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Shastina
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Shastina
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Shastina is a satellite cone of Mount Shasta. It is the second youngest of four overlapping volcanic cones which together form the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Range. At 12,335 feet (3,760 m), Shastina is taller than Mount Adams and would rank as the third highest volcano in the Cascades behind Mount Rainier and Shasta were it not nestled on the western flank of its higher neighbor. Shastina has a topographic prominence of over 450 ft (137 m) above the saddle connecting it with Shasta and easily exceeds the typical mountaineering standard of 300 feet (91 m) for a peak to qualify as an independent summit, yet most lists of Cascade volcanoes omit it nonetheless. The name "Shastina" is a diminutive of Shasta.

Key Information

Shastina was formed during a VEI-4 eruption around 7650 BC that also involved activity at the summit of Mount Shasta and the Red Banks on Shasta's south flank.[3]

Geological features

[edit]

Shastina has the general form of a smooth-sided cone truncated by a one half-mile (0.8 km) diameter summit crater, but with several geological features which make it unique among other volcanoes in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. The most prominent feature when seen from lowland viewpoints is Diller Canyon, a large cleft carved into the western flank by pyroclastic flows and since expanded by erosion. It extends from the crater rim near 12,000 feet (3,660 m) down for over 7,000 vertical feet (2,100 m) towards the town of Weed in the valley below, and is by far the largest such feature found on any of the Cascade volcanoes. Unseen except by mountaineers and fliers are the three small crater lakes nestled among the cones and ridges of the summit crater, which rarely melt free of snow until late summer. Clarence King Lake at 11,755 ft (3,583 m) occupies the center of the crater, while Sisson Lake lies at 11,793 ft (3,595 m) on the eastern side. Highest of all is an unnamed lake at over 11,960 ft (3,645 m) on the south side of the cinder cone which forms Shastina's true summit. These lakes are the highest subaerial lakes in the entire Cascade Range, exceeded only by the subglacial lake beneath the ice of Mount Rainier's summit crater.

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Shastina 41.4095 N, 122.2231 W, Elevation: 11,877 ft (3,620 m) (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 25.2
(−3.8) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		25.1
(−3.8) 		28.5
(−1.9) 		36.8
(2.7) 		45.7
(7.6) 		55.7
(13.2) 		55.5
(13.1) 		50.7
(10.4) 		41.3
(5.2) 		30.0
(−1.1) 		24.8
(−4.0) 		36.9
(2.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 17.3
(−8.2) 		15.1
(−9.4) 		15.8
(−9.0) 		18.2
(−7.7) 		25.4
(−3.7) 		33.3
(0.7) 		41.8
(5.4) 		41.4
(5.2) 		37.0
(2.8) 		29.7
(−1.3) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		17.3
(−8.2) 		26.2
(−3.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 9.5
(−12.5) 		6.3
(−14.3) 		6.5
(−14.2) 		7.9
(−13.4) 		13.9
(−10.1) 		20.8
(−6.2) 		27.8
(−2.3) 		27.2
(−2.7) 		23.4
(−4.8) 		18.2
(−7.7) 		13.6
(−10.2) 		9.7
(−12.4) 		15.4
(−9.2)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 14.38
(365) 		13.45
(342) 		13.66
(347) 		7.69
(195) 		5.74
(146) 		2.77
(70) 		0.36
(9.1) 		0.39
(9.9) 		1.33
(34) 		5.94
(151) 		12.03
(306) 		20.07
(510) 		97.81
(2,485)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[4]

Climbing and skiing

[edit]

Shastina is most commonly and easily climbed via the Cascade Gulch route, which ascends from Hidden Valley diagonally up to the Shasta-Shastina saddle, and then continuing up the eastern flank of Shastina's cone to its summit. For most mountaineers, it represents only a quick side trip on the downclimb after summiting Shasta. But for ski mountaineers, Shastina presents a reasonable climb in its own right in return for several exceptional ski descents, including Diller Canyon, the North Face, and the South Face.

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Shastina

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Shastina is a prominent subsidiary stratocone and satellite cone of the stratovolcano Mount Shasta in the southern Cascade Range of northern California, rising to an elevation of 3,758 meters (12,330 feet) with its summit approximately 1.6 kilometers west of Mount Shasta's summit, while the cone itself lies about 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) west of the main summit. It forms a distinctive "shoulder" on the volcano's western flank and has a total volume of approximately 13.5 cubic kilometers, making it one of the largest features of its kind associated with Mount Shasta. Geologically, Shastina consists primarily of andesite-dacite lavas with an average silica content of 63 weight percent, erupted from a central vent during a brief but intense period of activity. Its formation occurred around 10,700 calibrated years (cal. yr B.P.), or approximately 8,700 BCE, following the Red Banks eruption of about 200 years earlier, with Shastina's own eruptive phase lasting roughly 200 years. This activity postdates the main cone's growth and predates the formation of nearby Black Butte, highlighting Shastina as the second-youngest of 's four overlapping volcanic cones. The cone's structure includes a summit crater enlarged by explosive eruptions, filled with four dacite domes, and evidence of pyroclastic flows from both the central vent and a secondary vent on its northern flank. Shastina's rapid construction during the epoch exemplifies vigorous, voluminous volcanism in the Cascade arc, providing critical insights into the region's eruptive hazards and the dynamic evolution of composite volcanoes. At its height, Shastina would rank as the third-highest peak in the if considered independently, surpassing Mount Adams but subordinate to Mounts Rainier and Shasta.

Geography

Location and Access

Shastina is located at coordinates 41°24′33″N 122°13′25″W in Siskiyou County, , . It forms a prominent satellite cone on the western flank of the larger , positioned approximately 3 km (1.8 mi) from the main summit. This positioning places Shastina within the southern , a volcanic province characterized by rugged terrain and high elevations. The cone lies entirely within the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, encompassing over 2.1 million acres of protected wilderness and forested lands in the region. It is situated roughly 10 km (6 mi) northwest of Mount Shasta City, a small community serving as a gateway for regional and outdoor activities. Interstate 5, the major north-south highway along California's western edge, passes approximately 15 km (9 mi) east of Shastina, providing convenient vehicular access for visitors traveling through the area. Access to Shastina primarily occurs via the Bunny Flat at an elevation of 2,120 m (6,950 ft), which serves as the starting point for routes on the western and southern flanks of , including approaches to the satellite cone. This trailhead is reached by driving west from Mount Shasta City along Lake Street, which transitions into the Everitt Memorial Highway (County Road A10), a 19 km (12 mi) paved route that climbs gradually through coniferous forests. Entry into the Shasta-Trinity National Forest requires a free wilderness permit for overnight stays in the Mount Shasta Wilderness area, available online or at ranger stations, while a separate summit permit is mandatory for climbs exceeding 3,048 m (10,000 ft) to monitor visitor impact and safety. The Everitt Memorial Highway typically closes seasonally from late fall to early summer due to heavy snow accumulation, often rendering Bunny Flat inaccessible by vehicle until snowmelt in April or May, at which point alternative winter access may involve snowshoeing or skiing from lower elevations.

Topography and Elevation

Shastina reaches a summit elevation of 3,758 meters (12,330 feet), establishing it as the second-highest peak within the volcanic complex after the main . As one of four overlapping volcanic edifices that collectively form the larger of , which attains 4,322 meters (14,179 feet), Shastina contributes significantly to the overall height and mass of the 350 cubic kilometer structure. The cone exhibits a broad morphology, characterized by a prominent crater approximately 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) in diameter, with surrounding ridges that define its conical profile rising over 1,800 meters (6,000 feet) in the final few kilometers from the base. A key topographic feature is Diller Canyon, a deep chute and incised into the western flank, which channels drainage and highlights the erosional sculpting of the cone's slopes. Shastina's topographic prominence measures approximately 137 meters (450 feet) above the saddle connecting it to Mount Shasta's main cone at around 3,620 meters (11,860 feet), qualifying it as a distinct peak under standard criteria. Positioned on the western flank of the complex, it overlooks the Shasta Valley to the east and the to the west, providing expansive vistas that underscore its isolation within the regional terrain.

Geology

Formation and Composition

Shastina is a and the second youngest of the four major cones comprising the volcanic center in the of . It formed during a brief but intense eruptive episode approximately 10,700 calendar years (cal yr B.P.), spanning roughly 200 years, which postdated the Red Banks fall from the main vent around 10,900 cal yr B.P. This activity built the cone primarily through effusive eruptions of lava from a central vent on the west flank of the older edifice, with minor contributions from a single flank vent, resulting in overlapping growth with preceding cones such as Misery Hill. As part of the broader volcanic arc driven by of the Juan de Fuca plate, Shastina's development exemplifies the region's pattern of composite construction via repeated to intermediate magmatism. The cone's structure includes a steep-sided edifice rising to an elevation of 3,758 m (12,330 ft), with its summit featuring a crater approximately 175 m in diameter, now partially occupied by Sisson Lake, formed through explosive enlargement late in the eruptive sequence. This crater likely resulted from either gravitational collapse or a phreatomagmatic explosion, accompanied by the emplacement of four small dacite domes within it during the final stages of activity. The total volume of Shastina is estimated at about 13.5 km³, dominated by thick lava flows that radiated outward from the vents. Shastina's composition is predominantly andesitic to dacitic, with lavas averaging 63 wt% SiO₂ and exhibiting minimal petrographic variation, including sparse phenocrysts in a glassy groundmass. The summit domes and late-stage flows are the most silicic, reaching ≥64 wt% SiO₂ with relatively low K₂O content, while earlier flows are slightly less evolved andesites. Minor pyroclastic materials, including and deposits, are interbedded with the lavas, derived from phases linked to the formation, though effusive processes account for the majority of the cone's mass.

Eruptive History

Shastina's formation occurred during a brief but vigorous eruptive episode ca. 10,700 cal yr B.P., contemporaneous with the nearby Black Butte cone and postdating the Red Banks pumice eruption by about 200 years. This period produced significant volumes of andesite-dacite lava flows that built the cone's structure, alongside pyroclastic deposits from explosive phases that extended into surrounding drainages like Diller Canyon. The eruption marked a vigorous period of flank volcanism within Mount Shasta's broader Holocene activity, contributing to the construction of Shastina as a prominent parasitic cone on the mountain's west side. The entire episode lasted roughly 200 years, after which no further eruptions are recorded at Shastina. No eruptions have been recorded at Shastina in historical time (post-1500 CE), distinguishing it from the main summit, which has seen more recent activity around 3,200 years ago. Within the eruptive cycles of , Shastina's activity represents a shift toward flank-centered following earlier summit-dominated phases, with its ~13.5 km³ volume indicating a brief but intense episode relative to the overall edifice. This flank development underscores the interconnected plumbing system beneath the , where future eruptions at Shastina could be triggered by renewed activity at the main vent. As part of the Cascade Range's , Shastina is monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) through the Cascades Volcano Observatory, which tracks seismic signals, ground deformation, and gas emissions to assess potential unrest linked to the shared magmatic system.

Climate and Ecology

Climate Characteristics

Shastina lies within an zone, exhibiting characteristics marked by heavy snowfall and cold temperatures year-round. This climate is strongly influenced by moisture-laden Pacific storms that deliver orographic precipitation to the western flanks of the , while the range's effect creates drier conditions on the eastern side. At Shastina's elevation, temperatures are significantly colder than at lower elevations, with winter months featuring subfreezing means and summer months averaging in the 40s °F (4-9 °C), reflecting the harsh high-altitude environment. Extreme conditions include winter lows well below 0°F (-18°C) and summer highs rarely exceeding 60°F (16°C), with rapid fluctuations common due to exposure. Winters span to May, featuring persistent accumulation from frequent storms and subfreezing conditions that limit melt until late spring. Summers are brief and relatively mild but prone to clear mornings giving way to afternoon thunderstorms, with wind speeds frequently surpassing 50 mph (80 km/h) on exposed ridges and summits. Microclimate variations are pronounced, with the and upper slopes experiencing colder temperatures and stronger winds than the lower flanks owing to greater and less from prevailing . Annual totals emphasize the snowy regime, often exceeding 300 inches (760 cm) in water equivalent within the alpine zone.

Flora and Fauna

The of Shastina, situated at high elevations on the western flank of , transitions through distinct vegetation zones shaped by altitude and volcanic substrates. Below the timberline at approximately 8,000 to 8,500 feet, forests dominate with species such as Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis), whitebark pine (), and lodgepole pine (), which thrive in the nutrient-poor, well-drained soils derived from andesitic volcanics. Above timberline, the landscape shifts to characterized by low-growing cushion , including sedges ( spp.), grasses, and colorful wildflowers such as lupine ( spp., including the regionally notable Shasta lupine Lupinus shastensis) and Indian paintbrush ( spp.), which are adapted to short growing seasons and intense solar exposure. Near the at 12,330 feet, harsh conditions preclude large trees, favoring instead resilient, non-vascular like endemic mosses and lichens that colonize the rocky, volcanic terrains. The fauna of Shastina reflects its alpine setting, with species specialized for high-altitude survival amid sparse vegetation and extreme weather. Small mammals such as American pikas (Ochotona princeps) and yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) inhabit talus slopes and rocky outcrops, foraging on grasses and forbs while using burrows for ; pikas in particular show sensitivity to warming temperatures, with documented upslope range shifts and local extirpations as of the 2010s. Avian life includes Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), which play a crucial ecological role by caching whitebark pine seeds and aiding forest regeneration, as well as golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) that soar over the slopes in search of prey. On the lower slopes approaching Shastina, black bears (Ursus americanus) and ( hemionus) are occasionally observed, foraging in transitional forests, though their presence diminishes with elevation. Shastina's ecosystems form part of the broader biodiversity hotspot, supporting numerous plant species overall and fragile alpine meadows vulnerable to erosion from human foot traffic, which can compact soils and disrupt microbial communities in the layers. Wildlife here shows sensitivity to , with recent studies (as of 2024) indicating reduced snowcover persistence despite high snowfall winters, exacerbating stress. These interactions underscore the need for conservation to preserve the area's endemic and adapted biota.

Human Activities

Climbing Routes

The standard and easiest route to the of Shastina ascends via Cascade Gulch from the Bunny Flat trailhead at 6,950 feet, involving Class 2 over loose volcanic terrain and suitable for intermediate hikers with prior high-altitude experience. This approach follows the Avalanche Gulch route through Hidden Valley to the Shasta-Shastina saddle at approximately 11,857 feet, from where a short side trip leads to the 12,330-foot ; the side trip itself entails a short side trip of approximately 1.5 miles round trip involving about 500 feet of elevation gain over loose volcanic or snow slopes. The full route from Bunny Flat spans 4.5 miles one way with 5,400 feet of total gain, often completed as a , though crampons and an are recommended for snow slopes up to 45 degrees. Alternative routes offer more direct but steeper options. The Lightning Bolt Couloir, also accessed from Bunny Flat via Hidden Valley, provides a steeper ascent through moraines and boot-packing above 11,000 feet, classified as Class 3 with persistent snow requiring and crampons even in summer. A direct west face route from Hidden Valley involves steeper (Class 3) and firmer snow early in the day, with risks of slides on sun-softened slopes. On the western flank, the east side approach via Diller Canyon is glaciated and technical, demanding an and crampons for hard snow and formations, particularly in early season before full melt-out. All climbs require a free Mount Shasta Wilderness permit, available at ranger stations or self-issue kiosks, along with a $25 summit pass per person for travel above 10,000 feet, valid for up to three days and purchasable from the U.S. Forest Service or authorized vendors. As of 2025, there is no quota system in place for popular climbing routes, including Avalanche Gulch. Group sizes are limited to 10 people, and pack-out bags are mandatory. Optimal conditions occur in summer from June to October, when stable weather and reduced avalanche risk prevail, though snowfields can linger into late season on north- and east-facing aspects, necessitating training and gear. Key hazards include in and canyon sections, exacerbated by loose and warming temperatures, as well as acute mountain sickness (AMS) manifesting as , , and above 10,000 feet due to rapid elevation gain. Climbers should monitor weather for thunderstorms and start early to avoid soft snow hazards. Skiing variants, such as spring descents via Cascade Gulch or Diller Canyon, adapt these routes for with added transitions between and .

Skiing and Recreation

Shastina is a popular destination for , offering extensive descents from its 12,330-foot summit, particularly via Diller Canyon on the western flank, which provides a 7,000-foot vertical drop over 4.5 miles and is recognized as the largest such canyon in the . This route features steep slopes averaging around 35 degrees in the upper sections, making it suitable for advanced skiers, while and descents are common from the summit across open faces on the north and southeast sides. The area's vast, unmechanized terrain attracts enthusiasts seeking remote, powder-filled lines, with the southeast slopes via Cascade offering early-season corn snow conditions. The prime season on Shastina runs from to , supported by an annual of 15 to 20 feet at mid-elevations, though higher slopes can accumulate up to 25 feet or more in heavy winters. risks are significant due to the steep terrain and variable weather, necessitating essential safety equipment such as an beacon, , and for all outings. Conditions often transition to stable corn snow in spring, ideal for long descents, but climbers and skiers must monitor forecasts from the Avalanche Center to avoid wind slabs and wet slides. Beyond skiing, snowshoeing is accessible on lower trails around Shastina's base, such as those near Bunny Flat trailhead, providing gentler winter exploration through forested areas with minimal elevation gain. Guided backcountry ski tours are available through operators like Shasta Mountain Guides, which offer annual programs emphasizing safety and technique on routes including Diller Canyon. The Ski Park, located nearby on the mountain's southern flanks, serves as a base for introductory guided experiences before venturing into areas. Regulations in the Mount Shasta Wilderness prohibit mechanized transport, including snowmobiles, to preserve the natural environment, allowing only non-motorized activities like skiing and snowshoeing. Notable ski descents on Shastina include extreme lines skied by professional athletes in the , such as the full Diller Canyon run documented in , which combined a 5,000-foot vertical ski with challenging corn and rocky transitions down to 7,300 feet. These feats highlight the peak's appeal for high-consequence , with ongoing annual events like Shasta Mountain Guides' tours fostering skill development and community.

History and Significance

Etymology and Naming

The name Shastina is a form of "Shasta," incorporating the suffix "-ina" to denote "Little Shasta," reflecting its status as a volcanic cone adjacent to the larger . This naming convention draws from the broader etymology of "Shasta," which originates from the , an indigenous group of the region, though the precise linguistic derivation remains uncertain. The term "Shasta" itself was first recorded in European accounts in the early , applied to the mountain by explorer in 1827 to honor the local Native American inhabitants. The satellite cone now known as Shastina was first recognized and described as a distinct geological feature during the 1870 expedition to as part of the State Geological Survey, led by Josiah Dwight Whitney with significant contributions from geologist , who detailed its form as a "lesser cone" rising to approximately 12,000 feet. However, the specific name "Shastina" was not coined until later; it appeared formally on maps in 1883, solidifying its identification separate from the main peak. In popular and accounts, Shastina is sometimes affectionately referred to as "Shasta's ," emphasizing its subordinate yet prominent position within the volcanic complex. No distinct indigenous name for Shastina has been documented apart from those associated with the overarching landscape.

Cultural Importance

Shastina, as a prominent on the western flank of , forms part of the sacred landscape revered by including the Shasta, Okwanuchu (a subgroup of the Shasta), and , who view the broader Mount Shasta complex as a spiritual extension integral to their creation stories, legends, and religious practices. These groups traditionally utilized sites around the mountain for ceremonies focused on healing and vision quests prior to European contact, considering the area a place of powerful spiritual energy where individuals sought guidance from ancestral spirits and natural forces. European exploration of the region began in the 1820s, with trappers, led by , encountering —including its visible features like Shastina—during fur-trapping expeditions in 1827, marking the first documented non-indigenous observation of the landmark. During the 19th-century , Shastina and the surrounding mountain served as a key navigational landmark for miners traveling the , guiding prospectors through without direct settlements or major conflicts occurring on the cone itself due to its rugged, volcanic terrain. In contemporary contexts, Shastina contributes to 's symbolism in spirituality, where the area is perceived as an energy vortex facilitating meditation, healing, and spiritual awakening, attracting visitors for guided tours and retreats that bolster the local economy through tourism. The cone falls within the Mount Shasta Wilderness, designated in 1984 under the California Wilderness Act to preserve its ecological and cultural integrity, encompassing protections for indigenous sacred sites. Conservation initiatives by tribes such as the Shasta Indian Nation and non-governmental organizations like The Cultural Conservancy actively work to restrict development, restore access to traditional territories, and safeguard cultural sites around Shastina through easements and collaborative stewardship efforts. In 2024, 2,800 acres of ancestral land were returned to the Shasta Indian Nation, supporting cultural revival and protection of sacred sites in the region.

References

  1. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-shasta/science/formation-shastas-shoulder-shastina
  2. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article/16/5/1153/589665/The-remarkable-volcanism-of-Shastina-a-stratocone
  3. https://www.summitpost.org/shastina/151251
  4. https://en-us.topographic-map.com/map-xrtx5k/Shastina/
  5. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-shasta
  6. https://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/MS_Fact_Sheet_references_34pp.pdf
  7. https://www.fs.usda.gov/media/134728
  8. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/trailhead/bunny-flat
  9. https://www.siskiyoucounty.gov/publicworks/page/closures-and-delays
  10. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-shasta/science/geology-and-history
  11. https://shastaguides.com/articles/shastina
  12. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1396b/report.pdf
  13. http://www.bluetang.org/siskiyou/shasta/diller.htm
  14. https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2476
  15. https://hikemtshasta.com/shasta-valley-trails/lake-shastina-trail/
  16. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-shasta/science/geology-and-history-mount-shasta
  17. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70248820
  18. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1503/pdf/b1503_report.pdf
  19. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/united-states/mount-shasta
  20. https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr188/59_mount_eddy_rna.pdf
  21. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/page/seasonal-weather-history-mount-shasta
  22. https://www.skipark.com/public-relations
  23. https://www.fs.usda.gov/media/134474
  24. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3240253
  25. https://www.fs.usda.gov/media/134377
  26. https://www.fs.usda.gov/psw/publications/millar/psw_2015_millar001.pdf
  27. https://shastascenes.com/around-mount-shasta/wildlife-abounds-around-mount-shasta/
  28. https://glacierchange.blog/2024/10/20/depsite-high-winter-snowfall-mount-shasta-2024-glacier-snowcover-extent-low/
  29. https://hikingwithtj.com/shastina-08-20-2021/
  30. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/climbing-route-trailhead-conditions/shastina-climb-12330
  31. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/climbing-route-trailhead-conditions/diller-canyon-and-south-side-shastina-12330
  32. https://www.fs.usda.gov/r05/shasta-trinity/recreation/mt-shasta-wilderness
  33. https://thefifthseason.com/mountain-permits/
  34. https://www.shedreamsofalpine.com/blog/2017/7/7/mount-shasta-avalanche-gulch-route
  35. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/overall-climbing-conditions/08-22-22-general-conditions-climbing-information
  36. https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/mount-shasta-climbing-guide-17215984.php
  37. https://turns-all-year.com/trip-reports/june-11-2005-shastina-diller-canyon
  38. https://www.onthesnow.com/california/mount-shasta-board-ski-park/historical-snowfall
  39. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/overall-climbing-conditions/10-19-24-general-conditions-climbing-information
  40. https://www.shastaavalanche.org/climbing-advisory
  41. https://thefifthseason.com/outdoor-recreation-hub/winter-sports-guide/snowshoeing/
  42. https://shastaguides.com/skishasta
  43. https://www.skipark.com/
  44. https://wilderness.net/visit-wilderness/?ID=397
  45. https://turns-all-year.com/trip-reports/june-11-2005-diller-canyon-mt-shasta
  46. https://shastaguides.com/
  47. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/cvo/Historical/naming_mount_shasta.shtml
  48. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1871/12/shasta/630623/
  49. https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/2018-07/Mount%20Shasta.pdf
  50. https://sacredsites.com/americas/united_states/mt_shasta.html
  51. https://icmagazine.org/indigenous-peoples/shasta/
  52. https://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/AB_Ch7.pdf
  53. https://mountshastabedandbreakfast.com/history-of-the-ranch/
  54. https://www.npr.org/2015/06/07/412098380/a-mountain-of-many-legends-draws-spiritual-seekers-from-around-the-globe
  55. https://www.fs.usda.gov/r05/shasta-trinity/wilderness
  56. https://www.nativeland.org/historical-projects-and-accomplishments
  57. http://shastaindiannation.org/
  58. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/language-and-linguistics/shasta
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