Stumped
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Stumped is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket of the striker while the striker is out of their ground.[1] It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket.[1]
Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease.
Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be affected by the wicket-keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. If the criteria for both stumped and run out are met, then the dismissal will be recorded as a stumping and credited to the bowler and wicket-keeper.[2]
As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the striker's end umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.
Practice
[edit]Stumping is the fifth-most-common form of dismissal after caught, bowled, leg before wicket, and run out,[3] though it is seen more commonly in shorter forms of the game such as Twenty20 cricket, because attacking batting leads both to batters more frequently losing their balance, and to deliberately leaving the crease to better strike the ball.
Most stumping dismissals are affected by the keeper "standing up" (i.e. able to put down the wicket by reaching out with the gloved hand holding the ball) and so are usually taken by a medium or slow bowler, especially a slower spin bowler. If the keeper is "standing back" to a faster bowler, the wicket-keeper may throw the ball at the stumps to remove the bails ("throw down the wicket") and is also credited with the stumping, although any other fielder throwing down the wicket would be a run out.
Stumping is often an intended consequence of the fielding team's setup and involves cooperation between bowler and wicket-keeper: the bowler draws the batter out of their ground, such as by delivering a ball with a shorter length to tempt the batter to step forward to create a half-volley, and when they miss the ball, the keeper catches it and breaks the wicket before the batter "makes their ground" (i.e. places the bat or part of their body on the ground back behind the popping crease).
If the bails are removed before the act of stumping (e.g by the keeper's foot), the batter can still be stumped if the wicket-keeper removes one of the stumps from the ground, while holding the ball in the hand or arm that is in contact with the stump.
A batter may be out stumped off a wide delivery,[4] in which case the batting team are still credited with the one run extra and both umpires are required to signal to the scorers: the bowler's end umpire signals the Wide, the striker's end, that the batsman is out.
A batter cannot be stumped off a no-ball (as stumped is credited to the bowler, the fielding team cannot benefit from the illegal delivery).
Notes:
- The popping crease is defined as the back edge of the crease marking (i.e. the edge closer to the wicket. Therefore, a batter whose bat or foot is on the crease marking, but does not touch the ground behind the crease marking, can be stumped. This is quite common if the batter's back foot is raised so that only their toe is on the ground.
- The wicket must be properly put down in accordance with Law 29 of the Laws of cricket: using either the ball itself or a hand or arm that is in contact with the ball at the point of breaking the wicket. A stumping is also valid if the ball merely rebounds from the wicket-keeper and breaks the wicket just as if the wicket had been thrown down.
- The wicket-keeper must allow the ball to pass the stumps before taking it, unless it has touched either the batter or his bat first (Law 21.9).[5] If the wicket-keeper fails to do this, the delivery is a no-ball, and the batter cannot be stumped (nor run out, unless he attempts to run to the other wicket[6]).
- If the striker is injured and has a runner (no longer permitted in international cricket or many professional competitions, but within the unmodified Laws of Cricket), the runner leaves their crease and the wicket is put down for what would otherwise be a stumping, the striker is run out, not stumped.
Records
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References
[edit]- ^ a b "Law 39 (Stumped)". Marylebone Cricket Club. 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ^ "Law 39.1.2". MCC. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ "Analysing Test dismissals across the ages". ESPNcricinfo. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Ask Steven: Cricketing MPs, and stumped off a wide". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "MCC - No ball". MCC. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Law 38 – Run out". MCC. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ "Test matches – Wicketkeeping records – Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
- ^ "One Day International matches – Wicketkeeping records – Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
- ^ "Twenty20 International matches – Wicketkeeping records – Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
- ^ "Women Test matches | Wicketkeeping records | Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Women ODI matches | Wicketkeeping records | Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Women T20I matches | Wicketkeeping records | Most stumpings in career". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
External links
[edit]Stumped
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Definition and Basics
Definition
In cricket, a stumping is a method of dismissal where the wicket-keeper removes the bails from the top of the stumps while the striker is out of their ground and not attempting to take a run.[1] This occurs after the striker has played and missed the ball, leaving them vulnerable beyond the popping crease. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps, each 28 inches (71.1 cm) tall, arranged to form a set 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide, with two smaller wooden bails resting across the tops.[2] The popping crease, a line parallel to the bowling crease and 4 feet (1.22 m) in front of it, marks the striker's safe ground, while the return creases, which are perpendicular to the bowling crease and extend forward from it past the popping crease on either side, define the bowler's delivery area.[3] Stumping is typically associated with spin bowling, as batsmen often advance down the pitch to attack slower deliveries, increasing the chance of being stranded out of their ground if they miss the shot.[4] The wicket-keeper plays a pivotal role in executing this dismissal by quickly collecting the ball and breaking the wicket. Under the Laws of Cricket governed by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), stumping is one of ten methods by which a batsman can be dismissed, outlined in Laws 32 through 40.[5]Distinction from Other Dismissals
Stumping is distinct from a run out primarily because it requires the batsman to be out of their ground without attempting a run between the wickets, occurring off a legitimate delivery where the wicket-keeper alone breaks the wicket without intervention from another fielder. According to MCC Law 39.1, the striker is out stumped if the ball is not a no-ball, no part of their body or bat is grounded behind the popping crease, and the wicket is fairly put down by the wicket-keeper, with this dismissal taking precedence even if a run out would otherwise apply.[1] In contrast, a run out (Law 38) can happen at any time during play, including while running, and may involve any fielder breaking the wicket, often during an incomplete run attempt.[6] Stumping also differs from a caught behind dismissal, as it involves the wicket-keeper breaking the stumps after collecting a ball that has passed the batsman without touching their bat or the hand holding the bat, whereas caught behind requires the ball to deflect off the bat (or gloved hand) and be fairly caught by the wicket-keeper before it touches the ground. MCC Law 33.1 specifies that the striker is out caught only if a legal delivery touches their bat without prior contact with a fielder and is then held by a fielder, emphasizing the requirement for contact and subsequent catch rather than direct stump-breaking.[7] In terms of attribution, a stumping credits the dismissal to the wicket-keeper in fielding statistics, while the bowler receives credit for the wicket in their bowling figures, reflecting the bowler's role in delivering the ball that tempts the batsman out of position—unlike a run out, where the bowler gains no wicket credit (Law 38.6), or a standard caught dismissal, where the catching fielder is noted but the bowler's involvement remains central to the wicket tally.[6][8] This dual crediting underscores stumping as a collaborative effort between bowler and keeper, distinct from other fielding-oriented outs. A classic scenario illustrating stumping's uniqueness is when a batsman dances down the pitch to negotiate a spinner's delivery but misses the ball, leaving themselves vulnerable to the wicket-keeper's quick action to break the stumps; in such cases, it qualifies as stumped rather than a run out, as no run is in progress.[1]Laws and Regulations
MCC Law 39
Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket, codified by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), establishes the precise conditions for a batter to be dismissed stumped, a method unique to the wicket-keeper's action in putting down the wicket while the striker is out of their ground.[9] Under Law 39.1, the striker is out stumped—except as provided in Law 39.3—if a ball that is not a no-ball is properly delivered, the striker is out of their ground (defined as no part of their bat or person grounded behind the popping crease) and not attempting a run, and the wicket is fairly put down by the wicket-keeper without intervention from another fielder.[9] This dismissal remains valid even if a run out under Law 38 would also apply, prioritizing stumped as the appropriate call when the wicket-keeper effects the breakage.[9] Law 39.2 clarifies that the wicket is deemed put down by the wicket-keeper if the ball rebounds directly from any part of their person, clothing, or equipment onto the stumps, or if the wicket-keeper kicks or throws the ball to dislodge the bails or stumps, provided no other fielder intervenes and the ball has not previously touched another fielder.[9] However, the delivery must constitute a fair ball under Law 21, meaning stumping is invalid if the umpire calls a no-ball, as the batter cannot be dismissed stumped (though other dismissals like run out may still apply) in such cases.[9] Law 39.3 specifies exceptions where the striker is not out stumped, including if they leave their ground solely to avoid injury from the ball after it has been received, though they remain liable for run out under Law 38.1 unless exempted by Law 38.2.2.2 (such as during a boundary call).[9] The striker is also not out stumped if they have grounded their bat or person behind the popping crease at the instant the wicket is broken, emphasizing the need for the batter to be fully out of their ground without justification.[9] The umpires play a critical role in adjudicating stumping, with the bowler's end umpire responsible for verifying that all conditions are met at the precise moment the wicket is broken, as defined in Law 29 (How the wicket is put down).[9] If justified, the umpire signals the dismissal by raising their index finger immediately upon confirming the striker is out of their ground and no exceptions apply, while the scorers are notified accordingly under Law 3 (The umpires).[9]Exceptions and Not Outs
In cricket, certain protective measures ensure that a batsman is not dismissed stumped under specific circumstances designed to prioritize player safety. According to Law 39.3.1 of the MCC Laws of Cricket, the striker is not out stumped if, after receiving the delivery, they leave their ground solely to avoid injury, such as from a short-pitched ball rebounding dangerously toward them.[1] This exception applies even if the wicket-keeper subsequently puts down the wicket, recognizing the batsman's instinctive action to protect themselves.[5] Stumping is explicitly prohibited on no-ball deliveries, as Law 39.1 requires the ball to not be a no-ball for the dismissal to stand; if the wicket is put down in this scenario, it reverts to a run out, provided the batsman is out of their ground and not attempting a run.[1] However, stumping remains possible off a wide delivery, though the one-run wide penalty is still awarded to the batting side.[1] Edge cases further illustrate when a potential stumping fails, particularly regarding the precise timing of the batsman grounding their bat. The batsman is considered not out if any part of their bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease before the bails are completely removed, even if they had momentarily stepped out; for instance, if the striker recollects their bat inside the crease after playing a shot but prior to the wicket-keeper disturbing the bails, the dismissal does not occur.[1] This emphasizes the instantaneous nature of the umpire's judgment on the batsman's position at the exact moment the wicket is fairly put down.[5]Execution and Technique
Wicket-Keeper's Role
The wicket-keeper's glove work is pivotal in effecting a stumping, requiring a clean collection of the ball with soft, relaxed hands to absorb impact without deflection. The keeper must position the gloves cupped and pointing downward, using both hands to form a wide target while keeping the eyes on the ball until it meets the webbing, then swiftly transfer it to one hand for the bail removal. This one-handed whipping action demands balance, with the keeper leaning the body toward the stumps to maintain stability during the motion.[10][11] Positioning behind the stumps is tailored to the bowler's delivery, particularly standing up or slightly back for spinners to capitalize on the batsman's potential advance down the pitch. The keeper aligns the inside foot with the off stump, knees bent and weight on the toes for quick lateral adjustment, ensuring the head and body remain behind the line of the ball to avoid impeding the striker. Anticipation of the batsman's movement is key, with the keeper shifting subtly forward or sideways based on the trajectory while maintaining a low center of gravity.[12][11] Speed and agility define elite stumping execution, as the keeper must complete the glove-to-stump transfer in fractions of a second—often under 0.1 seconds for top performers—to dislodge the bails before the batsman regains the crease. This involves explosive footwork, such as rapid shuffles or cross-over steps, combined with core strength to whip the hand across without losing balance under pressure. Video analysis of international matches reveals that successful stumpings hinge on these reflexes, with keepers reacting to unpredictable bounces in constrained timeframes.[13][14] Training emphasizes drills to hone reaction time and accuracy, such as using throw-downs or rebound nets to simulate spinning deliveries, where the keeper practices collecting and stumping against a moving target. High-volume sessions focus on deliberate practice, aiming for 60-80% success rates by incorporating distractions like a shadow batsman to build composure. Footwork circuits, involving lateral dives and quick recoveries, further enhance agility, ensuring the keeper can position and execute under match-like conditions.[11][10]Bowler's Contribution
Spin bowlers are instrumental in creating stumping opportunities by employing deceptive tactics that disrupt the batsman's judgment and footwork, often drawing them out of their ground. A primary method involves bowling flighted deliveries—tossed high with significant air—to lure the batsman forward, tempting them to drive or attack while the ball dips, grips the pitch, and turns sharply, potentially beating the bat for a stumping.[15] This approach relies on varying pace and trajectory; a slower, loopy ball can induce overcommitment, while quicker variations maintain unpredictability to exploit any hesitation.[15] Specific ball types amplify this deception, particularly for spinners aiming to wrong-foot advancing batsmen. Leg-spinners use their stock delivery to turn the ball from leg to off, encouraging tentative advances that expose the stumps if misread. The googly, a disguised leg-spin variation that reverses direction, drags batsmen forward only to spin away, often leaving them stranded outside the crease.[16] Similarly, off-spinners deploy the doosra—a delivery that mimics the stock off-break but turns the opposite way—to deceive footwork, prompting premature movement down the pitch.[17] Effective execution requires close collaboration between the bowler and wicket-keeper, including verbal and non-verbal communication on field placements, bowling lengths, and the batsman's tendencies to align strategies for maximum stumping potential. For example, the bowler may adjust to fuller lengths based on the keeper's observations of the batsman's stance, ensuring the keeper is positioned optimally for quick removal of the bails.[18] Stumpings occur more frequently in subcontinental conditions, where dry, turning pitches favor spin bowling and compel batsmen to advance against flighted deliveries, as evidenced by the dominance of Asian wicket-keepers in international records—such as MS Dhoni's 195 career stumpings, the highest across formats.[19] In Tests, stumpings constitute about 3-5% of dismissals overall but rise notably in spin-assisting environments like India and Sri Lanka, underscoring the bowler's pivotal setup role.[20]Historical Context
Origins
Stumping, as a method of dismissal in cricket, traces its origins to the earliest formalization of the game's rules in 18th-century England. The concept of dismissing a batsman by "putting down the wicket" while they were out of their ground was codified in the first known Laws of Cricket, drafted in 1744 by members of several clubs, including the London Cricket Club.[21] This early provision stated that a striker was out if both feet were over the popping crease and the wicket was put down, unless the bat was grounded within the crease, establishing the foundational mechanic for what would later be distinguished as stumping.[21] The practice evolved from rudimentary village cricket games in England during the early 18th century, where "putting down the wicket" served as a primary means of dismissal alongside bowling and catching. In these informal matches, often played on uneven village greens, the wicket typically consisted of two stumps with a single bail, and the dismissal relied on fielders—particularly the wicket-keeper—quickly dislodging the wicket with the ball in hand after a batsman strayed from their ground.[22] The wicket-keeper's position was regulated even then, required to stand at a reasonable distance behind the wicket and not advance until the ball was delivered, underscoring the need for agility and precision in this role.[21] Early instances of stumping-like dismissals occurred predominantly under underarm bowling conditions, which dominated the sport until the late 18th century. With bowlers delivering the ball along the ground or with a low trajectory, batsmen frequently stepped forward to play shots, creating opportunities for keepers to effect dismissals by swiftly removing the bails.[23] This shifted in the 1820s with the rise of round-arm bowling, legalized in 1835, which increased ball speed and bounce, demanding greater speed and technique from wicket-keepers to capitalize on brief moments when batsmen were out of their crease.[24] In the pre-professional era of cricket, before widespread organized leagues in the mid-19th century, stumping was celebrated as an art form requiring exceptional skill from fielders, particularly wicket-keepers, who were often local experts honing their craft in village and club matches.Evolution with Technology
The Decision Review System (DRS) was introduced in international cricket in 2008, initially trialed during the Test series between Sri Lanka and India, to assist umpires in verifying close decisions, including stumpings, through third-umpire reviews.[25] For stumpings, DRS employs Hawk-Eye technology to precisely determine the batsman's position relative to the popping crease, confirming whether any part of the body was grounded behind the line at the moment the bails were dislodged.[26] This integration allows the third umpire to analyze slow-motion footage synchronized with ball-tracking data, reducing ambiguity in split-second judgments. Complementary technologies like the Snickometer (also known as Snicko) and UltraEdge have further refined stumping verifications by detecting subtle audio signals from stump microphones to rule out edges, distinguishing pure stumpings from caught-behind dismissals.[27] The Snickometer, developed in the 1990s but integrated into DRS protocols, overlays sound waveforms with video replays to identify contact between bat and ball, while UltraEdge provides real-time visual spikes for enhanced accuracy in reviews.[26] These tools ensure that potential stumpings without edges are not misclassified, promoting fairer outcomes. The adoption of DRS and associated technologies has significantly reduced umpiring errors in stumping decisions.[28] This precision prompted the International Cricket Council (ICC), effective December 2023, to amend rules limiting stumping reviews solely to stumping verification to prevent tactical misuse for other dismissal types.[29] In June 2025, the ICC further updated DRS to define the wicket zone using the actual physical outline of the stumps and bails, enhancing accuracy in stumping and run-out decisions.[30] Looking ahead, LED-equipped bails, known as Zings, emerged in the 2010s as a visual aid for confirming bail dislodgement, first trialed in Australia's Big Bash League in 2012-13 and adopted internationally during the 2014 ICC World Twenty20.[31] These bails, containing sensors and low-voltage LEDs, flash upon detecting movement of both spigots from the stumps, providing instantaneous on-field and broadcast confirmation without relying solely on replays.[32] Invented by Australian Bronte Eckermann, Zings enhance real-time verification in high-pressure scenarios, potentially increasing stumping accuracy in non-DRS limited-overs formats.[32]Records and Notable Instances
Career Records
In international cricket, MS Dhoni of India holds the record for the most career stumpings with 195, achieved across 90 Tests, 350 ODIs, and 98 T20Is from 2004 to 2019.[33] This total breaks down to 38 stumpings in Tests, 123 in ODIs, and 34 in T20Is, reflecting his exceptional reflexes and tactical acumen behind the stumps, particularly against spin bowling.[33] Dhoni's dominance underscores the evolution of wicketkeeping in limited-overs formats, where his ability to effect quick dismissals contributed significantly to India's success in major tournaments. In Test cricket, Bert Oldfield of Australia holds the record with 52 stumpings across 54 matches from 1920 to 1937. Godfrey Evans of England recorded the second highest number of career stumpings with 46 across 91 matches from 1946 to 1960.[34] Evans' record highlights the demands of keeping on varied pitches in the pre-helmet era, where aggressive footwork by batsmen against spinners created more opportunities for stumpings. For ODIs, Dhoni again leads with 123 stumpings, surpassing previous benchmarks set by keepers like Romesh Kaluwitharana of Sri Lanka, who achieved 75 in 189 matches from 1990 to 2004.[35][36] Kaluwitharana's contributions, while lower in volume, were pivotal in Sri Lanka's 1996 World Cup triumph, emphasizing stumping as a key weapon in one-day cricket. In first-class cricket, Evans also excelled with 250 stumpings in 465 matches, part of his overall 1,066 dismissals that established him as one of the game's premier wicketkeepers.[34] This figure, accumulated over a career spanning post-war England domestic seasons, demonstrates the endurance required for consistent stumping success in longer formats. The advent of T20 cricket has led to a noticeable rise in stumping opportunities, driven by aggressive batting strategies that encourage batsmen to advance down the pitch against spinners to accelerate scoring.[37] In T20Is, for instance, keepers like Jos Buttler of England have capitalized on this trend, with 15 stumpings in 124 matches as of 2023 (updated figures may vary; Dhoni holds the overall record with 34).[38] Overall, these career benchmarks illustrate how stumping records have shifted from endurance-based achievements in Tests and first-class play to opportunistic exploits in white-ball eras.| Format | Record Holder | Stumpings | Span | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International (All Formats) | MS Dhoni (India) | 195 | 2004–2019 | ESPNcricinfo |
| Tests | Bert Oldfield (Australia) | 52 | 1920–1937 | ESPNcricinfo |
| Tests (2nd) | Godfrey Evans (England) | 46 | 1946–1960 | The Guardian |
| ODIs | MS Dhoni (India) | 123 | 2004–2019 | SportsAdda |
| First-class | Godfrey Evans (England) | 250 | 1939–1967 | The Guardian |
| T20Is | MS Dhoni (India) | 34 | 2006–2019 | ESPNcricinfo |