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Jiang (rank)
Jiang (rank)
Jiang (rank)
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Jiang
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese將
Simplified Chinese将
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinjiàng
Wade–Gileschiang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetTướng
Chữ Hán將
Korean name
Hangul장
Hanja將
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationjang
Japanese name
Kanji将
Transcriptions
Romanizationshō

Jiang (formerly romanized chiang and usually translated general or, for navies, admiral) is a general officer (or flag officer for navies) rank used by China and Taiwan. It is also used as jang in North and South Korea, shō in Japan, and tướng in Vietnam.

Chinese

[edit]

People's Liberation Army

[edit]

The same rank names are used for all services, prefixed by haijun (simplified Chinese: 海军; traditional Chinese: 海軍; lit. 'naval force') or kongjun (simplified Chinese: 空军; traditional Chinese: 空軍; lit. 'air force').

Rank group General/flag officers
Chinese 上将 中将 少将
Pinyin Shàngjiāng Zhōngjiāng Shàojiāng
Literal translation Upper commander Middle commander Lower commander
 PLA Ground Forces[1] General Lieutenant General Major General
 PLA Navy[1]
 PLA Air Force[1] General Lieutenant General Major General
People's Armed Police[1] General Lieutenant General Major General
上将
Shàngjiāng		 中将
Zhōngjiāng		 少将
Shàojiāng
Rank group General/flag officers

Dajiang

[edit]

Under the rank system in place in the PLA in the era 1955–1965, there existed the rank of dajiang (Chinese: 大将; lit. 'Grand commander'). This rank was awarded to 10 of the veteran leaders of the PLA in 1955 and never conferred again. It was considered equivalent to the Soviet rank of army general. The decision to name the equivalent rank yiji shangjiang (Chinese: 一级上将; lit. 'Upper commander first class') when it was briefly re-established in 1988-1994 was likely due to a desire to keep the rank of dajiang an honorary one awarded after a war, much as General of the Armies in the United States Army. It was offered to Deng Xiaoping who declined the new rank. Thus it was never conferred and scrapped in 1994.

Republic of China Armed Forces

[edit]
Main article: Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia
Rank group General/flag officers
Chinese 一級上將 二級上將 中將 少將
Pinyin Yiji shangjiang Erji shangjiang Zhongjiang Shaojiang
Literal translation First class upper commander Second class upper commander Middle commander Lower commander
 Republic of China Army[2]
Translation[3] Full general General Lieutenant general Major general
 Republic of China Navy[2]
Translation[3] Full admiral Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral
 Republic of China Air Force[2]
Translation[3] Full general General Lieutenant general Major general
 Republic of China Marine Corps[2]
Translation[3] General Lieutenant general Major general
一級上將
Yiji shangjiang		 二級上將
Erji shangjiang		 中將
Zhongjiang		 少將
Shaojiang
Rank group General/flag officers

Japanese variant

[edit]

The same rank names are used for all services, prefixed by riku (Japanese: 陸, lit. 'land'), kai (Japanese: 海, lit. 'sea') or kū (Japanese: 空, lit. 'air'). The rank insignia of the Bakuryōchō-taru-shō (Japanese: 幕僚長たる将) was enacted on December 1, 1962, and before that, it was the same three-star as other Shō (Japanese: 将). The English notation of the Shō in the English version of the Defense White Paper until 2024 is as follows.

  • Tōgōbakuryōchō-taru-Rikusho, Kaishõ,mata-ha Kũshō (Japanese: 統合幕僚長たる陸将、海将または空将) GEN, ADM or Gen serving as Chief of Staff Joint Staff Office.
  • Rikujōbakuryōchō-taru-Rikushō (Japanese: 陸上幕僚長たる陸将) General serving as JGSDF Chief of Staff.
  • Rikushō (Japanese: 陸将) General.
  • Kaijōbakuryōchō-taru-Kaishō (Japanese: 海上幕僚長たる海将) Admiral serving as JMSDF Chief of Staff.
  • Kaishō (Japanese: 海将) Vice Admiral.
  • Kōkūbakuryōchō-taru-Kũshō (Japanese: 航空幕僚長たる空将) General serving as JASDF Chief of Staff.
  • Kūshō (Japanese: 空将) General.
Rank group General/flag officers
Japanese 幕僚長および統合作戦司令官たる将 将 将補
Romanization Bakuryōchō-oyobi-Tōgōsakusenshireikan-taru-shō Shō Shō-ho
Literal translation Commander serving as Chief of staff
and
Commander in chief of the JSDF Joint Operations Command		 Commander Supplementary commander
 Japanese Army[4] General Lieutenant General Major General
U.S. equivalent[5] General Lieutenant general Major general
 Japanese Navy[4]
U.S. equivalent[5] Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral
 Japanese Air Force[4]
U.S. equivalent[5] General Lieutenant general Major general
幕僚長および統合作戦司令官たる将
Bakuryōchō-oyobi-Tōgōsakusenshireikan-taru-shō		 将
Shō		 将補
Shō-ho
Rank group General/flag officers

Korean variant

[edit]
See also: Comparative military ranks of Korea
Jang
Hangul
장
Hanja
將
Revised Romanizationjang
McCune–Reischauerchang

North Korea

[edit]
Rank group General/flag officers
Hangul 대장 상장 중장 소장
Hanja 大將 上將 中將 少將
Romanization Daejang Sangjang Chungjang Sojang
Literal translation Grand commander Upper commander Middle commander Lower commander
 Korean People's Army Ground Force[6] Captain general Superior general Middle general Junior general
Army general Colonel general Lieutenant general Major general
 Korean People's Navy[6]
Admiral of the Fleet Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral
 Korean People's Army Air Force[6] Captain General Superior General Middle General Junior General
Army general Colonel general Lieutenant general Major general
대장
Daejang 		상장
Sangjang 		중장
Chungjang 		소장
Sojang
Rank group General/flag officers

South Korea

[edit]
Rank group General/flag officers
Hangul 대장 중장 소장 준장
Hanja 大將 中將 少將 准將
Romanization Daejang Jungjang Sojang Junjang
Literal translation Grand commander Middle commander Lower commander Given commander
Armed Forces[7]
English translation
(Army)[8] 		General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
English translation
(Navy)[8] 		Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Rear admiral
(lower half)
English translation
(Air Force)[8] 		General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
English translation
(Marine Corps) 		General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
대장
Daejang 		중장
Jungjang 		소장
Sojang 		준장
Junjang
Rank group General/flag officers

Vietnamese variant

[edit]
Main article: Vietnamese military ranks and insignia
Rank group General/flag officers
Vietnamese Đại tướng Thượng tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng
Chữ Hán 大將 上將 中將 少將
Literal translation Grand general Upper general Middle general Lower general
 Vietnam People's Ground Force[9]
Translation[10] Army general Colonel general Lieutenant general Major general
 Vietnam People's Air Force[9]
Translation[10] Colonel general Lieutenant general Major general
Vietnamese Đại tướng Thượng tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng
Rank group General/flag officers

South Vietnamese variant

[edit]
Main article: South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia
Rank group General/flag officers
Vietnamese Thống tướng Đại tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng Chuẩn tướng
Chữ Hán 統將 大將 中將 少將 准將
Literal translation Master general Grand general Middle general Lower general Quasi-general / Rear - general
 Army of the Republic of Vietnam
(1967-1975)[11]
Translation[11] General of the Army General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
 Republic of Vietnam Marine Division
(1967-1975)
Translation Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
 Republic of Vietnam Air Force
(1967-1975)[11]
Translation[11] General of the Air Force General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general
Vietnamese Thống tướng Đại tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng Chuẩn tướng
Rank group General/flag officers

See also

[edit]

Ranks used in Chinese character-using countries

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jiang (rank)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Jiang (將) is the designation for the general officer ranks in the of the , comprising the three highest commissioned officer grades: Shao Jiang (, NATO code OF-7), Zhong Jiang (, OF-8), and Shang Jiang (, OF-9). These ranks denote senior leadership positions, such as commanders or theater deputy commanders, and are distinguished by featuring a surmounted by a star, with the number of stars varying by grade (one star for Shao Jiang, two for Zhong Jiang, and three for Shang Jiang). The term "Jiang" derives from military terminology for high-ranking commanders and is applied uniformly across the PLA's , , , and rocket force branches, though naval and air force equivalents use prefixes like "Hai Jun" or "Kong Jun." The PLA's rank system, including the Jiang grades, was first established in 1955 under Soviet influence to formalize the corps following the founding of the . However, amid the political upheavals of the , all ranks were abolished on 1 June 1965 to emphasize ideological equality and eliminate perceived elitism within the military. The system was reinstated on 1 October 1988 as part of broader reforms to modernize and professionalize the PLA, creating a structured of 10 ranks across 15 administrative grades, with Jiang ranks occupying the uppermost tiers (grades 1–4). At reintroduction, the PLA commissioned 1,414 general s, including those in the Jiang categories, to fill key leadership roles. Beyond the mainland PLA, the Jiang rank structure is also employed in the Republic of China Armed Forces (Taiwan), where it similarly denotes major general (Shao Jiang), lieutenant general (Zhong Jiang), and general (Shang Jiang), reflecting shared historical roots in the National Revolutionary Army.

Overview

Etymology

The Chinese character 將 (jiāng) is a phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic component 爿 (pán, a piece of wood) with semantic components ⺼ (flesh) and 寸 (cùn, hand measure), evoking the idea of grasping or holding, which evolved to convey meanings of "will," "to lead," or "command," reflecting authority and direction in early usage. This evolved to convey meanings of "will," "to lead," or "command," reflecting authority and direction in early usage. By the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), particularly during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), 將 came to denote military commanders, marking a shift from earlier noble-led warfare to professional titles for campaign leaders. In this era, generals (jiang) held absolute command, symbolized by ceremonial axes (fuyue) and tallies (fujie) to legitimize orders, independent of the sovereign during active conflicts. This evolved into the compound term jiangjun (將軍) during the Qin (221–206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE–220 CE) dynasties, designating high-ranking officers in centralized imperial armies. Ancient texts like Sun Tzu's Art of War (Sunzi bingfa), composed around the 5th century BCE, reference jiang as one of the five essential factors (wu shi) for victory—alongside moral law (), heaven (), earth (di), and method (fa)—emphasizing the general's role as a strategic leader embodying wisdom, trust, humanity, , and strictness. Here, jiang describes capable commanders who must know themselves and the enemy, unify troops through rewards and punishments, and achieve victory without unnecessary battle, underscoring the term's association with decisive military intellect. The character 將 was borrowed into neighboring East Asian languages during periods of intense Chinese cultural exchange, notably the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), when Confucian, Buddhist, and administrative influences spread via diplomacy, trade, and migration. In Japanese, it became kanji 将 (shō), denoting "general" or "commander" in ranks like taishō (大将, great general), adapted for imperial guard systems in the Nara period (710–794 CE). In Korean, as hanja 將 (jang), it forms terms such as daejang (大將, commander-in-chief), integrated into military hierarchies influenced by Chinese models. Vietnamese adopted it as chữ Hán 將 (tướng), meaning "general," used in ranks like trung tướng (中將, lieutenant general), reflecting direct Tang-era governance and cultural assimilation in northern Vietnam.

General characteristics

Jiang ranks constitute a category of senior general officer positions within East Asian military traditions derived from Chinese nomenclature, encompassing equivalents from major general to full general and serving as the highest tier of commissioned officers above field-grade ranks. These ranks are characterized by their role in high-level operational and strategic command, distinguishing them from junior officers who focus on tactical units. In systems such as those of , the term "jiang" broadly denotes this elite stratum, with analogous adaptations in other nations including "jang" in Korea, "shō" in , and "tướng" in , reflecting shared historical influences. The common hierarchy comprises three primary grades: shao jiang (junior or ), zhong jiang (middle or ), and shang jiang (senior or upper general), though some traditions include a fourth supreme grade akin to in exceptional cases. This structure ensures a graduated progression in authority, with promotions based on merit, seniority, and political alignment in relevant systems. typically feature one to three stars arranged on shoulder boards or epaulets, often encircled by a semi-circular , with branch-specific prefixes such as "jun" for , "hai jun" for , and "kong jun" for to denote service affiliation. In terms of command roles, jiang officers oversee units at the division level or above, with shao jiang typically commanding divisions or brigades, zhong jiang managing corps or regional commands, and shang jiang directing theater-level operations or serving in joint staff positions involving strategic decision-making. These positions emphasize integrated warfare planning, resource allocation, and inter-service coordination. For international comparison, jiang grades align with NATO officer codes OF-7 (shao jiang) through OF-9 (shang jiang), facilitating interoperability assessments in multinational contexts.

Chinese military ranks

In the People's Liberation Army

In the (PLA), the jiang ranks constitute the highest tier of the officer corps, comprising shàojiāng (), zhōngjiāng (), and shàngjiāng (general). These ranks are distinguished by branch-specific prefixes, such as hǎijūn for naval officers (e.g., hǎijūn shàojiāng, equivalent to ) or kōngjūn for personnel (e.g., kōngjūn zhōngjiāng, equivalent to ). The system aligns with a 10-rank reinstated in 1988, where jiang grades correspond to senior command positions, typically from corps-level leadership upward, and promotions require Central Military Commission approval for ranks at or above zhōngjiāng. Insignia for jiang ranks consist of embroidered gold stars on shoulder boards—one for shàojiāng, two for zhōngjiāng, and three for shàngjiāng—set against a service-colored background (e.g., red piping for ground forces). Historically, the PLA's formal rank system originated in 1955 with a 15-rank structure modeled on Soviet precedents, but ranks were abolished in May 1965 amid the Cultural Revolution to promote egalitarian principles and eliminate perceived bourgeois influences. This left the military without official titles for over two decades, leading to command ambiguities exposed during the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War. Ranks were reintroduced in 1988 via regulations promulgated by the Central Military Commission, establishing the current framework; notably, the created rank of yiji shangjiang (senior general) has never been conferred to any officer. A special historical rank, dàjiàng (great general), was awarded in 1955 to 10 founding marshals of the PLA, equivalent to the Soviet Army general of the army, but it was abolished along with all ranks in 1965 and not revived. Recent developments under Chairman have significantly impacted jiang-level leadership, with anti-corruption purges expelling over 15 high-ranking officers between 2023 and 2025, including nine senior generals in October 2025—such as Central Military Commission Vice Chairman and Rocket Force Commander Wang Houbin—for corruption and disloyalty. These actions, part of a broader campaign targeting the Rocket Force and other branches, have disrupted command stability and prompted rapid reshuffles, exemplified by the promotion of General to vice chairman in October 2025 while First Vice Chairman remains in place to oversee reforms.

In the Republic of China Armed Forces

In the (ROCAF), the jiang ranks denote general officers and are structured into four grades: yījí shàngjiāng (full general, equivalent to four stars), èrjí shàngjiāng (general, three stars), (lieutenant general, two stars), and (major general, one star). These ranks apply across the , (as admiral equivalents), , and , with promotions governed by the Ministry of National Defense based on service length, , and evaluations. The insignia for jiang ranks feature silver stars arranged on shoulder epaulets, directly influenced by U.S. military designs adopted after to align ROCAF structures with allied standards. This system was retained from the original Republic of era, established in 1928 during the to standardize the , and underwent minor reforms in 1956 following the relocation to , without the abolition seen in other contexts during the exile. The yījí shàngjiāng rank, the highest, is reserved for key leadership roles such as the ; as of 2025, the active holder is Mei Chia-shu, who assumed the position in 2023. Unlike the People's Republic of China's three-grade jiang system, the ROCAF includes this supreme four-star grade to emphasize hierarchical clarity and operational command in a democratic framework. Approximately 310 jiang officers serve in 2025, comprising about 0.18% of the total 176,000 active personnel, with their roles centered on strategic defense planning against threats from the , including and joint operations.

Other national variants

Japanese

In the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), established in 1954 under the Self-Defense Forces Law to provide national defense within the constraints of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, the highest officer ranks draw from traditional East Asian military nomenclature inspired by the Chinese character jiàng (将), denoting generalship, but are adapted to emphasize a defensive, non-aggressive role. These ranks include Shōshō (major general), Chūjō (lieutenant general), and Taishō (general), each prefixed by branch-specific terms to reflect the JSDF's tri-service structure: Rikujō for the Ground Self-Defense Force, Kaijō for the Maritime Self-Defense Force, and Kū for the Air Self-Defense Force. For example, a ground forces general is titled Rikujō Taishō, while the maritime equivalent is Kaijō Taishō. This nomenclature was deliberately chosen to avoid the imperial-era term "gun" (軍), associated with the aggressive Imperial Japanese Army, thereby distancing the postwar force from pre-1945 militarism. The rank system, formalized in Chapter 5, Article 32 of the 1954 Forces Law, prioritizes operational efficiency in defensive scenarios over offensive command structures. for these ranks consist of gold stars (one for Shōshō, two for Chūjō, three for Taishō) on shoulder boards with a . JSDF general officers are restricted to defensive operations, including territorial defense, disaster relief, and support for international peacekeeping under UN mandates, with no authority for offensive actions abroad without legislative approval. As of 2025, the JSDF maintains approximately 260 general-level officers across all branches (OF-6 to OF-9), with Taishō limited to senior command roles, a figure bolstered by recent promotions amid heightened regional tensions in the and Japan's defense budget expansion, reaching approximately 1.4% of GDP in FY2024 and 1.8% in FY2025. In March 2025, Japan established the Joint Operations Command, appointing a Taishō as its first chief to enhance unified operations. The structure caps at Taishō, with no equivalent to a supreme or five-star rank; this highest grade is held by chiefs of staff, such as the Chief of the Joint Staff, ensuring unified command without imperial overtones.

Korean

In the Korean Peninsula, the rank of jiang (장, jang) manifests in the general officer grades of both the (KPA) in and the (ROKAF) in , reflecting shared hierarchical traditions but diverging sharply due to ideological divides post-1948. 's system, influenced by Soviet models, features four grades of jang: daejang (general), sangjang (senior or upper general), chungjang (middle or lieutenant general), and sojang (junior or major general), topped by the supreme honorary rank of (grand marshal), reserved exclusively for the Kim family leaders such as Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un. In contrast, 's NATO-aligned structure, shaped by U.S. influences, includes daejang (general), jungjang (), sojang (), and junjang (), emphasizing operational with allied forces. Insignia in incorporate red stars and communist motifs like the within national emblems, symbolizing ideological commitment, while South Korean generals wear gold stars on a dark green background for uniforms, aligning with Western-style . Historically, both systems trace roots to the Japanese colonial period (1910–1945), when Korean forces adopted Imperial Japanese ranks; post-division in 1948, prioritized political loyalty to the through rank assignments, often granting honorary jang titles for regime devotion, whereas South Korea reformed toward democratic, alliance-focused structures to enhance U.S.-ROK coordination. As of 2025, maintains approximately 100 jang officers amid frequent leadership purges and rotations to ensure loyalty, exemplified by recent changes in KPA corps commands. fields around 370 general officers across services, with promotions in 2025—including a full replacement of the seven four-star positions—often linked to exercises like Ulchi Freedom Shield, bolstering combined readiness against regional threats. In November 2025, the ROK promoted 20 officers to in a major reshuffle to enhance leadership stability. This contrast underscores 's use of ranks for internal control via honorary elevations absent in the merit- and performance-driven system.

Vietnamese

In the Vietnam People's Army (VPA), the general officer ranks, known as tướng lĩnh, consist of four grades: Thiếu tướng (major general), Trung tướng (lieutenant general), Thượng tướng (senior lieutenant general or colonel general), and Đại tướng (general or army general). These ranks are regulated under the Law on Officers of the People's Army, originally enacted in 1999 and amended in 2014, with Đại tướng serving as the highest rank, typically reserved for top military and political leaders such as the Minister of National Defense. The Law on Officers was further amended in November 2024, adjusting retirement ages while capping general officers at 415 as of 2025. Insignia for these ranks feature gold stars on red epaulets for army personnel, with Thiếu tướng indicated by one star, Trung tướng by two, Thượng tướng by three, and Đại tướng by four. Prior to national unification, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in employed a five-grade system from to 1975, influenced by U.S. military structures: (brigadier general, one star), (major general, two stars), (lieutenant general, three stars), Thượng tướng (general, four stars), and Đại tướng (general of the army, five stars). These ranks used silver stars on a background for collars, mirroring U.S.-style insignia to align with allied forces during the . The adoption of these systems traces back to French colonial rule, where the term tướng (general) was introduced for senior officers, evolving separately in the North under communist influences and in the South through U.S. advisory support. Following the fall of Saigon in 1975, the ARVN was disbanded, and a unified rank structure was established in 1976 by merging southern forces into the VPA, standardizing the Soviet-influenced four-grade general system that emphasized hierarchical progression without a five-star equivalent. As of 2025, the VPA maintains approximately 415 positions, capped by recent amendments to the on Officers to optimize command efficiency, with no major structural changes since the 2010s reforms. Recent promotions, such as the elevation of Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Tan Cuong to Đại tướng on October 20, 2024, have prioritized strengthening maritime and border defenses amid tensions in the . This contrasts with the ARVN's U.S.-aligned star-based system, as the current VPA structure reflects Soviet-style uniformity with gold stars on red for ideological alignment in a unified communist force.

References

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  45. https://en.qdnd.vn/military/news/chief-of-general-staff-promoted-to-rank-of-general-571172
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