunion and Passing

In early 1999, upon learning that his had become terminal, Aris intensified efforts to secure a from the Burmese to visit his wife, , who remained under house arrest in . These appeals were supported by multiple international entities, including the governments of , , , and , the , and the Sultan of , yet the junta repeatedly denied the request. Aris had not seen Suu Kyi since their last permitted visit over 1995, with visa refusals barring contact since 1996. The junta countered by offering to allow Suu Kyi to travel to the to see Aris, an arrangement she declined out of concern that Burmese authorities would prevent her return, thereby abandoning her political struggle and supporters. This stance aligned with Suu Kyi's prior decisions during periods of separation, prioritizing her commitment to over personal reunion. Communication between the couple was further restricted, with telephone calls often interrupted by authorities. Aris died on March 27, 1999—his 53rd birthday—from that had metastasized to his spine and lungs, at a hospital in , , where he passed peacefully without pain. Suu Kyi, informed of his death via broadcast, issued a statement expressing profound grief but resolve to continue her work, noting that Aris had understood her choice to remain in . The junta expressed formal sympathy but upheld the visa denial, framing it as consistent with security protocols.

Legacy

Academic and Cultural Impact

Michael Aris established himself as a leading authority on Tibetan and Himalayan studies, with a particular focus on Bhutanese history, culture, and Buddhist monarchy. He served as a junior research fellow at , starting in 1976, and later as a senior research fellow at the Asian Studies Centre of St Antony's College, where he lectured on Asian history. Aris earned a Ph.D. in Tibetan literature from and held a visiting lectureship at Harvard University's Tibetan and Himalayan Studies program from 1990 to 1992. Earlier, from 1967 to 1973, he tutored the royal family of , gaining unparalleled access that informed his fieldwork. His scholarly output included foundational texts on Bhutan, such as Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom (1980), which traced the kingdom's origins through primary sources, and The Raven Crown: The Origins of Buddhist Monarchy in Bhutan (1994), analyzing the interplay of religion and governance in Bhutanese state formation. Aris also published Hidden Treasures and Secret Lives: A Study of Pemalingpa (1450–1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683–1706) (1989), examining esoteric Tibetan Buddhist figures and their hagiographies. He co-edited Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson (1980) with Aung San Suu Kyi, compiling proceedings from the 1979 International Seminar on Tibetan Studies at Oxford, which advanced academic discourse on Tibetan civilization. These works drew on Aris's archival research and linguistic expertise in Tibetan and Dzongkha, prioritizing primary texts over secondary interpretations. Aris's contributions pioneered Bhutanese studies as a distinct academic field, providing the first comprehensive Western scholarship on its religious and historical dimensions, and earning him recognition among Bhutanese scholars as a uniquely insightful outsider. His efforts in convening international conferences, including the second on Tibetan studies, fostered global collaboration in Himalayan research. Posthumously, the established the Annual Aris Lectures in 2015 to honor his and his brother Anthony's work in Tibetan and Himalayan studies, underscoring enduring institutional acknowledgment of his rigorous, empirically grounded approach. Culturally, Aris's writings elevated awareness of Himalayan Buddhist traditions beyond academia, influencing perceptions of as a preserved Buddhist amid modernization pressures.

Personal Sacrifice and Broader Influence

Michael Aris endured prolonged separation from his wife, , following her placement under by the Burmese military regime on July 20, 1989, a period that extended over a decade and required him to raise their two sons, Alexander and Kim, primarily alone in . This arrangement stemmed from Aris's deliberate choice to reside outside Burma, as his presence there risked portraying Suu Kyi as unduly influenced by foreign interests, potentially undermining her leadership in the pro-democracy movement; he prioritized her political credibility over personal reunion, accepting visa denials that barred his entry for years. In the final three years of his life, despite deteriorating health from diagnosed in 1996, Burmese authorities repeatedly rejected his visa applications, culminating in his death on March 27, 1999, without a final visit, a decision the regime framed as allowing Suu Kyi to leave Burma if she wished, though she declined fearing permanent exile. Aris's sacrifices extended to forgoing professional opportunities that might have necessitated relocation, instead channeling his scholarly expertise into ; as a of Himalayan cultures, he leveraged his academic platform at institutions like to highlight Burmese abuses, editing Suu Kyi's essays in the 1991 collection , which disseminated her non-violent philosophy to Western audiences and bolstered international pressure on the junta. His steadfast public campaigning, including efforts in the UK and , amplified global awareness of Suu Kyi's plight, contributing to her 1991 award and sustained sanctions against Burma, though these yielded limited immediate policy shifts due to geopolitical constraints. Aris's personal narrative of familial division—echoed in State Department remarks on the "tremendous personal sacrifices" by the family—humanized the abstract struggle for Burmese , fostering among policymakers and activists, yet his influence remained secondary to Suu Kyi's, constrained by the junta's isolation tactics and Western 's inconsistent enforcement.

References

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  3. https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/obituary-michael-aris-1083767.html
  4. https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/aung-san-suu-kyi-and-michael-aris-marry
  5. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/mar/28/theobserver.uknews6
  6. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-28-mn-21942-story.html
  7. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/30/world/michael-v-aris-53-dies-scholarly-husband-of-laureate.html
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  11. https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_17_04.pdf
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  13. https://governance.admin.ox.ac.uk/legislation/aris-fund-for-tibetan-and-himalayan-studies
  14. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004489806/B9789004489806_s007.pdf
  15. https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%2520and%2520Articles/Bhutan/1979%2520Bhutan--the%2520early%2520history%2520of%2520a%2520Himalayan%2520Kingdom%2520by%2520Aris%2520s.pdf
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