Sapindus

Sapindus
	Sapindus marginatus shrubs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Sapindaceae
Tribe:	Sapindeae
Genus:	Sapindus; L.
Type species
	Sapindus saponaria; L.
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Dittelasma Hook.f.

Sapindus is a genus of about thirteen species of shrubs and small trees in the lychee family, Sapindaceae and tribe Sapindeae. It is native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. The genus includes both deciduous and evergreen species. Members of the genus are commonly known as soapberries^[3] or soapnuts because the pulp of the fruit is used to make soap and shampoo The generic name is derived from the Latin words sapo, meaning "soap", and indicus, meaning "of India".^[4]

The leaves are alternate, 15–40 cm (5.9–15.7 in) long, pinnate (except in S. oahuensis, which has simple leaves), with 14–30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each flower small, creamy white. The fruit is a small leathery-skinned drupe 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) in diameter, yellow ripening blackish, containing one seed. Fossils date back to the Cretaceous.^[5]^[6]

Uses

The drupes (soapnuts) contain saponins, which have surfactant properties, being used for washing by ancient Asian and American peoples.^[7]^[8] A number of other uses for Sapindus have also been reported such as making arrows from the wood and decorative objects from the seeds.^[9]

Folk medicine

Leaf and fruit extracts of Sapindus have historically been used in folk remedies to treat various conditions.^[10]

Insecticide

Sapindus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) species including Endoclita malabaricus. Kernel extracts of soapnut disrupt the activity of enzymes of larvae and pupae and inhibit the growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an important vector of viral diseases.^[11]

Dyeing process

Soapnut is used as a scouring agent for preparation of coloring fibers such as the yarn of Tussar silk and cotton.^[12]

Species

The number of species is disputed between different authors, particularly in North America where between one and three species are accepted. As of February 2024^[update], Plants of the World Online includes:^[13]

Sapindus chrysotrichus Gagnep. (southern Vietnam)
Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. (China, India)
Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn. (US: Arizona to SE. Colorado and Louisiana)
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl (Southern Asia)
Sapindus lippoldii I.M.Turner (Cuba)
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. – Indian Soapberry (India and the Himalayas east to Indochina and Japan)
Sapindus oahuensis Hillebr. ex Radlk. – Lonomea (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaii)
Sapindus rarak DC. (Southeast Asia)
Sapindus saponaria L. – 4 subspecies, previously considered as 2:
1. "S. s. var. drummondii" (Hook. & Arn.) L.D.Benson – Western Soapberry (southwestern US, Mexico) is S. drummondii
2. S. s. var. saponaria – Wingleaf Soapberry (southeastern US, Caribbean, island of Hawaiʻi, Central, South America);
  Sapindus marginatus Willd. – Florida Soapberry – included here.
Sapindus sonlaensis H.M.Tam, N.K.Khoi, N.T.Cuong & T.B.Tran (Sơn La, NW Vietnam)
Sapindus tomentosus Kurz – China
Sapindus trifoliatus L. – South India Soapnut or Three-leaf Soapberry: Southern India, Pakistan (synonym S. laurifolius Vahl = "Ritha")
Sapindus vitiensis A.Gray (American Samoa, Samoa, Fiji)^[3]^[14]^[15]

Formerly placed here

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh. (as S. fruticosus Roxb.)
Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh. (as S. senegalensis Juss. ex Poir.)
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. (as S. tetraphylla Vahl)
Talisia cerasina (Benth.) Radlk. (as S. cerasinus Benth.)
Talisia esculenta (A.St.-Hil.) Radlk. (as S. esculenta A.St.-Hil.)^[15]

References

^ "Sapindus L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ "Genus: Sapindus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
^ ^a ^b "Sapindus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2381. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
^ "Langley, north (Cretaceous of the United States)". PBDB.org.
^ Bell, W. A. (1957). "Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada Memoir. 293.
^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 601–603. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.
^ Rodríguez-Hernández, Diego; Barbosa, Luiz C.A.; Demuner, Antonio J.; De Almeida, Raquel M.; Fujiwara, Ricardo T.; Ferreira, Sebastião R. (November 2016). "Highly potent anti-leishmanial derivatives of hederagenin, a triperpenoid from Sapindus saponaria L.". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 124: 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.030. PMID 27569196.
^ "Soapberry (Sapindus) in Arizona" (PDF). Phytoneuron. November 2020.
^ Upadhyay A, Singh DK (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291.
^ "Soapnut, a mosquito repellent". Down To Earth. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
^ Deshmukh, Anjali; Bansal, Lekhika (2014). "Sapindus emarginatus Vahl as a natural scouring agent in dyeing of cotton with Carissa carandas leaf extract" (PDF). BioLife. 2 (2): 599–604. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-11.
^ Plants of the World Online: Sapindus Tourn. ex L. (retrieved 24 February 2024)
^ "Sapindus vitiensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
^ ^a ^b "GRIN Species Records of Sapindus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2010-11-01.

External links

Media related to Sapindus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sapindus at Wikispecies
Flora of India: Sapindus
Flora of Pakistan: Sapindus
Flora of China: Sapindus species list

[1] "Sapindus L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2010-01-13.

[GRIN-2] "Genus: Sapindus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-13.

[ITIS-3] "Sapindus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-11-01.

[4] Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2381. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.

[5] "Langley, north (Cretaceous of the United States)". PBDB.org.

[6] Bell, W. A. (1957). "Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada Memoir. 293.

[7] Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 601–603. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.

[Anti-leishmanial-8] Rodríguez-Hernández, Diego; Barbosa, Luiz C.A.; Demuner, Antonio J.; De Almeida, Raquel M.; Fujiwara, Ricardo T.; Ferreira, Sebastião R. (November 2016). "Highly potent anti-leishmanial derivatives of hederagenin, a triperpenoid from Sapindus saponaria L.". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 124: 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.030. PMID 27569196.

[SapindusAZ-9] "Soapberry (Sapindus) in Arizona" (PDF). Phytoneuron. November 2020.

[upadhyay-10] Upadhyay A, Singh DK (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291.

[11] "Soapnut, a mosquito repellent". Down To Earth. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28.

[12] Deshmukh, Anjali; Bansal, Lekhika (2014). "Sapindus emarginatus Vahl as a natural scouring agent in dyeing of cotton with Carissa carandas leaf extract" (PDF). BioLife. 2 (2): 599–604. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-11.

[POWO-13] Plants of the World Online: Sapindus Tourn. ex L. (retrieved 24 February 2024)

[14] "Sapindus vitiensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

[GRINSpecies-15] "GRIN Species Records of Sapindus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2010-11-01.

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Sapindus

Sapindus marginatus shrubs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Sapindaceae
Tribe:	Sapindeae
Genus:	Sapindus L.
Type species
Sapindus saponaria L.^[1]
Species
See text
Synonyms
Dittelasma Hook.f.^[2]