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Streptobacillus moniliformis
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Streptobacillus moniliformis
Streptobacillus moniliformis is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome of S. moniliformis is one of two completed sequences of the order Fusobacteriales.
Its genus name comes from the Ancient Greek word στρεπτός : streptós for "curved" or "twisted", and the Latin word bacillus meaning "small rod." The specific name moniliformis means "necklace like". S. moniliformis is microaerophilic, requiring less oxygen than is present in the atmosphere for its growth.
S. moniliformis was first isolated from a rat-bitten man in 1914 by German microbiologist H. Schottmüller, who described it as Streptothrix muris ratti. In the United States during the year 1916, S. moniliformis was determined to be the causative source of rat-bite fever.
Some isolates of S. moniliformis have been collected from the upper respiratory tract of domestic and wild rats. Two known variants of S. moniliformis have been identified. The bacillary type is pathogenic. In contrast, the spontaneously occurring L-form, which lacks a cell wall and whose colonies grow in a "fried egg" formation, is non-pathogenic.
The bacterium S. moniliformis is a gram-negative pleomorphic rod occurring frequently in chains and tangled filaments with bulbous or Monilia-like swellings. The organism presents phenotypically as being facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, weakly ferments glucose and maltose, is catalase and oxidase-negative, does not reduce nitrate, and exhibits no growth on MacConkey agar. Morphologically, colonies of S. moniliformis are 1–2 mm in size, smooth, convex, non-hemolytic (varied presentation with an α-hemolysis is not uncommon) and gray in color. When cultured in broth, a typical "puff-ball" appearance is seen.
Streptobacillus moniliformis was previously classified under the family Fusobacteriaceae. It was later regrouped with three other genera: Sebaldella, Sneathia, and Leptotrichia. These four genera were classified under the family Leptotrichiaceae following comparative analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences and 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences among members of the phylum Fusobacteria. Identification of conserved signature indels unique to Fusobacteria and its primary clades as well as phylogenetic analysis of members of Fusobacteria based on concatenated sequences of 17 conserved proteins further support the distinction between the two families.
S. moniliformis was formerly classified as the only member of the genus Streptobacillus. However, Streptobacillus strains HKU33T and HKU34 were isolated in Hong Kong in September 2014. Streptobacillus HKU33T was found in pus isolated from the abscess of a 38-year-old patient with quinsy and HKU34 from the elbow joint fluid of a 64-year-old patient with septic arthritis. Following analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences found in members of Leptotrichiaceae and partial sequences of the recA, groEl, and gyrB genes present in both isolates, the two strains were taxonomically grouped under the novel species Streptobacillus hongkongensis sp. nov.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) sequenced the complete genome of S. moniliformis DSM 12112. It is made up of one circular chromosome of 1,673,280 base pairs as determined from a combination of Sanger and 454 sequencing. The mol% of guanine and cytosine in the DNA is 26.3% with 1,511 protein coding genes out of the 1,566 genes predicted. These low G+C values were previously only seen in members of the order Mycoplasmatales, which includes the genus Mycoplasma, indicating a relationship between Mycoplasma and S. moniliformis. However, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed this relation to be incorrect. S. moniliformis also has a single circular plasmid pSMON01 that is 10,702 base pairs long with 1,511 protein coding genes.
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Streptobacillus moniliformis
Streptobacillus moniliformis is a non-motile, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae. The genome of S. moniliformis is one of two completed sequences of the order Fusobacteriales.
Its genus name comes from the Ancient Greek word στρεπτός : streptós for "curved" or "twisted", and the Latin word bacillus meaning "small rod." The specific name moniliformis means "necklace like". S. moniliformis is microaerophilic, requiring less oxygen than is present in the atmosphere for its growth.
S. moniliformis was first isolated from a rat-bitten man in 1914 by German microbiologist H. Schottmüller, who described it as Streptothrix muris ratti. In the United States during the year 1916, S. moniliformis was determined to be the causative source of rat-bite fever.
Some isolates of S. moniliformis have been collected from the upper respiratory tract of domestic and wild rats. Two known variants of S. moniliformis have been identified. The bacillary type is pathogenic. In contrast, the spontaneously occurring L-form, which lacks a cell wall and whose colonies grow in a "fried egg" formation, is non-pathogenic.
The bacterium S. moniliformis is a gram-negative pleomorphic rod occurring frequently in chains and tangled filaments with bulbous or Monilia-like swellings. The organism presents phenotypically as being facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, weakly ferments glucose and maltose, is catalase and oxidase-negative, does not reduce nitrate, and exhibits no growth on MacConkey agar. Morphologically, colonies of S. moniliformis are 1–2 mm in size, smooth, convex, non-hemolytic (varied presentation with an α-hemolysis is not uncommon) and gray in color. When cultured in broth, a typical "puff-ball" appearance is seen.
Streptobacillus moniliformis was previously classified under the family Fusobacteriaceae. It was later regrouped with three other genera: Sebaldella, Sneathia, and Leptotrichia. These four genera were classified under the family Leptotrichiaceae following comparative analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences and 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences among members of the phylum Fusobacteria. Identification of conserved signature indels unique to Fusobacteria and its primary clades as well as phylogenetic analysis of members of Fusobacteria based on concatenated sequences of 17 conserved proteins further support the distinction between the two families.
S. moniliformis was formerly classified as the only member of the genus Streptobacillus. However, Streptobacillus strains HKU33T and HKU34 were isolated in Hong Kong in September 2014. Streptobacillus HKU33T was found in pus isolated from the abscess of a 38-year-old patient with quinsy and HKU34 from the elbow joint fluid of a 64-year-old patient with septic arthritis. Following analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences found in members of Leptotrichiaceae and partial sequences of the recA, groEl, and gyrB genes present in both isolates, the two strains were taxonomically grouped under the novel species Streptobacillus hongkongensis sp. nov.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI) sequenced the complete genome of S. moniliformis DSM 12112. It is made up of one circular chromosome of 1,673,280 base pairs as determined from a combination of Sanger and 454 sequencing. The mol% of guanine and cytosine in the DNA is 26.3% with 1,511 protein coding genes out of the 1,566 genes predicted. These low G+C values were previously only seen in members of the order Mycoplasmatales, which includes the genus Mycoplasma, indicating a relationship between Mycoplasma and S. moniliformis. However, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed this relation to be incorrect. S. moniliformis also has a single circular plasmid pSMON01 that is 10,702 base pairs long with 1,511 protein coding genes.
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