Neohipparion

Neohipparion Temporal range: Clarendonian-Hemphillian ~13.6–4.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skeleton of N. leptode at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Subfamily:	Equinae
Tribe:	†Hipparionini
Genus:	†Neohipparion Gidley, 1903
Type species
Neohipparion affine (Leidy, 1869)
Species
N. affine (Leidy, 1869) N. eurystyle (Cope, 1893) N. gidleyi Merriam, 1915 N. leptode Merriam, 1915 N. trampasense Edwards, 1982
Synonyms
Hesperohippus Dalquest, 1981

Neohipparion (Greek: "new" (neos), "pony" (hipparion)^[1]) is an extinct genus of equid,^[2] from the Neogene (Miocene to Pliocene) of North America and Central America.^[3][4][5][6] Fossils of this horse have been found in Texas,^[7][8] Florida,^[8][9] Kansas,^[10][11] South Dakota,^[12] Montana,^[13] Nevada,^[14] Alabama,^[15] Oregon,^[16] and Mexico.^[5][17] This prehistoric species of equid grew up to lengths of 4.5 to 5 ft (1.4 to 1.5 m) long.^[18] In Florida, Neohipparion lived in a savanna environment during the dry season but moved to a wet environment when it came time to mate. The average age of death for a newborn colt was 3.5 years, with a juvenile mortality rate of 64% during its first 2 years of existence.^[19] Its diet consisted of grasses,⁣⁣ C3 and C4 plants.^[20] δ¹³C values from ‘’N. eurystyle’’ fossils found in Florida indicate that it fed almost exclusively on C₄ grasses.^[21]

1. ^ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
2. ^ Clementz, M. T. (2012). "New insight from old bones: Stable isotope analysis of fossil mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (2): 368–380. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-S-179.1.
3. ^ "Neohipparion eurystyle". Florida Museum. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
4. ^ "Neohipparion". Florida Museum. 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
5. ^ ^{a b} Stirton, R. A. (1955). "Two New Species of the Equid Genus Neohipparion from the Middle Pliocene, Chihuahua, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 29 (5): 886–902. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300411.
6. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1985). "Patterns of Phylogeny and Rates of Evolution in Fossil Horses: Hipparions from the Miocene and Pliocene of North America". Paleobiology. 11 (3): 245–257. doi:10.1017/S009483730001157X. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 2400665.
7. ^ Quinn, James Harrison (1952). "Recognition of Hipparions and other horses in the middle Miocene mammalian faunas of the Texas Gulf region". Bureau of Economic Geology – via University of Texas at Austin.
8. ^ ^{a b} Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360.
9. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J. (1986). "Late Hemphillian Monodactyl Horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Bone Valley Formation of Central Florida". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (2): 466–475. doi:10.1017/S0022336000021995. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305172.
10. ^ Darnell, Michelle (2000-12-01). "Systematics of the Fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Minimum Quarry, Graham County, Kansas". Master's Theses. doi:10.58809/HMSW1030.
11. ^ Darnell, Michelle K.; Thomasson, Joseph R. (2007). "First Equid Remains from the Late Miocene Prolithospermum johnstonii-Nassella pohlii Assemblage Zone Stratotype Locality, Ellis County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 110 (1/2): 10–15. ISSN 0022-8443.
12. ^ Macdonald, J. R. (1960). "An Early Pliocene Fauna from Mission, South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology. 34 (5): 961–982. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1301023.
13. ^ Storer, John E. (1969-08-01). "An Upper Pliocene neohipparion from the Flaxville Gravels, northern Montana". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 6 (4): 791–794. doi:10.1139/e69-076. ISSN 0008-4077.
14. ^ Macdonald, J. R. (1956). "A New Clarendonian Mammalian Fauna from the Truckee Formation of Western Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 30 (1): 186–202. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1300391.
15. ^ Hulbert, Richard C.; Whitmore, Frank C. (2006-06-01). "Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla local fauna, Alabama". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 46 (1): 1–28. doi:10.58782/flmnh.xcpo4034. ISSN 0071-6154.
16. ^ Geology of the Rattlesnake quadrangle Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana (Report). US Geological Survey. 1964. doi:10.3133/b1181b.
17. ^ Lindsay, Everett H. (1984). "Late Cenozoic Mammals from Northwestern Mexico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4 (2): 208–215. ISSN 0272-4634.
18. ^ Hulbert, Richard C. (July 1987). "Late Neogene Neohipparion (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida and Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 809–830. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..809H. doi:10.1017/s0022336000029152. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130745896.
19. ^ Hulbert, Richard C. (1982). "Population Dynamics of the Three-Toed Horse Neohipparion from the Late Miocene of Florida". Paleobiology. 8 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1017/s0094837300004504. ISSN 0094-8373.
20. ^ Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Morales-Puente, Pedro; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; Otero, Francisco J. (2017-04-01). "Diet and habitat of unique individuals of Dinohippus mexicanus and Neohipparion eurystyle (Equidae) from the late Hemphillian (Hh3) of Guanajuato and Jalisco, central Mexico: stable isotope studies". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 34 (1): 38. doi:10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2017.1.470. ISSN 2007-2902.
21. ^ MacFadden, Bruce J.; Solounias, Nikos; Cerling, Thure E. (5 February 1999). "Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida". Science. 283 (5403): 824–827. doi:10.1126/science.283.5403.824. ISSN 0036-8075. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

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