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Steven Baker of St Kilda Football Club demonstrates the running bounce.
Aliesha Newman of the Melbourne Football Club executes a running bounce

A running bounce, or simply bounce, is a skill in the sport of Australian rules football (necessitated by the Laws of the Game) and some variants where a player bounces (or touches) the ball on the ground in order to run more than the maximum distance with the ball (currently 15 metres/16 yards/50 feet in most competitions).

The earliest record of the running bounce is its use by the Geelong Football Club in 1862, as a means of slowing down the player in possession of the ball and to create more opportunities for a turn over. It became an official part of the Laws of the Game in 1866. The bounce is regarded as a distinctive feature, and one of the most difficult skills to master, of the sport. Observers sometimes compare it to dribbling in basketball which appeared in the 1890s[1] or bouncing in Gaelic football which appeared in the 1900s.[2]

The feature of the game led to the sport early on being referred to as "bouncing football" in some places in the early 20th Century (such as Western Australia, the United States and Canada) to distinguish it from other variations of football.

Origins and evolution

[edit]

The origins of the running bounce are unknown. Anecdotally it had been practiced by footballers during the Victorian gold rush who had been playing under a variety of rules as early as the 1850s.

Historians infer that the Geelong Football Club had, sometime prior to 1862, introduced a rule to touch or bounce the ball on the ground every few yards. The club had been playing under rules which historian Graeme Atkinson considered likely to have been drawn up prior to the Melbourne Football Club's first rules in 17 May 1859.[3] Unlike Melbourne's, Geelong's first rules appear to have never been published[3] and though believed to have been written down are believed to have been lost completely. A reprint of what were believed to have been the Geelong's eleven 1859 rules appeared in the Geelong Advertiser in 1923 courtesy of Fred Blackham from an old folded card, which appeared to differ only slightly from Melbourne Football Club's rules and do not mention a requirement to bounce the ball.[4] These reprinted rules were not dated and likely to be from a later period.[5] The Melbourne Football Club from its formation until its first matches against Geelong in 1860 is not known to have either played with or enforced such a rule. Mangan (1992) states that the bounce was introduced due to an ongoing dispute between Geelong and Melbourne which came to a head during a match in 1862. Melbourne members familiar with the Rugby school rules were regularly flouting their own rules of not running with the ball (particularly H. C. A. Harrison but also Tom Wills) carrying it great distances while not being penalised by the umpires. The rules at the time were written in such a way as it could be interpreted by the umpire that the players were allowed sufficient time (to continue to run) for as long as they needed to prepare an effective kick, that is, virtually indefinitely. Geelong, asserting that the game was not meant to be played like rugby, began to enforce its rule of bouncing for matches between the two clubs.[6] An early version of the Geelong-Melbourne rule had stipulated that "no player shall run with the ball unless he strikes it against the ground every five of six yards".[7]

Another early mention of such a rule comes from the Christchurch Football Club in New Zealand, which drafted its own rules in 1863 (prior to adopting rugby).[8] This club was known to have initially played with a rule to bounce the ball every 4 yards.[9][10] This was a time when the football codes were still being established and regularly exchanged rules and ideas around the world. According to some, it may have come from an Australian club as at least one was known at the time to have had a bouncing rule. The club believes without stating a source that it was more likely to have been influenced by the rules of the Blackheath F.C. in England. Blackheath's 1862 rules include rule 12 "When a player running with the ball grounds it, it cannot be touched by anyone until he lifts his hand from it".[11] Touching the ball on the ground while running may have found its way into common practice for some early football clubs. However the club believes that its rules differed from Blackheath's in that it specifically required the ball to be bounced and 22 players per side, though were otherwise similar.

Nevertheless Geelong and other Victorian clubs continued to agitate for the rules and by 1866 there were moves to standardise it. The rules committee chaired by H. C. A. Harrison in 8 May 1866 sought to pacify them. Melbourne was determined to increase this distance and proposed rule 6. "Ball must be bounced every 10 or 20 yards if carried". Harrison requested Geelong ratify change before publishing the new rules which became known as the Victorian football rules in May 1866. The new rule was promoted as a way to slow down the player in possession of the ball and to create more opportunities for a turn over, thus helping to increase the number of disposals and encourage more dynamic team play. Harrison himself was one of the fastest runners in the game, known for his ability to evade opponents while running the length of the field ball-in-hand. Arthur Conan Doyle considered it "very sporting of [Harrison] to introduce the bouncing rule, which robbed him of his advantage."[12]

The rule was well received by players and spectators alike, and considered attractive to watch.[citation needed]

The skill

[edit]
Ross Hutchinson executes a running bounce in the 1930s

Australian football is played with an ellipsoidal (oval-shaped) ball, rather than a spherical one, so developing the technique for bouncing the ball back to oneself while running requires practice. To execute a running bounce, a player should:

  • Hold the ball in their preferred hand; with that hand on top of the ball towards the end closest to their body, and angle the ball around 30° upwards from the horizontal.
  • While running, push the ball firmly to the ground around 1.5–2 metres (4.9–6.6 ft) in front of them, angling the ball slightly with a quick flick of the wrist, so that it strikes the ground towards the end furthest from the player's body, tilted slightly downward.

Executed properly by a player running at a normal pace, the ball should bounce directly back into their waiting hands.

Players need to readjust the distance of their bounces when running at different paces. When running faster, the ball must be bounced further in front of the player, and when running slower, the ball must be bounced closer. At very slow or stationary paces, this correction is more difficult, because it is difficult to correctly angle the ball for the return bounce at such a short distance.

Australian children (in Australian rules football states) generally learn how to execute running bounces over a few years while they play at school and in junior levels, so to top-level players, the running bounce is a natural skill.

Nevertheless, bouncing an oval-shaped ball is still a volatile skill. Even top level players will occasionally lose the ball while bouncing it, by accidentally bouncing the ball on its point, only to see it quickly skid away from them.

Rules

[edit]

The rules of football state that a player running on the field with the ball must take a running bounce at least once every fifteen metres. If they run too far without taking a running bounce, the umpire pays a free kick for running too far to the opposition at the position where the player oversteps their limit. The umpire signals running too far by rolling their clenched fists around each other – similar to false starts in American football, or traveling in basketball.

While the distance of 15 metres (50 ft) is explicit in the rules, the lack of markings on the ground makes it impossible for umpires to accurately judge these free kicks. Regular watchers of football generally have a feel for the average time between running bounces which feels right, and umpires usually penalise players when they exceed this by more than a few steps.

Instead of executing a running bounce, players may bend over and touch the ball onto the ground. It must be touched with both hands or a free kick will be rewarded to the opposing team. This has the disadvantage of taking much longer, increasing the risk of being tackled by an opponent, but it has the advantage of reducing the risk of making a bad bounce and dropping the ball. This technique is often used on rainy days when the mud or water on the ground makes a regulation bounce much more difficult, but is also used by some players, particularly in lower levels, who have yet to master the running bounce.

The bounce is not considered a correct disposal as throwing is not allowed under the rules, and a player who bounces is considered still to be in possession of the football while it is out of his hands. Under the holding the ball rule, bouncing the ball while being tackled results in the tackler being rewarded with a free kick.

Statistics

[edit]

Running bounce statistics have been kept since 1999, and their numbers have varied considerably over that time. During that period, bouncing reached its peak in 2006 with an average of 20.7 running bounces per team per match. Between 2018 and 2023, running bounces were at their lowest, averaging only between 5 and 6 per team per match;[13] on occasion, a team may execute no running bounces in a match.[14]

Running bounces are most commonly made by attacking half-back flankers, also known as link-men, or by outside/receiving midfielders. They generally accept the ball from a rebound, and have wide space in front of them to run into, giving teammates time to create options at half-forward. Through the recorded history of running bounce statistics up to 2024, Brent Harvey holds the record for the most bounces with 1055 (which excludes any he recorded in the first three seasons of his career, which were before 1999), while Adam Saad holds the record for highest average bounces per game, with 3.45.[15]

Mick McGuane kicked a famous goal after seven consecutive bounces from the centre bounce, resulting in the 1994 Goal of the Year (Video on YouTube).[16] Nathan Bock, currently holds the AFL record for running bounces with 20 in a game in 2009[17] and Heath Shaw holds the record for an AFL season with 167 in 2009.[18]

[edit]

The requirement that a player performs a specialist skill in order to be allowed to run with the ball is common and necessary in many sports. Introducing these skills prevents players from taking the ball in hand and running the length of the field unchallenged. In this way, the running bounce is related to:

  • dribbling in basketball; first appeared in the 1890s
  • the running bounce in Gaelic football, first used in the 1900s, now once every 4 steps but no more than one consecutive bounce
  • the solo in Gaelic football (player kicking it to themself) which has been used in the AFL but does not count as the ball does not make contact with the ground or travel the required distance for a mark.[19] Australian rules fullbacks were once required to perform a similar action to exit the goal square when kicking out.

The running bounce should not be confused with the ball-up, also often referred to as a bounce. The ball-up is an unrelated umpiring skill used to restart play from a neutral contest.

Games and Variants with running bounce

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Running bounce

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The running bounce is a fundamental rule and skill in , requiring a player in possession of the to bounce or touch it to the ground at least once every 15 meters while running, regardless of direction, to avoid a penalty awarded to the opposing team. This technique, also known simply as a "bounce," ensures fair play by limiting continuous running and promoting skillful handling. The running bounce originated in the sport's early development in Victoria, Australia, with the first introducing the requirement in 1862 to slow down fast players, particularly from rival clubs who could cover great distances without disposing of the ball. It was trialed in 1865 and formalized on May 8, 1866, during a rules revision chaired by H. C. A. Harrison, a key figure in codifying the game, initially mandating a bounce every five or six yards to balance speed and strategy. Over time, the distance evolved to the current 15 meters, reflecting adaptations to maintain the game's dynamic nature while emphasizing precision. In practice, the running bounce demands agility, timing, and control, as players typically hold the ball in one hand and propel it 1.5 to 2 meters ahead on the ground before recatching it, adjusting for , speed, and defensive pressure. It is most commonly executed by midfielders and half-back flankers, who may perform multiple bounces to advance play, and serves as a strategic element that can create turnovers if mishandled, thus influencing team tactics and possession battles central to the sport's high-scoring, territorial style.

History

Origins

The running bounce originated during the codification of in in the mid-19th century, specifically in the 1850s and 1860s, as part of efforts to create a distinct code adapted from English public school football variants like those at Rugby and Eton, while accommodating the expansive fields of colonial Victoria. Influenced by British traditions that allowed handling the ball but sought to regulate continuous possession, early players and clubs experimented with rules to promote fair contest and continuous play on larger ovals unsuitable for the compact pitches of English games. The Football Club, established in , was instrumental in this process, drawing on local adaptations to blend kicking, marking, and limited carrying elements from English football. The pioneered the running bounce in , adopting it as a compromise measure to restrict how far a player could carry the ball, thereby curbing dominance by swift runners and encouraging more dynamic exchanges. This local innovation addressed disputes over possession during inter-club matches and reflected Geelong's push for rules that balanced individual skill with team fairness on their home grounds. By 1866, H.C.A. Harrison, a key rule-maker and captain of both and clubs, chaired a Victorian rules committee that formalized the running bounce, mandating that players strike the ball against the ground every five or six yards while running to prevent excessive carrying beyond what was necessary for a . This standardization extended the rule's application across Victorian clubs, drawing partial inspiration from similar bouncing requirements in English codes like the 1864 Bramham College rules. The initial purpose was to equilibrate mobility and possession, ensuring no player could monopolize the ball by running unchecked, thus fostering a more contested and skillful game. Early documentation of the bounce appears in the 1866 Victorian Rules, a significant from the 1859 Melbourne Rules, which prohibited running with the ball altogether and limited handling to immediate s without any bouncing provision.

Evolution and rule changes

The running bounce rule, building briefly on its 19th-century origins as a formalized requirement in to bounce the ball every 6 yards while running, underwent key adjustments in the to accommodate evolving . Early variations in regional leagues and rulesets allowed distances up to 10 or 20 yards in some contexts, reflecting inconsistent application before standardization efforts. By the mid-20th century, the distance had settled at 10 meters, but in 1981, the (now AFL) extended it to 15 meters to promote more fluid transitions and reduce stoppages, a change that balanced skill demands with the sport's increasing athleticism. Post-World War II developments emphasized practical enforcement. These changes were driven by player feedback and umpiring observations, ensuring the rule adapted to faster, more physical play. Recent updates underscore the rule's enduring role amid broader reforms. In October 2025, the AFL announced the abolition of the traditional centre bounce ruck contest for the 2026 season, replacing it with throw-ups to improve consistency and game speed, while the 15-meter running bounce remains to preserve tactical depth and player . This decision highlighted the running bounce's contribution to maintaining pace, informed by video technology introduced in the 1990s for tribunals and expanded in the 2010s for on-field decisions. Since the league launched in 2017, it has adopted the same 15-meter running bounce standard as the men's game, with minor international adaptations in overseas variants allowing slight leniency for field sizes, though core enforcement remains aligned.

Rules and Regulations

Core requirements in

In , the core requirement for running with the ball is governed by Law 18.13(c) of the Laws of Australian Football under the holding the ball provisions, which mandates that a player in possession must not run more than 15 metres without bouncing the ball or otherwise touching it to the ground. This distance is measured as a straight-line or curved path from the point of gaining possession, including scenarios where a player handballs or kicks the ball to themselves and regains control without it touching the ground. The rule ensures continuous play and prevents excessive running, with umpires exercising discretion in enforcement based on the actual distance covered. The bounce itself must be executed by the downward with one hand while running, such that it strikes the ground before being touched again by the player or any other means; mere dropping, , or touching without does not satisfy the requirement, as it fails to reset the distance count effectively. The bouncing obligation does not apply immediately following a mark or , where the player is stationary and entitled to dispose of the without running; likewise, after a , possession begins in rather than individual control. Umpires may exercise discretion during goal-scoring attempts with clear intent and no opposition pressure, but the rule still applies. This 15-metre standard, introduced in 2001 (changing from 10 meters), applies consistently across professional formats including the AFL, VFL, and state leagues. In junior levels, adjustments promote development and ; for instance, under-12 competitions often limit the number of bounces to one per possession.

Enforcement and penalties

Field umpires are responsible for enforcing the running bounce rule by visually estimating the distance a player travels while in possession of the ball, typically positioning themselves to track the player's path and bounce attempts during play. In training sessions, GPS technology assists players and coaches in monitoring running distances to practice compliance with the 15-meter requirement, but it is not used in matches for real-time enforcement by umpires. Umpires apply discretion when assessing "genuine attempts" to bounce the ball, particularly in adverse conditions like , where the ball may skid or fail to rebound properly, allowing for leniency if the player's effort is deemed reasonable. The primary penalty for failing to bounce or touch the ball to the ground at least once every 15 meters is a free kick awarded to the opposing team under the holding the ball provision (Law 18.13(c)), given at the spot of the infringement. If the violation occurs and the ball subsequently goes out of bounds on the full or without being played by another player, a boundary throw-in is awarded instead of the free kick. Enforcement faces challenges related to the accuracy of visual distance estimation, which can vary based on game speed and positioning, leading to inconsistent calls. In 2022, the AFL reviewed and tightened interpretations of the holding the ball rule, including scenarios involving running bounces, with discussions on potential technological aids like video reviews to improve measurement precision, though no in-game tech was implemented. Historically, pre-1980s umpiring showed greater leniency toward approximate distances, contributing to varied enforcement practices over time. Enforcement is generally stricter in elite AFL competitions, where umpires prioritize precise adherence, compared to community and lower levels, where the rule may receive more flexible application to maintain game flow. In situations such as a solo run toward goal with clear scoring intent and no immediate opposition pressure, umpires may exercise discretion to avoid penalizing if the violation does not disadvantage the opposing team.

Technique

Proper execution

The proper execution of the running bounce in involves a coordinated sequence of holding, releasing, and catching the while maintaining forward momentum, ensuring compliance with the requirement to bounce or touch the every 15 meters. This skill demands precision to avoid fumbles or penalties, with the striking the ground in a controlled manner to return predictably to the player. Effective technique minimizes disruption to running speed and allows seamless integration into . To perform the running bounce correctly, begin by holding the in the preferred hand at , with hands positioned slightly over the top end for stability and control. Run at a moderate speed to establish rhythm, then throw or push the downward firmly so it strikes the ground at a 45-degree angle, approximately 1.5-2 meters ahead. Continue running forward to catch the cleanly as it rebounds from the ground (after the first bounce), ideally at waist height, without breaking stride. This step-by-step process—hold, throw down, ground contact, run through, catch—ensures the returns directly to the hand, preventing loss of possession. A secure grip is essential, with fingers spread across the ball's panels and thumbs near the laces for optimal control during the release, which occurs from roughly knee-to-waist height to promote a clean, forceful contact with the ground. The release must be deliberate rather than a drop or tap, directing the top end of the ball to hit the surface first for reliable rebound. Poor grip or hesitant release often leads to skidding or unpredictable , so players should focus on a firm, one-handed push to maintain accuracy. Integrating the bounce with speed requires bouncing the ahead rather than directly underfoot to preserve ; the distance should increase with running pace—for instance, faster sprints demand a longer throw to allow time for the bounce and catch. Practice drills typically start stationary (kneeling on one to simulate the motion), progress to walking paces, and advance to full-speed straight-line runs, with variations incorporating evasive maneuvers like side-steps to simulate game pressure. Time trials and opposition drills further refine timing under fatigue. The official ball's oval shape, with indented rather than pointed ends, enhances bounce predictability by promoting a more even rebound compared to rounder balls. In dry conditions, this design supports consistent execution, but wet or muddy grounds can cause skidding, requiring adjustments such as a two-handed touch to the ground instead of a full bounce for better control.

Biomechanics and training

The running bounce in demands precise coordination between upper and lower body mechanics to maintain momentum while complying with the rule requiring a bounce every 15 meters. The technique involves holding the slightly above the palm with the bouncing hand and pushing it downward to strike the ground at an approximately 45-degree , propelling it forward in alignment with the player's stride length and speed. As running velocity increases, the distance the ball is thrown ahead must be adjusted accordingly to ensure it rebounds into the hand without disrupting , emphasizing the role of proprioceptive feedback in timing the arm and . Studies on match running performance indicate that midfielders experience elevated physical demands compared to other positions. To prevent injuries such as hand or wrist strain from repetitive bouncing motions, training is integrated into AFL conditioning programs, focusing on exercises like planks and rotational throws to enhance rigidity and support upper-body stability. Common drills, including cone circuits that simulate weaving paths while bouncing, build by challenging balance and spatial awareness under dynamic conditions, reducing the risk of compensatory movements that could strain the lower limbs. Coaching progression typically starts with stationary bounces from a bent-over position to master hand-ball contact, advancing to standing and walking executions before incorporating full-speed straight-line running. Intermediate stages introduce resistance through partner pressure or dodging maneuvers, progressing to game-like scenarios with video analysis for feedback on timing and form, a method widely adopted in AFL programs to refine technique. Performance optimization centers on achieving consistent bounce control, with effective execution allowing players to maintain near-maximal running speeds; proficiency correlates with superior hand-eye coordination, enabling quicker adjustments to trajectory under fatigue.

Usage and Impact

Statistical prevalence

In the , teams averaged 6.4 running bounces per game, reflecting a tactical tool used sparingly but effectively during possession chains. This figure represents a decline from earlier eras, with averages of 8.0 per team per game in 2015 and 11.7 in 2000, attributed to faster movement, increased handballing, and rule interpretations favoring quicker transitions over extended runs. The reduction underscores a shift toward high-speed play, where running bounces are concentrated in transitional phases rather than prolonged individual efforts. Comparative analysis across formats highlights variations in usage. International rules matches, blending AFL and elements, mandate a bounce every 10 —shorter than the AFL's 15-meter requirement—resulting in reduced overall frequency to maintain parity and flow between codes. Impact metrics from performance studies indicate that effective running bounces contribute to match outcomes. Each additional running bounce executed correlates with a 0.56-point increase in a team's winning margin, emphasizing its role in sustaining and avoiding turnovers in elite competition. Since Champion Data began comprehensive tracking in 1999, such actions have been linked to improved possession retention, though their declining prevalence aligns with broader trends in accelerated gameplay.

Notable instances and player adaptations

One of the most memorable instances of the running bounce occurred in 2014 when ruckman attempted a bounce during a match against , only for the ball to take an awkward deflection that allowed an interception, highlighting the skill's vulnerability under pressure. Similarly, in the 1994 season, Collingwood's executed a legendary seven-bounce run culminating in a against Carlton, showcasing exceptional control and pace over distance. These moments underscore how the running bounce can swing momentum, with McGuane's effort often cited as a benchmark for endurance and precision in high-stakes scenarios. Players have developed innovative techniques to exploit or mitigate the running bounce's constraints, particularly in evading defenders. Midfielders like have incorporated feints around the bounce point to wrong-foot opponents, creating space for handballs in tight chains, a tactic refined through repetitive training drills. For taller forwards, such as , adaptations include higher, arcing throws to maintain momentum over longer strides, allowing them to cover ground more fluidly despite their height, as seen in his signature long-range goals on the run. These personal adjustments reflect how individuals tailor the skill to their physique, with Franklin's method emphasizing loft to compensate for stride length variations. Tactically, the running bounce has evolved since the to facilitate extended chain possessions, enabling midfielders to link handballs and kicks over multiple bounces for territorial gains, as analyzed in studies of game patterns. This shift toward fluid transitions has prompted AFL rule discussions in 2025 on speeding up the game, including considerations for the bounce procedure. The running bounce's cultural footprint extends to coaching resources and online humor, with instructional videos breaking down execution techniques for youth development, such as those emphasizing bounce timing for balance. In 2025, Collingwood AFLW player Centra's pre-game "bounce" warm-up routine went viral, inspiring memes and fan recreations that playfully exaggerated the skill's quirks. Among career leaders, holds the seasonal record with 167 successful running bounces in 2009, illustrating the stat's role in tracking player impact beyond goals or disposals.

Similar skills in other sports

In Gaelic football, the solo run serves a similar purpose to the running bounce by allowing players to advance the while maintaining possession, but it relies on a foot-based technique rather than a hand bounce. A player may carry the for four steps before dropping it to the foot and kicking it back into the hand (a solo) or bouncing it on the ground, repeating this process after every four steps to advance the while maintaining possession. International rules football, a hybrid sport contested between and since the , incorporates a blended rule requiring players to bounce, solo, or touch the ball on the ground every 15 meters while running, with a maximum of two such actions per possession to balance the influences of Australian rules and . In rugby and union variants, dribbling the ball along the ground approximates the forward propulsion of a running bounce but lacks mandatory intervals, as players primarily run with the ball in hand and may only dribble it incidentally, such as after a knock-on or , without structured enforcement. No direct equivalent exists in soccer, where no-hand rules prohibit carrying the ball, forcing continuous foot without bounce requirements. The down system in eliminates any need for ongoing bounce-like actions, as plays reset after each tackle, preventing prolonged runs with the ball. In wheelchair variants of , the running bounce is adapted with modified heights and frequencies, requiring a bounce after three wheelchair pushes or 10 meters traveled to accommodate mobility constraints.

Variations across game formats

In junior and youth Australian football, the running bounce rule is modified to support skill development and enjoyment. For players under 9 years old, leagues often allow no bounce or a maximum of one bounce, eliminating strict distance requirements to encourage basic handling and reduce pressure on young participants. In the NAB League, the premier under-18 competition, the standard 15-meter bounce requirement applies fully, aligning with senior-level preparation. Women's leagues generally adhere to the core 15-meter rule, with the (AFLW) competition using identical regulations since its inception, though the league's faster —accelerated by format expansions starting in 2019—has emphasized precise execution under heightened game speed. State-based women's competitions, such as the SANFL Women's League, follow the Laws of Australian Football without documented deviations in bounce distance. Interstate senior competitions like the (VFL) and (SANFL) enforce the 15-meter rule rigorously, consistent with AFL standards, to maintain competitive integrity across professional pathways. In international settings, such as USAFL-sanctioned games, the rule remains at 15 meters with no adjustments for field dimensions, ensuring uniformity despite varying pitch conditions. Recreational formats adapt the rule for accessibility on smaller fields. AFL 9s limits players to one bounce total while running, effectively condensing the allowable distance to foster rapid disposals in non-contact or semi-contact play. Non-tackle variants like touch footy require a bounce after 10 meters of running, limited to one bounce per possession, with tagging mechanics used instead of tackling to effect turnovers.

References

  1. https://resources.afl.com.au/afl/document/2022/03/28/6d92ed7c-efc2-44dc-86bc-9fa1d9b338ad/2022-Laws-of-the-Game-Booklet.pdf
  2. https://www.championdata.com/glossary/afl/
  3. https://sportspanda.com.au/afl/blog/afl-running-bounce
  4. https://www.hpnfooty.com/?p=30004
  5. https://tony-collins.squarespace.com/rugbyreloaded/2016/3/23/origins-of-australian-rules-football-part-
  6. https://aflua.com.au/laws/laws-of-australian-football-1858-1896/
  7. http://alanwood.id.au/aussie-rules/history-of-the-laws/
  8. https://aflua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/1866-Victorian-Rules-1866.pdf
  9. https://aflua.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/1859-Rules-of-the-Melbourne-Football-Club-1859.pdf
  10. https://www.afl.com.au/about-afl/history/rule-changes
  11. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-28/why-australian-footballs-rules-have-always-been-up-for-debate/103903054
  12. https://www.espn.com/afl/story/_/id/46442874/afl-centre-bounce-scrapped-substitute-rule-removed-changes
  13. https://www.afl.com.au/news/1435386/league-scraps-sup-rule-and-centre-bounce-in-major-shake-up
  14. https://www.the42.ie/afl-bounce-6831745-Oct2025/
  15. https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/2024-Laws-of-Australian-Football.pdf
  16. https://www.afl.com.au/news/58/rule-changes
  17. https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2023-11/junior-football-rules-program-handbook-oct23.pdf
  18. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1264&context=ecuworks2022-2026
  19. https://www.aflinternational.com/australian-football/skills/bouncing/
  20. https://www.afl.com.au/news/696861/afl-to-crack-down-on-holding-the-ball-time-wasting-in-2022-rules-update
  21. https://www.afana.com/wikis/footy_rules/footy_faq_rules_australian_football-29
  22. https://usafl.com/intro
  23. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8549340/
  24. https://www.pacehm.com.au/blog/injurypreventionforaflplayers
  25. https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-03/Youth_Coaching_Curriculum_March24.pdf
  26. https://afltables.com/afl/stats/yearly.html
  27. https://www.afl.com.au/news/534100/how-to-play-international-rules
  28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256188252_Factors_Affecting_Match_Performance_in_Professional_Australian_Football
  29. https://www.afl.com.au/video/24339/running-bounce-not-sandis-forte
  30. https://www.facebook.com/CollingwoodFCHistory/videos/mick-mcguane-collingwood-7-bounce-goal-1994/1434145220048207/
  31. https://www.afl.com.au/news/148231/all-time-single-match-stats-record-holders
  32. https://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/news/316119/afl-the-stats-that-matter
  33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j11n_9BWA50
  34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340652358_Network_analysis_of_kick-in_possession_chains_in_elite_Australian_football
  35. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-21/afl-greg-swann-quarter-lengths-rule-changes-bounce/105556014
  36. https://www.afl.com.au/video/1396081/the-centra-bounce-the-aflw-move-that-has-gone-viral
  37. https://www.gaa.ie/my-gaa/getting-involved/gaelic-football
  38. https://ladiesgaelic.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Games-for-the-Solo.pdf
  39. https://www.aflinternational.com/international-rules/match-rules/
  40. https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-10/2024%2520Toyota%2520AFL%2520Open%2520Wheelchair%2520%2520By-Laws%2520Final%25202024.pdf
  41. https://play.afl/sites/default/files/2024-06/JuniorRules_May24_Final.pdf
  42. https://www.afl.com.au/aflw/about-aflw/rules
  43. https://sanfl-content.imgix.net/content/uploads/2025/11/03144529/SANFL-Womens-Competition-Regulations.pdf
  44. https://usafl.com/USAFL-Laws
  45. https://www.playafl.layercakedev.cloud/afl9s-rules
  46. https://www.aflinternational.com/footy9s/playing-fields/rugby/non-contact/
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