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Sobangcha (Korean: 소방차) is a South Korean three-member dance pop music group formed by Hanbat Planning. The group is composed of Kim Tae-hyung, Jeong Won-gwan, and Lee Sang-won. Former member Dun-woo left the group in 1990. Sobangcha was one of the earliest Kpop groups and served as a prototype for later groups which were influenced by its style.[1]

Key Information

The group debuted in 1987 with "Tell Her". In 1988, after recording the title song of the 2nd album, 《On the Phone》, Lee Sang-won worked for two weeks and then withdrew.[2] They disbanded in 1990 after the best album. After regrouping as original members in 1994, G Cafe was announced. They completely disbanded in 1996 after the fifth album. They re-formed in 2005 with two members.[3][4] In 2012, Jeong Won-gwan was re-recruited. That same year Lee Sangwon announced he would not continue as a member of Sobangcha.[5]

Discography

[edit]
  • Fire Truck Vol. 1 (1987)
  • Fire Truck Vol. 2 (1988)
  • Fire Truck Vol. 3 (1989)
  • KBS cartoon movie 'Wonder Kiddy in the Universe in 2020 (1989)
  • Best (1989)
  • Again (1995)
  • Fire Truck Vol. 5 Sobangcha 96 Forever (1996)
  • 05 Man's Life (2005)

Controversy

[edit]

Sobangcha was also criticized[6] for copying the Japanese group, Shonentai. In particular, "On the Phone Call", which was included in the second album in 1988 and received great popularity, was made by almost borrowing the composition and progression of the song from "Diamond Eyes" released by Boys' Generation in 1986, and even the costumes and dance were taken as it is.

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Sobangcha

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Sobangcha (소방차) is a South Korean boy group formed in 1987, recognized as one of the earliest examples of an idol dance pop act in the country's . The original trio consisted of leader and Kim Tae-hyung (born November 6, 1962), main vocalist Jung Won-gwan (born March 2, 1963), and maknae vocalist and dancer Lee Sang-won (born February 13, 1965). They debuted on April 20, 1987, under Hanbat Planning with their first album, Last Night's Story (어젯밤 이야기), which featured the title track of the same name and introduced dynamic choreography and pop sensibilities to Korean audiences. The group released five studio albums between 1987 and 1996, including hits like "Please Tell Her for Me" (그녀에게 전해주오) and "On the Phone" (통화중), blending upbeat dance tracks with romantic ballads that helped pioneer the structured idol system in . Despite facing challenges such as limited public acceptance for boy bands in the late , Sobangcha influenced subsequent acts by emphasizing synchronized performances and youth-oriented appeal, laying groundwork for the idol boom. After disbanding in the mid-1990s, two original members—Kim Tae-hyung and Lee Sang-won—reunited in 2005 for the remake Man's (05 Man's Life), targeting both nostalgic fans and a new generation with matured arrangements of their classics and new singles like "Necktie Budae." Their music, particularly "Story of Last Night," gained renewed popularity through its use in the 2015 drama , highlighting the group's enduring cultural footprint. Post-reunion, members pursued solo careers, with Jung Won-gwan notably transitioning into production and scouting talents for later groups like NRG.

Formation and early career

Formation

Sobangcha was formed in under Hanbat Planning, marking it as one of the earliest idol groups in the Korean music industry. The group emerged during a transitional period in South Korean pop music, where and rock dominated the charts, but there was growing interest in more dynamic performances influenced by Western pop and styles. Positioned as a pioneering trio, Sobangcha aimed to introduce synchronized and energetic stage presence to captivate audiences in the mid-1980s scene. The recruitment process focused on selecting talented young performers in their early 20s with strong skills in dance and , drawing from established backup dancers. Original members Kim Tae-hyung, Jeong Won-gwan, and Lee Sang-won were scouted from the "Jjakpoong" dance team on KBS's program, where they had honed their abilities as supporting performers for established artists. This selection emphasized not only technical proficiency in routines involving tumbling and mic handling but also visual appeal and group synergy to stand out in a ballad-heavy market. Initial training was overseen by producer Lee Ho-yeon, who played a key role in shaping the group's proto-idol structure through intensive preparation in , vocals, and performance. Under his guidance at Hanbat Planning—later connected to Daesung Enterprise through Ho-yeon's founding of the latter in —the members underwent focused development to blend pop melodies with acrobatic elements, setting the foundation for their innovative style. The name Sobangcha (소방차), translating to "fire truck," was selected to symbolize speed, urgency, and vibrant energy, aligning with the group's high-octane dance focus.

Debut

Sobangcha officially debuted on April 20, 1987, with their first Last Night's Story / Please Tell Her (어젯밤 이야기 / 그녀에게 전해주오), released under Hanbat Planning. The album marked the group's entry into the Korean scene as a three-member act, blending Western rhythms with Korean melodies. The title track, "Story of Last Night" (어젯밤 이야기), became their breakthrough hit, topping charts and generating significant media buzz among teenagers for its catchy, upbeat sound. Other notable tracks included "" (가랑비) and "Flying Migratory Birds" (날아가는 철새), contributing to the 's commercial success, which positioned it as a landmark release in early music. Promotions centered on live television appearances on major music programs, such as KBS's Show Special (쇼특급), where the group performed in November 1987. These shows highlighted their synchronized dance routines, featuring acrobatic elements like flips and somersaults, which set them apart from the ballad-focused solo artists dominating airwaves at the time. In an era with limited for idol groups, including nascent systems and production support, Sobangcha faced challenges adapting their innovative style to a market geared toward individual vocalists. Nonetheless, their emphasis on coordinated and visual established them as pioneers, laying groundwork for the structured format in Korean pop.

Members

Kim Tae-hyung

Kim Tae-hyung was born on November 6, 1962, in , . He attended Seoul Dapsimni Elementary School and Cheongnyang Middle School before graduating from Jungdong High School. Kim later studied electrical engineering at . Prior to his music career, he received dance training and performed as part of the backup dance team Jjakpoong on KBS's variety program March of Youth. As a founding member of Sobangcha, Kim served as the group's leader, , and primary choreographer, playing a pivotal role in developing their signature style of dynamic performances. He contributed significantly to the integration of acrobatic elements, such as flips and somersaults, which set the group apart during their 1987 debut era. His leadership helped guide Sobangcha through their initial rise to popularity with hits like "Last Night's Story" and "Tell Her." After Sobangcha's disbandment in the early 1990s, Kim launched a solo career, releasing his debut self-titled album Kim Taehyung in 1991. He followed this with a second solo album later in the decade and became involved in music production. In 1995, Kim founded his own entertainment company, Music Factory, where he served as CEO and produced notable idol groups, including NRG in 1997—which achieved success in China—and T.T.Ma in 1999. He participated in Sobangcha's 1994 regrouping for their fourth album and their 2005 reunion for the sixth album 05 Man's Life, marking a return to performing after years focused on behind-the-scenes work. In October 2025, Kim mourned the passing of his wife, Kim Kyung-ran, who died in the United States; he attended her cremation there before returning to . Today, Kim continues his career as a , , and , occasionally making media appearances related to his production ventures.

Jeong Won-gwan

Jeong Won-gwan was born in the early in 's Mapo-gu district, specifically at Gongdeok 5-geori, as the third son in a family of three boys and one daughter. Growing up in a working-class environment, he later moved to during his school years and attended Seoul Kyungshin High School before pursuing higher education to earn a . His family briefly immigrated to in 1979 amid economic hardships but returned to Korea shortly after due to challenges adapting to life abroad. Jeong entered the entertainment industry in the mid-1980s through connections in the music scene, introduced to Yoon In-seop at KBS by Joo Byung-jin during an informal audition-like showcase of his talents. Despite initial physical challenges, including weighing around 106 kg when he began serious training, he honed his skills by practicing late at night at venues like the "" club in . This dedication led to his recruitment into the pre-debut duo "Jjakgung" alongside Lee Sang-won, which evolved into the formation of Sobangcha with Kim Tae-hyung. Within Sobangcha, Jeong served as the lead dancer and a key vocalist, renowned for incorporating acrobatic elements into live performances that defined the group's dynamic style. His expertise in tumbling and high-energy , often performed alongside the other members, helped establish Sobangcha as pioneers of synchronized, physically demanding stage shows in Korean music. As the center position, he frequently took the spotlight in formations, contributing to the group's appeal through his versatile performance skills. Following Sobangcha's original disbandment in the mid-, Jeong pursued ventures outside the group, co-founding the production company Music Factory in 1996 with Kim Tae-hyung and playing a pivotal role in discovering and producing the boy group NRG in 1997. His involvement in later group activities remained limited; for instance, he declined participation in the 2005 reunion album due to contractual disputes. In the and early , he made occasional forays into with guest roles in television series such as Nonstop 2 (2000) and later Kill Heel (2022), while also appearing as a television personality. Among unique aspects of his career, Jeong's early struggles with weight and self-taught dancing at nightclubs highlight his perseverance, as he transformed from an aspiring performer into a staple of acrobatic . He has shared personal anecdotes, such as his birth weighing over 4 kg, which his jokingly said nearly cost her life, underscoring his resilient family background. Additionally, in , he married a woman 17 years his junior, crediting her family for their support in the union.

Lee Sang-won

Lee Sang-won was born on February 13, 1965, in , . He received his early at Ahyeon Elementary School and later attended Yewon School before graduating from Gyewon Arts High School, where he developed his skills. As the maknae of Sobangcha's original lineup, Lee served as a sub-vocalist, dancer, and rapper, contributing to the group's dynamic image through his energetic performances and visual appeal in promotional materials. His role helped enhance the trio's youthful and charismatic presence during their early promotions. Lee rejoined Sobangcha for their 1994 regrouping with the original members, participating in efforts to revive the group, though he departed again later that year. He returned for the 2005 reunion, co-releasing the sixth studio album 05 Man's Life alongside Kim Tae-hyung. After the 2005 activities, Lee focused on solo endeavors, including the release of his single album in 2017, marking a significant return to music after a decade. He has also made guest appearances on television, such as the 2012 episode of Running Man highlighting 1980s and artists.

Career

1987–1990: Initial success and popularity

Sobangcha's debut album, Story of Last Night (1987), marked their breakthrough with the lead single "Tell Her," a track that showcased synchronized choreography and youthful energy, quickly capturing the attention of Korean teenagers. The album's title track, "Story of Last Night," became a chart-topping hit, blending Western pop influences with Korean to appeal to a amid the trot-dominated scene. This release established the group as pioneers of idol , selling steadily and introducing coordinated group performances to mainstream audiences. Building on this momentum, the group's second album, On the Phone (1988), featured the upbeat title track of the same name, which further propelled their popularity through radio play and live stages. Despite an early challenge with internal dynamics—original member Lee Sang-won departed shortly after recording, leading to a brief hiatus and replacement by Do Gun-woo—the lineup stabilized, allowing Sobangcha to resume activities with renewed vigor. Their frequent appearances on KBS's Gayo Top 10 and other broadcasts, including acrobatic dance routines, helped grow a dedicated female fanbase, with fan clubs like "Burae Nara" forming to support concerts and events. However, they faced stiff competition from established artists such as and , whose ballad-heavy styles dominated airwaves and awards shows. By 1989, Sobangcha's third album, I Want to Love, included hits like "I Want to Love" and "Love Letter" and reinforced their status as early K-pop idols, influencing 1980s youth culture by promoting modern, dance-oriented entertainment over traditional genres. The group earned significant recognition, winning Singer of the Year at the KBS Music Awards in both 1988 and 1989 for their contributions to pop music innovation. Their endorsement deals, such as for Brufen Syrup and Konica Film, underscored their rising commercial appeal and cultural impact among young fans. Despite never securing a first-place win on major music programs, these milestones cemented Sobangcha's role in shifting Korean pop toward group idol dynamics.

1991–1996: Lineup changes, regrouping, and disbandment

Following the group's initial disbandment in 1990, Sobangcha remained inactive from 1991 to 1993, with members pursuing individual endeavors amid the evolving South Korean music landscape. During this hiatus, the original lineup—Kim Tae-hyung, Jeong Won-gwan, and Lee Sang-won—experienced no further changes, though earlier shifts had seen Lee Sang-won's brief departure in and the addition of temporary member Do Geon-woo for the second and third albums until 1990. In 1994, the original three members regrouped under their former label to attempt a comeback, marking a return to their acrobatic dance-pop roots after four years apart. They released their fourth studio album, Again, on November 12, 1994, featuring the lead single "G Cafe," a mid-tempo track composed by Joo Young-hoon with lyrics evoking nostalgic romance in a café setting. The album's promotions began promisingly, including a high-profile comeback performance on MBC's Sunday Sunday Night where they reprised their 1990 hit "Call Waiting" alongside "G Cafe," drawing attention from nostalgic fans. However, the track quickly faced plagiarism allegations for similarities to Japanese artist Kuwata Keisuke's 1988 song "Skipped Beat," sparking controversy that halted chart momentum and limited broadcast appearances; the group confronted composer Joo Young-hoon over the issue, but the dispute overshadowed the release, preventing it from achieving top rankings despite initial buzz. By 1996, amid waning interest in veteran acts, Sobangcha issued their fifth and final studio album, Sobangcha 96 Forever, on April 10, which included the title track "Chunam Era" (an upbeat critique of modern male struggles) and other singles like "Missing 1004" and "On the Phone." The album reflected attempts to adapt to contemporary sounds but saw diminished commercial performance compared to their peaks, as sales data from the era indicate it failed to recapture the teen fanbase shifting toward emerging idol groups like , debuting that same year. Internal factors, including members' growing solo aspirations—such as Lee Sang-won's production work and Jeong Won-gwan's TV hosting—contributed to the decision to disband permanently after this release, ending the group's activities without formal announcement beyond the album's closure.

2005: Reunion and final activities

In 2005, original members Kim Tae-hyung and Lee Sang-won reunited to revive Sobangcha, excluding Jeong Won-gwan who declined participation due to his commitments as a TV host and in business ventures. The reunion was proposed by Lee Sang-won, who viewed it as a final opportunity to perform after feeling inspired during overseas travel, while Kim Tae-hyung agreed out of his persistent passion for the stage despite initial reservations. Now in their forties, the duo approached the project with greater maturity and musical insight compared to their earlier years. The group released their sixth studio album, '05 Man's Life, on April 8, 2005, under a format emphasizing remakes of their classic hits from previous albums alongside four new tracks, such as " Budae," which explored themes of middle-aged corporate life. Promotional efforts included stage performances starting in early June 2005 and appearances on broadcasts, aimed at rekindling connections with longtime fans and introducing their music to younger audiences. The comeback evoked nostalgic enthusiasm from older fans, who greeted the duo with flowers and warm support during performances, but it achieved only limited commercial success amid skepticism from the public and online questioning the viability of their return at an advanced age. The members prioritized polished, experience-driven shows through rigorous rehearsals, marking their final group performances. Afterward, no additional collective activities occurred, as Kim and pursued separate individual careers.

Musical style and influences

Genres and performance elements

Sobangcha's music primarily encompassed infused with acrobatic performance elements, blending influences from rock, , and genres. Their sound featured upbeat rhythms and catchy melodies characteristic of pop, often incorporating trot's emotional expressiveness and city pop's urban flair, while elements added energetic guitar-driven backings. This fusion created a dynamic style that distinguished them as pioneers in music, emphasizing accessibility and visual spectacle over complex lyrical depth. Their performance style revolved around synchronized and high-energy dances, which were innovative for the era and included acrobatic maneuvers such as backflips and somersaults. These elements, performed by the three members in unison, highlighted physical prowess and group harmony, making their stage presence a central attraction that captivated audiences unaccustomed to such integrated dance routines in Korean music. The drew brief inspiration from Japanese boy bands, adapting similar high-impact moves to fit a Korean context. Over time, Sobangcha's style evolved from the youthful, upbeat tracks of their debut period to more mature and reflective sounds in their later reunions, incorporating themes of adult life and refined execution. Early performances focused on flashy, immature energy to appeal to young fans, while post-2005 activities emphasized polished, serious interpretations with deeper musical understanding and less reliance on extreme . Production remained rooted in live to support their dynamic live shows, produced under Hanbat Planning by chairman Yang Seung-guk.

Influences and criticisms

Sobangcha's formation and performance style were directly modeled after the Japanese idol group , a three-member that debuted in under Johnny's & Associates, incorporating similar acrobatic dance routines and vibrant visual aesthetics characteristic of 1980s idols. This influence extended to broader elements of Japanese teen-idol culture, where Sobangcha adopted bright, energetic performances blending dance with pop melodies to appeal to young audiences. In particular, their song "On the Phone" drew comparisons to Shonentai's style, contributing to early perceptions of derivation. The group's trot-rock fusion, which combined traditional Korean rhythms with rock-infused energy and arrangements, drew from the hybrid musical trends in East Asian pop during the era, including Japanese enka-trot crossovers that emphasized melodic accessibility and theatrical delivery. However, this heavy reliance on Japanese models led to perceptions of limited originality, with critics noting the direct emulation of Shonentai's and staging as overly derivative rather than innovative. A notable controversy arose in 1990 with their song "G Cafe" from the fourth album, accused of plagiarizing the Japanese track "Skipped Beat" by Kuwata Keisuke due to melodic similarities; the group and composer Joo Young-hoon denied direct copying, and the claim was not upheld after review. Over time, these critiques contributed to a nuanced legacy, where Sobangcha's pioneering role was acknowledged despite ongoing debates about authenticity in early K-pop's globalization.

Discography

Studio albums

Sobangcha's debut studio album, Last Night's Story (Korean: Eojetbam Iyagi), was released on April 20, 1987, marking the group's entry into the South Korean music scene as one of the earliest idol boy bands. The album featured key tracks such as the title song "Last Night Story" and "Tell Her" (Geu Nyeoege Jeonhaejuo), which showcased a blend of and dance elements that stood out for their energetic style and unconventional fashion visuals at the time. The group's second studio album, Fire Truck Vol. 2, arrived in 1988 and built on their debut momentum with hits like "On the Phone" (Tonghwajung) and "White Wind" (Hayan Baram). "On the Phone" served as the , topping charts and contributing to the album's strong performance, while the record highlighted Sobangcha's evolving sound amid lineup adjustments. The third studio album, SOBANGCHA 3, was released on August 1, 1989. It featured lead singles such as "I Want to Love" (Saranghago Sipeo) and "Love Letter", continuing the group's style with upbeat tempos and choreographed performances. Following a hiatus, Sobangcha returned with their fourth studio album, Again (also known as G Cafe), released on November 1, 1994, as a comeback effort after years of inactivity and member changes. The title track "G Cafe" (G Kape) emphasized mature themes of romance and , receiving mixed reception due to a cleared but marking the group's attempt to reclaim relevance in a shifting music landscape. The fifth studio album, Sobangcha 96 Forever, came out on April 10, 1996, serving as the final original release before the group's initial disbandment. Featuring the "Ugly Man Era" (Chunam Sidae), it explored themes of aging, relationships, and reflection, aligning with the members' transition into adulthood while retaining the group's signature upbeat pop style. In 2005, during a brief reunion, Sobangcha issued 05 Man's Life on April 8, which primarily consisted of remakes of their classic hits like "Last Night Story" and " Budae" (Nektai Budae), alongside four new tracks to appeal to nostalgic fans. The limited-release album focused on reinterpreting past successes for a contemporary , though it received modest attention compared to their output.

Other releases

In addition to their studio albums, Sobangcha released several notable singles and promotional tracks during the late , including "White Wind" (하얀 바람) in 1988, which served as a key promotional single from their second album era and achieved significant airplay on Korean broadcasts. Similarly, "I Want to Love" (사랑하고 싶어), often referred to in English contexts as "Love You," was released in as the lead single from their third album, highlighting the group's evolving sound with its upbeat tempo and choreographed performance. These singles, along with B-sides like "Top Secret" (일급 비밀) and "Tell Her" (그녀에게 전해주오), were standalone promotions that contributed to their popularity on music shows without full album tie-ins. The group also issued compilations in the 1990s, starting with The Best of So Bang Cha in 1989, a retrospective collection featuring nine tracks such as "On the Phone" (통화중), "White Wind," and "Heartbreaking Love" (가슴아픈 사랑), which captured their early hits and marked the lead-up to their initial disbandment. Later, Sobangcha 96 Forever (1996) served as a partial compilation and comeback effort, blending re-recorded classics like "On the Phone" with new material such as "Disappearance of 1004" (1004 의 실종) and "Era of Chasing Men" (추남 시대), reflecting a regrouping with updated production. Special releases included contributions to media tie-ins, notably the opening theme "Wonder Kiddy of the Universe" (우주의 원더키디) for the 1989 KBS animated film Wonder Kiddy in the Universe in 2020, a futuristic that aligned with the group's youthful image. During their regroupings, limited side projects emerged, such as B-sides and promotional tracks from live performances, though no major unreleased material was officially documented beyond these efforts. International releases were minimal, with no verified remixes or exports during their active period, though select tracks like "White Wind" gained minor regional recognition in .

Legacy and impact

Pioneering role in K-pop

Sobangcha holds a pivotal place in K-pop history as the first boy group to debut in South Korea in 1987, predating the widely recognized first-generation group H.O.T. by nearly a decade and laying early groundwork for the idol system that would define the genre. Emerging during a period dominated by trot music, the group played a key role in transitioning popular music toward a more structured idol model, blending vocal performances with coordinated visual elements to appeal to younger audiences. This shift marked a departure from solo trot singers, introducing group dynamics that foreshadowed the multi-member ensembles central to modern K-pop. The group's innovations included pioneering synchronized group , which integrated as an essential component of their upbeat, pop-oriented , drawing inspiration from Japanese teen-idol acts. As a trio, Sobangcha emphasized visually engaging routines alongside their , setting a template for the performance-driven style that became a hallmark of idols. They also advanced early fan engagement by cultivating a dedicated following among young women through stylish presentations and accessible live shows, exposing audiences to the concept of idol before it became institutionalized. Their manager, Lee Ho-yeon, later founded Daesung Planning (now ) in 1991, applying lessons from Sobangcha to produce influential acts like , which built directly on these foundational elements. Sobangcha's efforts helped validate as a commercially viable in the Korean music landscape, breaking barriers for ensemble-based idols amid a trot-heavy market and contributing to the professionalization of the industry. By demonstrating the appeal of Western-influenced pop with Korean flair, they paved the way for the systematic training and promotion models that propelled K-pop's global rise. In later years, Sobangcha has received recognition as pioneers in media retrospectives and cultural histories, often highlighted for their role in initiating the boy group era despite initial overshadowing by later acts. Their contributions are acknowledged in discussions of K-pop's evolution, underscoring their status as transitional figures who bridged traditional and contemporary pop structures.

Cultural references

Sobangcha's music has been prominently featured in South Korean dramas, most notably in the 2015–2016 tvN series , where their 1988 hit "Story of Last Night" (어젯밤 이야기) serves as the soundtrack for a memorable scene. In the episode, the male protagonists form a group called "Ssangmun-dong Sobangcha" and perform a synchronized to the song at Ssangmun Girls High School, capturing the era's youthful energy and contributing to the drama's nostalgic appeal. This inclusion sparked renewed interest in the group among younger audiences, leading to increased streams and discussions of their work as a hallmark of pop culture. The saw a wave of nostalgia-driven revivals for Sobangcha's catalog, including covers by contemporary artists and inclusions in retro playlists. Singer IU reinterpreted "Story of Last Night" on her 2017 remake album (꽃갈피 둘), transforming the original's upbeat into a vibrant, trot-infused track that highlighted the song's enduring party anthem status. The cover not only topped charts but also introduced the track to a new generation, emphasizing Sobangcha's role in bridging dance trends with modern sensibilities. Additionally, the group has been referenced in history segments within music programs and retrospectives, underscoring their foundational contributions to idol group formats. In broader Korean culture, Sobangcha symbolizes the exuberant spirit of youth, embodying the era's shift toward synchronized performances that energized urban amid rapid social changes. Their sharp and energetic stage presence in hits like "Story of Last Night" reflected the optimism and modernity of late- , influencing how captured the vibrancy of young life during and economic boom. This iconic status has led to occasional sampling and remixing in later tracks, though direct influences are more evident in homage covers that evoke the group's acrobatic, rock-tinged style. Sobangcha maintains a dedicated fan legacy through active online communities and commemorative events that celebrate their pioneering hits. Enthusiasts on platforms dedicated to retro share archival performances and discuss the group's impact, while anniversary milestones, such as the 2005 reunion album Men's Life featuring remakes, have drawn nostalgic gatherings. The 2016 drama concert further amplified this, with live renditions of their songs fostering intergenerational fan connections and reinforcing their place in cultural memory.

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  43. https://kbizoom.com/a-kpop-idol-who-was-once-as-popular-as-bts/
  44. https://en.namu.wiki/w/%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EC%B0%A8(%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%8C)/%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98
  45. https://hallyuplus.net/threads/history-of-dsp-media-1987-1997.4315/
  46. https://music.youtube.com/browse/MPREb_qbkZhBaRtrZ
  47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKwMVC3wSuM
  48. https://www.oldest.org/entertainment/k-pop-groups/
  49. https://www.allkpop.com/article/2023/07/the-firsts-in-k-pop-history-that-you-need-to-know
  50. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2017/05/03/etc/Nostalgia-fuels-return-of-forgotten-Kpop-pioneers/3032928.html
  51. https://www.soompi.com/article/822765wpp/if-you-cant-get-over-reply-1988-try-these-dramas
  52. https://www.soompi.com/article/829727wpp/reply-1988-holds-nostalgic-drama-concert
  53. https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/iu-bares-old-soul-flower-bookmark-2-album-7973925/
  54. https://thebiaslist.com/2017/09/23/song-review-iu-last-night-story/
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