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Key Information

The National Unity Platform (NUP, Swahili: Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa),[2] formerly the National Unity, Reconciliation and Development Party (NURP), is a political party in Uganda led by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu (also known as Bobi Wine). The NURP was led by Moses Nkonge Kibalama from December 2004 until July 2020. On 14 July 2020, Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu assumed leadership of the party and was declared the party flag-bearer for the 2021 presidential elections.[3]

Background

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The NURP was formed in December 2004, headed by Moses Kibalama. For the next 16 years, he served as the president of the party.[3]

In July 2017, Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu (Bobi Wine) was sworn in as the MP representing Kyaddondo East Constituency in the 10th Parliament (2016-2021). To win that constituency, he beat two seasoned politicians in a by-election: Sitenda Sebalu of the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) party and Apollo Kantinti of the main opposition party Forum for Democratic Change (FDC).[4]

While running for the Kyaddondo East seat, Kyagulanyi was shunned by both the DP and FDC political parties, so he ran as an Independent candidate.[5] He adopted the ‘People Power, Our Power’ slogan as his rallying call, leading to what is referred to as the People Power Movement in Uganda.[6][7]

Since the formation of the People Power Movement in 2017, a number of legislators, including members of the ruling National Resistance Movement and opposition Forum for Democratic Change, have allied with People Power.[8]

The People Power movement finally got a legally registered party NURP and changed the name to the National Unity Platform and on 22 July 2020, the founders of NUP,[9] together with leading personalities from the People Power Movement, announced that Kyagulanyi had been elected President of NUP and presidential party flag bearer in the upcoming 2021 national elections.[10][11]

The party is registered with the Uganda Electoral Commission. The party's symbol is an umbrella in red, white and blue surrounded by three circles in red, white and navy blue. The NUP symbol is fully gazetted by the Uganda Electoral Commission.[12]   On 28 July 2020, the party unveiled membership cards that cost only USh1,000 (about USD 0.27 or GBP 0.2), an amount they said did not discriminate against social class and would be affordable to every Ugandan.[13]

On 3 August 2020, the party president announced five members of parliament who crossed that day to the National Unity Platform. These included John Baptist Nambeshe (NRM), Patrick Nsamba (NRM), Francis Zaake (Independent) and Busujju's legislator David Kalwanga (Independent).[14] On 13 August 2020, sixteen more Members of Parliament, joined the NUP political party, crossing from the Democratic Party (DP). This brought the total number of MPs who have joined Kyagulanyi in NUP, during the first two weeks of August 2020 to twenty one (21).[15]

On 14 January 2021, the general elections took place. According to a survey performed by Market Intelligence Group, Bobi Wine had the support of about 59% of the Ugandans.[16][17] On 16 January the Electoral Commission announced, even before all the votes were counted, that Bobi Wine received 35.08% of the votes. This announcement was heavily criticized since there are 409 polling stations with a 100% turnout.[18] Many videos of ballot box stuffing turned up.[19][20][21] Other opposition leaders also stated that Bobi Wine had won and Museveni was falsely sworn in.[22] Factchecker organisation Pesacheck published that Uganda has not held honest elections in over 30 years.[23] On 9 February, the European Parliament passed a resolution stating that the elections were violent and neither free nor fair.[24]

Recent events

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National Unity Platform petition to the electoral commission

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On 17 September 2025, the National Unity Platform (NUP) petitioned the Electoral Commission (EC), objecting to what it described as the illegal exclusion of the party from discussions related to the National Consultative Forum (NCF) and the Inter-Party Organisation for Dialogue (IPOD).[25]

The petition, addressed to EC Chairperson Justice Simon Byamukama and signed by NUP Secretary General David Lewis Rubongoya, highlighted repeated concerns by the party about being sidelined from engagements connected to the amended Political Parties and Organisations Act of 2005.[26]

The NCF was created under the Political Parties and Organisations Act as a framework for registered parties to engage in dialogue and build consensus on national issues. Participation in IPOD was initially voluntary and structured as a company limited by guarantee. Following recent amendments, Parliament transformed IPOD into a statutory organ of the NCF, a change NUP criticized as rushed and lacking proper consultation.[27]

According to Rubongoya, IPOD in its former legal form ceased to exist after the amendment, and new statutory processes were required for political parties to confirm their participation. He also stated that although NUP was challenging the amendment in court, the party expected the EC to ensure that any ongoing discussions were lawful and inclusive.[28]

The petition was submitted shortly before an IPOD summit scheduled for 18 September 2025 to deliberate on issues arising from the amendment. NUP argued that its exclusion from the meeting undermined its role as a parliamentary political party.[29]

Electoral history

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Presidential elections

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Election Party candidate Votes % Result
2021 Bobi Wine 3,631,437 35.08%[30] Lost Red XN
(results contested)[31][32][33][34]
2026 2,741,238 24.72% Lost Red XN

Parliament of Uganda elections

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Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
2021 Bobi Wine Constituency 1,347,929 13.48%
57 / 529
 New Increase 2nd Opposition
Women 1,697,425 16.71%
2026 TBA

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

National Unity Platform

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The National Unity Platform (NUP) is a Ugandan registered with the Electoral Commission on August 28, 2019, serving as the formal political arm of the , Our Power movement and led by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, known professionally as , a former musician turned activist and politician. Positioning itself as a vehicle for political and social liberation, the party emphasizes , transparency, accountability, and the restoration of constitutionalism, , and democratic freedoms in a nation long dominated by President Yoweri Museveni's . In the 2021 general elections, NUP's presidential candidate garnered approximately 35 percent of the vote, mounting the most significant electoral challenge to Museveni in decades, while the party secured substantial parliamentary representation, establishing itself as the primary opposition force amid allegations of electoral irregularities and post-election violence. The NUP has encountered ongoing government repression, including arrests of its members and restrictions on activities, which the party attributes to efforts to suppress dissent, though such claims occur within a context of maintained legal frameworks under Museveni's extended rule. Looking toward the 2026 elections, the party launched its manifesto in September 2025, outlining priorities for systemic reform, inclusive development, and national renewal under the slogan "A New Uganda Now."

Overview

Founding and Core Mission

The National Unity Platform (NUP) was formally registered as a in on July 27, 2020, evolving from the , Our Power pressure group initiated by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, known professionally as . This registration enabled the group to participate in the 2021 general elections, with Kyagulanyi announced as the presidential candidate to challenge incumbent President Yoweri . The formation addressed the limitations of operating as a non-partisan movement under Uganda's electoral laws, which require party affiliation for ballot access. NUP's core mission centers on fostering national unity, reconciliation, and through a people-centered governance framework. The party positions itself as a progressive, social democratic organization committed to principles including , equality, transparency, accountability, freedom, liberty, and . It aims to combat systemic , , and inequality, advocating for constitutional reforms, of power, , and inclusive democratic processes to empower citizens. In its 2021-2026 , NUP outlined priorities such as equal access to quality and healthcare, economic inclusivity via and industrialization, and ending and to promote merit-based opportunities. The 2026-2031 reiterates these goals, emphasizing restoration of freedoms, , and an economy benefiting the majority through targeted investments in and . This mission reflects a populist stance, drawing support primarily from youth and urban demographics disillusioned with long-term rule.

Leadership and Key Figures

The National Unity Platform (NUP) is presided over by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, professionally known as Bobi Wine, who took leadership of the party on July 14, 2020, following its rebranding from the National Unity, Reconciliation and Development Party (NURP). Kyagulanyi, a former musician and sitting Member of Parliament for Kyadondo County East, was re-elected unopposed for a new five-year term during the party's delegates' conference held on June 11, 2025, at the NUP Leadership School in Kamwokya, Kampala. David Lewis Rubongoya serves as the party's secretary general, a position he has held since the party's formation and retained unopposed in the June 2025 conference. A and lecturer by training, Rubongoya has coordinated internal mobilization and responded to government pressures, including condemning obstructions to party nominations in October 2025. The NUP's executive structure includes four regional deputy presidents, all retained in the 2025 conference: John Baptist Nambeshe for Eastern Uganda, Lina Zedriga Waru for Northern Uganda, Muhammad Muwanga Kivumbi for the Central Region (), and Jolly Jacklyn Tukamushaba for Western Uganda. Additional key figures encompass National Treasurer Katana Benjamin and spokesperson Joel Ssenyonyi, who also holds the parliamentary role of after defeating challenger Allan Ssewanyana in the conference vote.

Historical Context and Formation

Bobi Wine's Pre-Political Rise

Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, known professionally as , was born on February 12, 1982, in Mpigi District, , and raised in the Kamwokya slums of amid economic hardship. His mother worked as a nurse, while his family struggled with poverty typical of urban ghetto environments. Kyagulanyi attended multiple primary and secondary schools, reportedly up to 17 institutions due to financial instability, before enrolling at in around 1998. There, he pursued a and later a degree in music, dance, and drama, graduating in 2003; this formal training equipped him with skills in performance and composition that shaped his artistic output. Kyagulanyi's music career began in the mid-1990s, with initial forays into performance as a teenager in Kampala's informal scenes, drawing from , , and local Ugandan styles to reflect ghetto experiences. His breakthrough came in 2001 with the single "Kagoma" (also stylized as "Akagoma"), a track that resonated widely for its raw portrayal of urban struggles and topped Ugandan music charts for over six months, establishing him as a prominent voice for the and . Following this success, he formed the Fire Base Crew, a that amplified his reach through collaborative recordings and live performances, blending entertainment with subtle on inequality and daily hardships. By the mid-2000s, had solidified his stardom with subsequent releases, including early albums and hits that sold thousands of copies in Uganda's nascent music market, often performed at packed venues in and beyond. His lyrics, initially focused on love, partying, and resilience, gradually incorporated critiques of and social injustice, fostering a loyal fanbase among urban youth who viewed him as an authentic representative of their marginalized realities. This popularity, built on over a decade of consistent output and , created a platform of cultural influence that extended beyond entertainment, priming his transition into explicit political advocacy without formal party affiliation until later.

Transition from NURP to NUP

The National Unity, Reconciliation and Development Party (NURP) was founded in December 2004 as a minor political entity in , remaining largely inactive for over a decade under the leadership of Moses Nkonge Kibalama. In 2019, NURP convened an extraordinary delegates' conference on to streamline its lengthy name, resulting in its rebranding to the National Unity Platform (NUP); the Electoral Commission updated the registration accordingly on August 28, 2019. This name change positioned NUP as an established party eligible for electoral participation, avoiding the stringent requirements for new formations. Facing repeated rejections from the Electoral Commission for registering the Movement (PPM) as a standalone party, Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu—known as and PPM's de facto leader—initiated negotiations in mid-2020 to adopt NUP as PPM's formal political arm ahead of the 2021 general elections. The talks, held over several months, involved NUP representatives including president Kibalama, secretary general Paul Simbwa, and publicity secretary Lillian Odinga, alongside PPM figures such as David Lewis Rubongoya, Joel Ssenyonyi, and Benjamin Katana; they concluded on July 14, 2020, in Wakiso District, with PPM securing control of top NUP positions, including Kyagulanyi as president, and adopting the party's umbrella symbol for campaigns. The arrangement effectively merged PPM's populist momentum with NUP's legal structure, enabling unified opposition contestation without forming a military wing and focusing on electoral and ideological mobilization. NUP was publicly launched as PPM's vehicle on July 22, 2020, marking the operational transition and Kyagulanyi's elevation to lead a party now infused with PPM's youth-driven base. However, the rapid leadership overhaul and constitutional adjustments—undertaken without broad consultation of original members—triggered disputes, with NURP founders Difas Basile and Hassan Twala filing suit on August 25, 2020, against Kibalama, Kyagulanyi, and associates, claiming violations of party bylaws through unauthorized amendments and power transfers. These legal challenges, including petitions to deregister NUP, tested the transition's legitimacy but did not halt its momentum, as ongoing amendments to the party constitution proceeded via lawyers to formalize the integration.

Organizational Structure

Internal Hierarchy and Decision-Making

The National Unity Platform (NUP) operates under a hierarchical structure defined in its , adopted on April 15, 2023, with authority flowing top-down from national to local levels. At the apex is the Delegates Conference, the supreme policy-making organ, convened every five years and comprising National Executive Committee () members, parliamentarians, and local leaders, which elects the president and amends the by a two-thirds vote. The serves as the primary governing body, meeting quarterly to approve policies, budgets, and candidate nominations, with decisions reached by consensus or simple vote among its members, including the president, four regional deputy presidents, league chairpersons, and other appointees; a of half its members is required. The president holds the position of chief executive and spokesperson, chairing both the and the Executive Board (a smaller entity overseeing daily operations), with powers to supervise national , assign duties to deputies, and appoint key roles like the secretary general and treasurer subject to approval; the role is elected by the Delegates for a five-year term, renewable once. As of October 2025, Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu occupies the presidency, supported by regional deputy presidents including Nambeshe John Baptist (Eastern Uganda), Lina Zedriga Waru (Northern Uganda), Muhammad Muwanga Kivumbi (Central Region), and Jolly Jacklyn Tukamushaba (Western Region), alongside Secretary General David Lewis Rubongoya, who manages administration and the national secretariat as an appointee. The party chairperson, second in line, focuses on internal cohesion and chairs the Delegates but is not listed in current announcements. Subordinate to national organs are progressively elected structures at , constituency, sub-county, , and village levels, responsible for local mobilization, candidate selection, and of directives from above, with executives handling regional coordination. Decision-making emphasizes formal meetings with specified notice periods—seven days for ordinary Delegates Conference sessions and four months between NEC gatherings—using methods like or secret ballots for elections, while disciplinary matters are adjudicated by dedicated committees with appeals escalating to the . Specialized committees, such as those for , , and elections, operate under oversight, with heads appointed by the president to address targeted functions like party building and candidate vetting.

Membership Growth and Regional Presence

The National Unity Platform (NUP) exhibited rapid organizational expansion following the launch of membership cards in July 2020, which were priced at 1,000 Ugandan shillings and featured the party's umbrella logo along with a for verification. This initiative facilitated broader recruitment amid growing youth mobilization, contributing to the party's breakthrough in the January 2021 general elections, where it secured 57 seats in Uganda's 553-member , establishing itself as the primary opposition force. Post-election, indicators of sustained growth included the defection of seven additional Members of Parliament to NUP in May 2025, bolstering its legislative presence ahead of the 2026 polls. Further evidence of membership and support base expansion emerged through robust efforts, such as collecting 604 million Ugandan shillings in donations over three weeks in July 2025, reflecting deepened engagement. By October 2025, NUP reported aspiring parliamentary candidates in more than 100 of Uganda's 146 districts, signaling nationwide mobilization for primaries and general elections. Party officials expressed optimism for increasing its parliamentary representation beyond the current threshold of over 52 seats in the next legislature. NUP maintains a regional organizational structure with dedicated deputy presidents overseeing the Central, Eastern, Northern, and Western regions, underscoring its intent for balanced national coverage. Initially concentrated in the Central Region—particularly , where it flipped several strongholds in 2021—NUP has extended its footprint eastward through the inauguration of a regional headquarters in Iganga in August 2025, positioning the area as a key stronghold. In the Western Region, a new headquarters opened in in September 2025, accompanied by gains in sub-regions like Rwenzori and Tooro, while northern primaries yielded successful candidates across multiple constituencies in September 2025. Encroachments into traditional government bastions, such as in the northeast, further illustrate this broadening presence as of October 2025. The party has pledged additional branch openings nationwide to enhance local mobilization.

Ideology and Policy Platform

Populist Roots and Anti-Establishment Stance

The National Unity Platform (NUP) draws its populist foundations from the People Power, Our Power (PPOP) movement initiated by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, known as Bobi Wine, in the mid-2010s, which mobilized urban youth and disenfranchised groups through music, rallies, and social media to challenge the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM)'s dominance. This approach framed politics as a direct contest between "the people" and a corrupt elite, echoing classical populist dichotomies by portraying Kyagulanyi as an authentic voice of the masses against institutionalized power. PPOP's tactics, including viral protest songs like "Tuliyambala Engule" released in 2018, galvanized support among Uganda's youth demographic—over 78% of the population under 35 as of 2014 census data—frustrated by persistent unemployment rates exceeding 13% and perceived nepotism in government appointments. NUP's anti-establishment posture crystallized upon its formal registration in July 2020, evolving PPOP into a structured party that explicitly rejected incremental reforms in favor of radical overhaul of Uganda's post-1986 political order under President . The party accused the NRM of entrenching a "one-man rule" through constitutional manipulations, such as the and amendments removing presidential age limits, and systemic graft, citing scandals like the 2012 theft of $12.7 million from the as emblematic of . Kyagulanyi's parliamentary victory in Kyaddondo East constituency, where he defeated a high-profile NRM minister with 59% of the vote amid widespread voter suppression claims, served as a foundational anti-establishment milestone, demonstrating the efficacy of outsider appeals over traditional patronage networks. Central to this stance is NUP's advocacy for "people-centred " in its 2021-2026 , which prioritizes direct citizen via mechanisms like and anti-corruption commissions independent of executive control, positioning the party as a bulwark against co-optation. This has sustained , as evidenced by NUP securing 57 parliamentary seats in the January 2021 elections—up from zero prior—primarily in urban and peri-urban areas, though critics from pro-NRM outlets argue it fosters divisiveness without substantive depth. The party's insistence on boycotting select electoral processes, such as the 2021 parliamentary speaker election, underscores its rejection of institutions seen as rigged, reinforcing a of unrelenting opposition to status quo preservation.

Key Positions from 2025 Manifesto

The National Unity Platform's 2026–2031 manifesto, launched on September 29, 2025, in Jinja District and themed "A New Uganda Now!", articulates eleven core policy priorities aimed at addressing failures, economic stagnation, and social divisions under the incumbent regime. These positions emphasize restoring constitutional order, curbing of resources, and fostering , with specific pledges such as creating 10 million jobs by 2032 through investments in , , and the creative sector. The first priority focuses on restoring freedom, constitutionalism, and , including ending civilian trials in military courts, freeing political prisoners, reinstating presidential term and age limits, and reducing executive influence over the while promoting gender equity in rights protections. The second targets ending and wasteful expenditure, proposing to downsize the cabinet, State House staff, and parliament to redirect trillions of shillings annually lost to graft—estimated at 10 trillion Ugandan shillings per year—toward essential services. Subsequent priorities include consolidating national unity by healing war-torn communities, compensating conflict victims, and eliminating sectarianism to ensure equal opportunities irrespective of ethnicity or political affiliation; guaranteeing equal access to public services like clean water, healthcare, , energy, and infrastructure; and establishing a nationwide public-school feeding program to bolster nutrition, enrollment, agricultural value chains, and . The manifesto also vows to halt land grabbing by securing tenure rights for all citizens, empower regional and local governments through to enhance service delivery, and position the Ugandan —contributing $1.56 billion in remittances in 2024/25—as a strategic asset via reformed for investment and competitiveness. Further commitments address sustainable to build through early detection, adaptation, and mitigation measures; and transforming into a technology-driven economy by leveraging digital innovation, reducing business costs, and addressing imbalances such as the overrepresentation of western Uganda in state jobs. Additional pledges involve increasing and budgets by 15% each, paving more of the 159,000 km road network (currently only 3.9% paved), and equipping all 82 districts with functional hospitals. These positions reflect the party's populist critique of entrenched patronage, prioritizing empirical redress of (over 70% for ages 18–30) and infrastructure deficits over vague developmental rhetoric.

Electoral Participation

2021 General Elections

The National Unity Platform (NUP) participated in Uganda's general elections on January 14, 2021, contesting the presidency, parliamentary seats, and local council positions. Party leader , known as , served as the NUP's presidential candidate, challenging incumbent of the (NRM). The elections occurred amid heightened tensions, including pre-poll arrests of opposition figures and an internet shutdown imposed by authorities from January 13 to 21, which NUP and international observers cited as hindering voter communication and result verification. In the presidential race, official results from the Uganda Electoral Commission (EC) declared Museveni the winner with 5,851,037 votes (58.64% of valid votes cast), while received 3,475,298 votes (34.83%). NUP rejected the outcome, alleging widespread fraud including ballot stuffing, voter intimidation, and discrepancies in tallying; claimed his campaign had secured over 50% of votes based on internal tallies from polling stations. He filed a on January 20, 2021, citing 284 specific irregularities, but the court dismissed it on March 12, 2021, in a 7-6 ruling that acknowledged some malpractices yet upheld the results due to insufficient evidence of outcome-altering scale. International bodies, including the and , condemned the process as flawed, pointing to restrictions on opposition rallies and media, though they stopped short of nullifying the tally. Parliamentary results showed stronger NUP performance relative to prior opposition efforts, with the party securing 57 of the 353 directly elected constituency seats, primarily in urban and central regions like and Wakiso districts where youth mobilization was intense. The NRM retained a with 199 seats, enabling control of the expanded 529-member (including special interest representatives). NUP's gains marked a shift, capturing former NRM strongholds through appeals to disenfranchised and promises of reform, though the party disputed some constituency outcomes amid reports of violence at polling stations and post-vote abductions of NUP agents. Voter turnout was officially 57.22%, lower than 2016's 68.89%, attributed by analysts to opposition calls in certain areas and security fears.

Post-2021 By-Elections and Local Contests

In the Kawempe North parliamentary by-election held on March 13, 2025, following the death of incumbent MP , NUP candidate Elias Luyimbazi Nalukoola secured victory with 17,764 votes against the (NRM) runner-up's 8,593 votes, establishing a margin of 9,171 votes. The contest occurred amid reports of security force intimidation, including arrests of opposition supporters and journalists, as well as heavy near polling stations. This win reinforced NUP's hold on urban constituencies, where it had previously triumphed in 2021. Conversely, NUP experienced significant setbacks in rural s. In the Dokolo District Woman MP on March 21, 2024, triggered by the death of Cecilia Atim Ogwal, NUP's Harriet Ageno received only 727 votes, far behind Uganda People's Congress winner Sarah Aguti Nyangkori's 23,044 votes. Similarly, in the Kisoro District Woman MP in 2024, after the death of Sarah Mateke Nyirabashitsi, NUP candidate Sultana Salim Tana garnered just 903 votes, while independent Grace Akifeza Ngabirano won with 50,459. These low tallies highlighted NUP's challenges in penetrating NRM strongholds in northern and western , where voter turnout and local dynamics favored incumbents or independents. Local contests post-2021 yielded inconsistent outcomes for NUP, with stronger showings in urban youth and council polls but diminished momentum elsewhere. In the 2025 youth council elections, NRM captured approximately 81% of seats nationwide, signaling a reversal of NUP's 2021 urban surge and underscoring organizational or mobilization constraints beyond parliamentary races. By-elections like in May 2022, marred by raids on NUP offices, further exemplified patterns of opposition suppression, though NUP failed to convert sympathy into electoral gains against NRM dominance. Overall, these contests demonstrated NUP's persistent urban appeal amid broader rural resistance and logistical hurdles.

Controversies and Internal Challenges

Allegations of Financial Impropriety

In 2024 and 2025, the National Unity Platform (NUP) encountered multiple allegations of financial misconduct, including the misappropriation of public funds allocated through the Inter-Party Organisation for Dialogue (IPOD) and irregularities in party fundraising and nomination processes. A forensic audit of disbursements for fiscal years 2021/22, 2022/23, and the first quarter of 2023/24 reportedly uncovered unaccounted advances to NUP personnel under the direction of Robert Kyagulanyi, highlighting failures in financial accountability and suggesting gross in fund allocation and expenditure. funds, intended for opposition party operations, were allegedly shared irregularly among leadership associates, contravening legal guidelines, though NUP has contested withholding of subsequent allocations as politically motivated. In July 2025, following a public drive led by Nakawa East MP Ronald Balimwezo to support NUP's 2026 preparations—which had collected over UGX 250 million in initial days—allegations emerged that UGX 330 million from the campaign account had vanished, prompting internal scrutiny of Balimwezo's oversight. Nomination processes drew further criticism for alleged "ticket sales." In February 2025, Kawempe North aspirant Alex Luwemba accused NUP national mobilizer Fred Nyanzi—Kyagulanyi's brother—of demanding UGX 400 million for the party endorsement, with Nyanzi reportedly citing competitive offers from other candidates up to UGX 320 million; NUP officials denied any policy of monetizing tickets, emphasizing merit-based vetting. Kyagulanyi publicly reprimanded NUP MPs in April 2025 for engaging in , signaling internal efforts to address graft amid broader scandals like and fund diversion that eroded party credibility. By October 2025, NUP pursued legal action to recover withheld funding, framing financial woes as partly due to regime interference rather than solely internal mismanagement. These claims, frequently amplified by pro-government outlets with limited corroboration from independent sources, underscore tensions between NUP's rhetoric and operational challenges.

Disputes with Founding Members

In 2020, shortly after the National Unity Platform (NUP) was formally registered in , disputes emerged between founding members, led by Moses Nkonge Kibalama—the party's initial president—and the faction aligned with Robert Kyagulanyi (), who assumed leadership through a party convention. Kibalama and associates contested the legitimacy of Kyagulanyi's election, alleging procedural irregularities in the convention process and failure to adhere to the party's original , which they claimed sidelined original stakeholders in favor of Kyagulanyi's movement affiliates. These tensions escalated into legal action, with Kibalama filing suits asserting his continued rightful presidency and challenging the party's name change from its precursor, the National Unity Reformation and Development Party (NURP), to NUP without adequate founder consultation. By January 2025, NUP leadership reportedly offered Kibalama 500 million Ugandan shillings (approximately $135,000 USD at the time) to withdraw his case, which threatened the party's operational existence by questioning its constitutional framework and leadership validity. In June 2025, a group of founding members reignited the conflict by seeking a injunction against NUP's current operations, arguing that the 2020 constitution under Kyagulanyi was unlawfully adopted and that they had been excluded from processes, including financial oversight and candidate selections. The plaintiffs, including Kibalama's cluster, accused the of opacity in party finances and irregular primaries, claims echoed in broader critiques of NUP's rapid growth straining internal . The disputes have persisted amid allegations of external interference by the ruling (NRM), though founding members maintain the issues stem primarily from internal power consolidation under Kyagulanyi, leading to expulsions and factional rifts that weakened NUP's cohesion ahead of by-elections. No resolution has been reached as of October 2025, with ongoing litigation highlighting foundational governance flaws in the party's evolution from a movement to a structured opposition entity.

Government Relations and Opposition Dynamics

Clashes with Museveni Regime

The National Unity Platform (NUP) has experienced intense confrontations with the Museveni regime primarily through electoral disputes and public protests, where opposition demonstrations have frequently met with forceful state responses. During the 2021 general elections, in which NUP leader Robert Kyagulanyi (Bobi Wine) challenged President Yoweri Museveni, the campaign period saw widespread violence, including attacks on opposition supporters and restrictions on rallies, as documented by . Amnesty International reported dozens of election-related killings in the five weeks prior to voting on January 14, 2021, many involving security forces clashing with NUP-affiliated groups. Post-election protests against alleged fraud escalated tensions, resulting in over 50 deaths amid security crackdowns, according to the Africa Center for Strategic Studies. More recent clashes have centered on and governance protests organized or supported by NUP. In July 2024, ahead of planned demonstrations in , Ugandan surrounded NUP headquarters, transforming it into a restricted zone and dispersing gatherings, as reported by ; President Museveni warned participants they were "playing with fire," framing the actions as threats to stability. These events echoed patterns of preemptive lockdowns, with Al Jazeera noting the siege prevented a broader antigovernment rally amid allegations against officials. NUP has positioned such protests as essential resistance, with Kyagulanyi launching a "" initiative targeting Museveni's patronage networks. Rhetorical and direct physical confrontations have intensified ahead of the 2026 elections. In September 2024, Kyagulanyi was shot in the leg during a campaign event in Bulinda, which NUP attributed to operatives in an attempt, prompting international concern over targeted against opposition figures. During by-elections, such as in Kawempe North in March 2025, NUP campaigns faced physical tensions with ruling (NRM) supporters, including scuffles over voter mobilization. Kyagulanyi has accused the regime of systematic political and betrayal of democratic norms, as stated in July 2025, while Museveni countered in September 2025 that NUP leaders mislead youth into "unnecessary danger" through provocative actions. These exchanges highlight a cycle of mutual recriminations, with NUP framing regime responses as authoritarian suppression and the government portraying opposition tactics as destabilizing. The National Unity Platform (NUP) has experienced systematic arrests of its leaders, members, and supporters by Ugandan security forces, particularly during electoral campaigns and opposition activities, with charges often including , , and . These actions intensified following the party's strong performance in the 2021 general elections, where NUP secured 57 parliamentary seats, prompting government responses framed as maintaining public order but criticized by organizations as politically motivated suppression. In the lead-up to and aftermath of the 2021 elections, hundreds of NUP affiliates were detained without prompt trial, including high-profile cases such as the abduction and prolonged holding of supporters in unauthorized "safe houses" like those in Kololo, where reports documented and denial of legal access. For instance, in June 2021, over 100 opposition activists linked to NUP were arrested ahead of President Museveni's to prevent disruptions, with many held for months without charges or court appearances. MPs like and Allan Ssewanyana faced arrests in 2021-2022 on allegations of involvement in murders, which NUP described as fabricated to neutralize parliamentary opposition. Legal pressures persisted into 2023-2025, coinciding with preparations for the 2026 elections. On October 6, 2023, security forces arrested 40 NUP supporters during operations targeting mobilization efforts upon leader Robert Kyagulanyi's return from abroad. In 2024, police besieged NUP offices and arrested dozens amid planned protests, with at least 19 supporters detained in October on unclear charges, raising concerns over judicial integrity. By mid-2025, arrests escalated during NUP's regional mobilization drives. On October 6, 2025, 29 supporters were detained in Wakiso for allegedly blockading roads during Kyagulanyi's campaign rally, while 20 others were arrested in Mityana for similar disruptions. MP Allan Ssewanyana was arrested on September 25, 2025, near Electoral Commission premises as NUP announced its 2026 presidential bid. Additional cases included the September 9, 2025, remand of five NUP-linked individuals, including bodyguards, on charges of unauthorized military-style parades, and the detention of Nakawa mayoral aspirant Nubian Li on unspecified grounds. Prolonged detentions without trial remain a pattern, with NUP reporting in June 2025 that dozens of members from 2021 arrests—such as the "Kigungu 53" group—had been held for over four years pending hearings, despite orders for release. Social media activists affiliated with NUP, like Ibrahim Musana ("Pressure 24/7"), faced charges of and malicious information in February 2025, highlighting efforts to curb online dissent. and have documented these as violations of constitutional protections against arbitrary detention, with detainees often denied bail or fair process.

Achievements and Criticisms

Mobilization of Youth and Political Shifts

The National Unity Platform (NUP), under Robert Kyagulanyi's leadership, has prioritized mobilization by leveraging Kyagulanyi's pre-political career as a to address grievances such as high rates—estimated at 13.3% for aged 15-24 in 2020—and limited access to and economic opportunities. This approach resonated in urban and peri-urban areas, where turnout in the January 2021 general elections increased compared to prior cycles, with NUP capturing approximately 35% of the presidential vote against incumbent Yoweri Museveni's 59%, particularly strong among voters under 30. NUP's strategies included campaigns, music-driven rallies, and organizing that framed the party as a break from entrenched patronage politics, drawing in first-time voters disillusioned with the National Resistance Movement's (NRM) dominance. This mobilization contributed to NUP securing a significant parliamentary presence, with candidates winning seats in youth-dense constituencies like those in Wakiso , signaling a departure from older opposition figures and injecting vibrancy into Uganda's . These efforts induced broader political shifts, including heightened youth engagement that pressured the NRM to intensify youth-targeted policies, such as expanded programs, while exposing fault lines in voter loyalty traditionally aligned with Museveni's rural base. However, state responses like shutdowns during the campaign and subsequent arrests curtailed full mobilization potential, though NUP's youth focus has sustained opposition dynamism ahead of 2026 polls. In June 2025, NUP initiated mass youth drives for local youth council elections, aiming to build on gains despite disputes with the Electoral Commission.

Ideological Weaknesses and Organizational Failures

The National Unity Platform (NUP) has faced criticism for its ideological shortcomings, primarily characterized by a reliance on populist anti-regime rather than a developed policy framework or consistent philosophical foundation. Analysts have noted that the party's platform often centers on broad grievances against President Yoweri Museveni's (NRM) without articulating detailed, actionable alternatives in areas such as economic reform or structures, leading to perceptions of ideological immaturity. This vagueness is evident in the party's 2025 , which commentators have described as a "grievances manifesto" focused on cataloging complaints rather than proposing substantive solutions, undermining its appeal as a viable governing alternative. Organizationally, NUP has struggled with internal factionalism and indiscipline, fracturing its coherence since its rapid post-2021 growth. A major rift emerged in 2020-2022 between the faction led by at the Kamwokya headquarters and the group under Nkonge Kibalama at Kabowa, triggered by failures to honor a with allied groups like the Democratic Party bloc, disputes over constitutional adherence, and allegations of unfulfilled financial promises such as a $5 million commitment. These divisions resulted in court cases, including one filed by Kibalama's group on August 24, 2020 (later dismissed), expulsions of dissenting members, and parallel party structures that diluted unified messaging and eroded member loyalty. Further organizational failures include recurrent issues with internal vetting processes for candidates, which have been accused of lacking transparency and favoring loyalists over merit, sparking backlash in regions like Greater Masaka in 2025 and defections ahead of by-elections. Public indiscipline among MPs, such as skipping strategy meetings, forming ad-hoc alliances, and engaging in media attacks on leadership, has compounded these problems, weakening and in its institutional capacity. Such self-inflicted tensions, rather than solely external interference, have hindered NUP's ability to consolidate gains from youth mobilization into sustained electoral or structural opposition strength.

Recent Developments and Future Outlook

2025 Manifesto Release and 2026 Election Preparations

On September 29, 2025, the National Unity Platform (NUP) launched its manifesto for the 2026-2031 period, titled A New Uganda Now!, during an event in Jinja District presided over by party president Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu. The document articulates an 11-point policy framework, with the primary priority centered on restoring freedom, constitutionalism, and the as foundational to reforms. Kyagulanyi described the agenda as enabling a "complete reset" of 's political and economic systems, targeting systemic issues including institutional capture and . The manifesto launch marked the initiation of NUP's formal campaign activities, with Kyagulanyi positioned as the party's presidential flag bearer for the January 15, 2026, general elections. On October 11, 2025, Kyagulanyi hosted a public unpacking session at NUP headquarters in Makerere-Kavule, , to elucidate the 11 priorities and direct candidates to propagate the document at the level, emphasizing voter-by-voter . In parallel with the manifesto rollout, NUP accelerated election preparations by finalizing its presidential processes by September 18, 2025, and unveiling parliamentary flag bearers on September 30, 2025. The party endorsed 324 candidates across parliamentary and local council seats in the Teso region alone by early September, reflecting targeted mobilization in opposition strongholds. These efforts aligned with the Electoral Commission's roadmap, including parliamentary nominations concluding on October 23, 2025, amid reports of logistical disputes that NUP attributed to procedural irregularities. Despite internal candidate selection controversies, NUP prioritized dissemination as a core strategy to consolidate youth support and challenge the incumbent . In early January 2026, supporters of Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu launched mobilization efforts, including phone calls to voters and social media posts under #ProtestVote2026 and #UgandaDecides2026, encouraging turnout, vote protection, staying at polling stations, and securing voter location slips from the Electoral Commission. On January 11, 2026, Kyagulanyi conducted a campaign rally in Kampala Central at Aga Khan Grounds in Old Kampala after the intended site at Kamwokya was blocked, joined by his wife Barbie Kyagulanyi and NUP leaders including Secretary General David L. Rubongoya and Joel Ssenyonyi, with large numbers of supporters attending despite road closures, heavy police and military deployment, tear gas use, arrests, impounding of boda bodas, and heavy rain; the event was hosted by Rubongoya, with gatherings starting at 9:00 AM alongside nationwide door-to-door canvassing and phone mobilization.

Ongoing Internal and External Pressures

The National Unity Platform (NUP) has encountered persistent internal divisions in 2025, primarily stemming from disputes over candidate vetting and flag-bearer selections for the 2026 elections. In September 2025, multiple aspirants defected following an opaque vetting process that sidelined several candidates, leading to accusations of favoritism and exacerbating factionalism within the party. Similarly, allegations of surfaced when party leader Robert Kyagulanyi awarded nomination flags to his siblings, Fred Nyanzi and Betty Ssentamu, prompting criticism from members who viewed it as undermining merit-based selections. These tensions contributed to high-profile resignations, including Mukono Woman MP Hanifa Nabukeera's departure on October 21, 2025, after losing her party card, and reports of senior MPs exploring alliances with rival groups like the Patriotic League of Uganda. Legal and structural challenges have further strained NUP's cohesion. Founding members initiated Civil Suit No. 165 of 2024 in June 2025, seeking declarations that the current leadership is unlawfully constituted and demanding an against party operations, which risks operational paralysis ahead of elections. Additionally, the party faces a that could lead to dissolution before , rooted in unresolved governance ambiguities exposed by internal power struggles and financial disputes, such as clashes over rally funding in 2025. Despite Kyagulanyi's April 2024 denial of significant internal conflicts, these events indicate deepening organizational fractures that impair mobilization efforts. Externally, NUP continues to face intensified government repression amid preparations for the 2026 polls. have escalated arbitrary arrests and detentions of party members and supporters, with incidents reported as early as September 2025, framing a broader pre-election crackdown characterized by and . In October 2025, NUP Secretary General David Rubongoya condemned systematic efforts to block party candidates from nominations, including illegal denials of access to electoral processes, which he attributed to state interference. This aligns with patterns of authoritarian tightening, including of opposition figures, as documented in analyses of rising detentions on politically motivated charges since early 2025. Such pressures, compounded by disputes over funding from bodies like the Inter-Party Organization for Dialogue (), limit NUP's operational capacity and public engagement.

References

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