Community hub
0 subscribers8 pages, 0 posts
Recent from talks
All channels
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
Welcome to the community hub built to collect knowledge and have discussions related to Wicket.
Nothing was collected or created yet.
Wicket
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
In the sport of cricket, the term wicket has several meanings:
- It is either of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at each end of the pitch.[1] The fielding team's players can hit the wicket with the ball in a number of ways to get a batter out.
- The wicket is guarded by a batter who, with their bat (and sometimes with their pads, but see the laws on LBW, leg before wicket), attempts to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (if it does, he may be bowled out) and to score runs where possible.
- Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket,[2]
- The cricket pitch itself is sometimes referred to as the wicket.[3][4]
History
[edit].jpg)
The origin of the word is from wicket gate, a small gate. Originally, cricket wickets had only two stumps and one bail and looked like a gate, much like the wicket used in the North American game of wicket. The third (middle) stump was introduced in 1775, after Lumpy Stevens bowled three successive deliveries to John Small that went straight through the two stumps rather than hitting them.[5]
Stumps and bails
[edit]
The size and shape of the wicket has changed several times during the last 300 years; its dimensions and placing is now determined by Law 8 in the Laws of Cricket, thus:
- Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches (71.12 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide. Two wooden bails are placed in shallow grooves on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) above the stumps, and must, for cricket, be 4.31 inches (10.95 cm) long.
There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (e.g., if it is windy they might fall off by themselves).[6] Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix D to the laws.
Putting down a wicket
[edit]The wicket can be thought of as a target for the fielding team, as the bowler and fielders can dismiss a batter by hitting the wicket with the ball, in certain circumstances, and can prevent run-scoring by threatening to do so.
For a batter to be dismissed by being bowled, run out, stumped or hit wicket, their wicket needs to be put down. For run out and stumped, this has to be when neither batter is in the ground of the wicket. This generally occurs when a fielder throws the ball at the wicket, or hits it with ball in hand.
What 'putting down a wicket' means is defined by Law 29. A wicket is put down if:
- A bail is completely removed from the top of the stumps
- A stump is struck out of the grounds by the ball, the striker's bat, the striker's person (or by any part of his clothing or equipment becoming detached from his person), a fielder (with his hand or arm, and provided that the ball is held in the hand or hands so used, or in the hand of the arm so used).
- A 2010 amendment to the Laws clarified the rare circumstance where a bat breaks during the course of a shot and the detached debris breaks the wicket; the wicket has been put down in this circumstance.[7]
The wicket is also put down if a fielder pulls a stump out of the ground in the same manner.
Special situations:
- If one bail is off, removing the remaining bail or striking or pulling any stump out of the ground is sufficient to put the wicket down. A fielder may remake the wicket, if necessary, to put it down to have an opportunity of running out a batter.
- If both bails are off, a fielder must strike or pull any stump out of the ground with the ball, or pull it out of the ground with a hand or arm, provided that the ball is held in the hand(s) so used, or in the hand of the arm so used.
If the umpires have agreed to dispense with bails, because, for example, it is too windy for the bails to remain on the stumps, the decision as to whether the wicket has been put down is one for the umpire concerned to decide. After a decision to play without bails, the wicket has been put down if the umpire concerned is satisfied that the wicket has been struck by the ball, by the striker's bat, person, or items of his clothing or equipment separated from his person as described above, or by a fielder with the hand holding the ball or with the arm of the hand holding the ball.
Modern innovations
[edit]As per the ICC Playing Conditions, when using the LED wickets, "the moment at which the wicket has been put down [...] shall be deemed to be the first frame in which the LED lights are illuminated and subsequent frames show the bail permanently removed from the top of the stumps."[8] The manufacturer is reviewing the LED wicket's performance after a number of international cricketers criticized the Zing bails during the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[9]
Dismissal of a batter
[edit]
The dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket. The batter is said to have lost their wicket, the batting side is said to have lost a wicket, the fielding side to have taken a wicket, and the bowler is also said to have taken their (i.e. the batter's) wicket, if the dismissal is one of the types for which the bowler receives credit. This language is used even if the dismissal did not actually involve the stumps and bails in any way (for example, a catch). The other four of the five most common methods of dismissal (bowled, LBW, run out, and stumped) involve the stumps and bails being put down (in the case of LBW, theoretically).
The word wicket has this meaning in the following contexts:
Scoring
[edit]A team's score is described in terms of the total number of runs scored and the total number of wickets lost.
Bowling analyses
[edit]The number of wickets taken is a primary measure of an individual bowler's ability, and a key part of a bowling analysis.
Batting partnerships
[edit]The sequence of time over which two particular batters bat together, a partnership, is referred to as a specifically numbered wicket when discriminating it from other partnerships in the innings. This can be thought of as saying "this was the number of runs scored while this team had lost [n-1] wickets and had yet to lose their nth wicket."
- The first wicket partnership is from the start of the innings until the team loses its first wicket, i.e. one of the first two batters is dismissed.
- The second wicket partnership is from when the third batter starts batting until the team loses its second wicket, i.e. the time from when they have lost one wicket until the time they have lost a second wicket, which happens when a second batter is dismissed.
- etc...
- The tenth wicket or last wicket partnership is from when the eleventh (last) batter starts batting until the team loses its tenth (last) wicket, i.e. a tenth (last) batter is dismissed.
Winning by number of wickets
[edit]A team can win a match by a certain number of wickets. This means that they were batting last, and reached the winning target with a certain number of batsmen still not dismissed. For example, if the side scored the required number of runs to win with only three batters dismissed, they are said to have won by seven wickets (as a team's innings ends when ten batters are dismissed).
The pitch
[edit]The word wicket is also sometimes used to refer to the cricket pitch itself.[4][3] According to the Laws of Cricket, this usage is incorrect[citation needed], but it is in common usage and commonly understood by cricket followers. The term sticky wicket refers to a situation in which the pitch has become damp, typically due to rain or high humidity. This makes the path of the ball more unpredictable thus making the job of defending the stumps that much more difficult. The full phrase is thought to have originally been "to bat on a sticky wicket." Such pitches were commonplace at all levels of the game (i.e. up to Test match level) until the late 1950s.
In other sports
[edit]Even though it is a cricket term, the arches used in croquet and roque are sometimes referred to as wickets, especially in American English. These arches descend from the ancestral game of ground billiards (which may also be related to cricket), and were formerly called the hoop, arch or port. The port remained a prominent feature of indoor table billiards until well into the 18th century.[10]
In baseball, the strike zone is similar to the wicket, in that a batter who fails to hit a ball that is going towards the strike zone is at risk of being out.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wickets.
- ^ "Law 8 – The wickets". MCC. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ "A glossary of cricket terms". ESPNcricinfo. 6 March 2006.
- ^ a b "Wicket definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary". collinsdictionary.com.
- ^ a b "wicket – Definition of wicket in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries – English. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016.
- ^ "The origins of cricket jargon". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- ^ "Strange sight at Old Trafford as England and Australia forced to play without bails". thecricketer.com. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ "MCC announce eight Law changes". 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011.
- ^ "CC Men's One Day International Playing Conditions (incorporating the 2017 Code of the MCC Laws of Cricket) Effective 1 August 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ Sport, Telegraph (11 June 2019). "Manufacturers of 'Zing' bails left surprised by World Cup problems and will 'review' for future use". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Clare, Norman (1996) [1985]. Billiards and Snooker Bygones (amended ed.). Princes Risborough, England: Shire Publications. pp. 3, 6, 7. ISBN 0-85263-730-6.
Wicket
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
In cricket, a wicket refers to one of several interrelated concepts central to the game's structure and play. Primarily, it denotes the apparatus at each end of the pitch, consisting of three wooden stumps, each 28 inches (71.12 cm) tall and 1.38 to 1.5 inches (3.5 to 3.81 cm) in diameter, topped by two horizontal bails measuring 4.31 inches (10.95 cm) in length, with the overall width of the set being 9 inches (22.86 cm).[1] These wickets are pitched parallel to each other, 22 yards (20.12 m) apart, in the centers of the bowling creases, forming the targets for bowlers and the defended positions for batters.[2] The term also describes the act of dismissing a batter, typically by the bowler or fielders disturbing the stumps or bails sufficiently to dislodge them—known as "taking a wicket"—which requires the batter to leave the field and brings in a new one until ten such dismissals occur or all out.[3] Additionally, "wicket" can informally refer to the pitch itself or the state of the playing surface, influencing gameplay conditions like a "sticky wicket" for a damp, difficult pitch.[4] Originating from early forms of the game in 18th-century England, the wicket's design and rules have evolved under the governance of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), standardizing dimensions in the Laws of Cricket to ensure fair competition across formats like Test matches, One Day Internationals, and T20.[5]
Etymology and Definition
Origins of the Term
The term "wicket" originates from Middle English "wiket," denoting a small gate or door, particularly one forming part of a larger structure.[6] This derives from Anglo-Norman and Old North French "wiket," a diminutive form ultimately tracing to Old Norse "víkja," meaning to turn, bend, or move aside, evoking the idea of a movable or passable barrier.[7] Over time, the word evolved in English to describe narrow passages or targets, which influenced its adoption in early bat-and-ball games as a defended objective resembling a gate-like structure.[8] In medieval games such as stoolball, played as early as the 15th century in southern England, the "wicket" referred to a low stool—often a three-legged milking stool—placed on the ground and defended by a batsman using a bat or paddle against a thrown or bowled ball.[9] This setup, where the stool served as a target to be hit or protected, directly parallels the defensive role later assumed by the wicket in cricket, with the term transferring from the stool's gate-like vulnerability to the game's core target.[10] The first recorded use of "wicket" in a cricket context appears in English texts from the late 17th century, though formalized references emerged in the 1730s amid growing popularity of the sport in London and Kent.[11] An early poetic invitation inscribed in a 1680 Bible alludes to the term, urging players to "pitch your wickets" on the green, indicating the structure's role as the game's foundational target hit by the ball.[12] By the 1730s, match reports in newspapers described "wicket" explicitly as the defended posts in competitive play.[13] The 1744 Laws of Cricket, the earliest codified rules, specified that the stumps must be twenty-two inches high with a six-inch bail across the two stumps.[14] This description solidified "wicket" as the target comprising stumps and bails, a structure that embodies the term's gate-like origins in modern cricket.[14]Meaning in Cricket
In cricket, as defined by Law 8 of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Laws of Cricket, a wicket consists of three wooden stumps in line with each other, topped by two bails resting in grooves on the stumps, pitched opposite and parallel to each other at the centers of the bowling creases.[2] This apparatus serves as the primary target for the bowler, who aims to dislodge the bails or uproot the stumps to achieve a dismissal, while also acting as a protected zone for the batter to defend against such actions.[2] For the wicket to be in a valid state, the bails must be properly positioned on the stumps; the stumps alone do not constitute a complete wicket, as a dismissal requires the wicket to be "down," meaning at least one bail is fully removed or a stump is displaced from the ground.[15] The term "wicket" carries a dual meaning in the sport: first, the physical structure described above, and second, the successful dismissal of a batter, commonly phrased as "taking a wicket" or referring to the total "wickets fallen" in an innings.[16] This latter usage underscores the wicket's central role in gameplay, where the bowling side seeks to claim 10 wickets to end the batting team's innings in most formats.[16] The wicket is distinct from the creases, which are marked lines on the pitch defining key positions like the bowling and popping creases; the wicket itself must be precisely centered on the bowling crease for the setup to be regulation-compliant.[2] Prerequisites for a valid wicket include proper pitching at a distance of 22 yards (20.12 meters) between the centers of the middle stumps of opposing wickets, ensuring alignment and stability so that the bails fit securely without falling prematurely.[2] Umpires must verify this setup before play begins and during the match to maintain the integrity of the game's structure.[2] The term's roots as a small gate-like target evoke its function as a narrow objective to breach in the contest between bowler and batter.[6]Physical Components
Stumps
The stumps form the vertical structural base of the wicket in cricket, consisting of three wooden posts driven upright into the ground at each end of the pitch. According to the Laws of Cricket governed by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), each set of stumps must be pitched parallel to one another in the center of the bowling crease, with the outer stumps spaced 9 inches (22.86 cm) apart to define the width of the wicket. The bowling crease line passes through the centers of both sets of stumps, ensuring precise alignment along the pitch's central axis.[2] Each stump measures 28 inches (71.12 cm) in height above the playing surface, with dome-shaped tops featuring grooves to secure the bails. The stumps are required to be of equal and sufficient thickness—typically around 1.5 inches (3.81 cm) in diameter—to prevent the cricket ball from passing between them without making contact. Traditionally crafted from ash wood and polished to a white finish for optimal visibility under match conditions, the stumps are driven firmly into the ground to maintain stability during play.[2][17] As the primary target for the bowler's delivery, the stumps serve a critical functional role in the game: their dislodgement from the ground, either with or without the bails in place, constitutes a fallen wicket, leading to the batsman's dismissal in modes such as bowled or run out. This design ensures the wicket's integrity as a hittable and hittable target while allowing for clear determination of dismissals.[2]Bails
The bails are two small cylindrical pieces of wood that rest horizontally on grooves cut into the tops of the three stumps, completing the wicket assembly and providing a sensitive indicator for disturbances. Each bail has an overall length of 4 5/16 inches (10.95 cm), with a barrel length of 2 1/8 inches (5.40 cm), a longer spigot of 1 3/8 inches (3.49 cm), and a shorter spigot of 13/16 inch (2.06 cm); when positioned, the two bails are placed end-to-end such that their combined span aligns with the 9-inch (22.86 cm) width of the stumps.[18] For the wicket to be deemed "up" at the start of play or "down" during an appeal, both bails must be fully seated in their grooves; however, if a bail dislodges independently—due to factors like wind or vibration—it does not count toward breaking the wicket unless directly caused by contact with the ball, in which case umpires replace the bails without interrupting play.[18] This rule ensures fairness by distinguishing intentional disruptions from environmental effects, with umpires empowered to dispense with bails entirely in extreme conditions if necessary.[18] Bails were introduced in the 18th century to enhance visibility of wicket disturbances, evolving from earlier single-bail setups on two stumps; the modern configuration of two bails on three stumps was formalized during a 1775 match between Kent and Hambledon at the Artillery Ground in London.[19] In contemporary professional cricket, LED-integrated bails, branded as Zing bails, represent a key innovation for real-time visual confirmation of dislodgements, featuring lights that activate upon separation from the stumps to aid umpires and broadcasters. Developed by an Australian company, these were first deployed in the 2012 Big Bash League and received ICC approval for international use starting in 2013, appearing in major events like the 2015 ODI World Cup to improve decision accuracy without altering traditional rules.[20]Setup and the Pitch
Pitch Specifications
The cricket pitch is a rectangular area measuring 22 yards (20.12 meters) in length between the near edges of the two wickets and 10 feet (3.05 meters) in width between the bowling creases.[21] These dimensions ensure a standardized playing surface for fair competition in international matches.[21] The wickets, consisting of stumps and bails, are positioned at the center of each end of the pitch.[22] The popping crease is marked 4 feet (1.22 meters) in front of the stumps, parallel to the bowling crease, and extends to a minimum of 6 feet (1.83 meters) on either side of the imaginary line perpendicular to the pitch through the middle stump.[23] The return creases are straight lines marked on each side of the pitch at right angles to the popping crease, each 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 meters) from the line through the middle stumps with their inside edges 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 meters) apart when measured at the popping crease, and they extend from the popping crease to a minimum of 8 feet (2.44 meters) behind it.[23] The pitch surface is prepared using rolled natural turf, typically composed of clay-loam soil with a balanced mix of clay, silt, sand, and organic matter to achieve uniform hardness and consistent bounce.[24] Preparation involves regular rolling, watering, and mowing to maintain an even surface, with covers applied during rainfall to prevent moisture damage and ensure playability.[24] While ICC standards mandate natural turf for international matches, minor adjustments are permitted for indoor or artificial pitches, such as synthetic surfaces or hybrid constructions, subject to prior approval to align with playing conditions.[25]Procedure for Erecting the Wicket
The procedure for erecting the wicket begins with marking the creases on the prepared pitch, which serves as the framework for precise placement within the standard 22-yard distance between the sets of wickets. The three wooden stumps are then pitched vertically into the ground at the center of each bowling crease, starting with the middle stump and followed by the off and leg stumps. These stumps must be spaced so that the distance between the nearest points of the outer stumps is exactly 9 inches (22.86 cm), and they are driven into the soil to a sufficient depth for stability while ensuring their tops are level and positioned 28 inches (71.12 cm) above the ground surface.[26] Once the stumps are secured, the two wooden bails—each 4 5/16 inches (10.95 cm) long—are placed atop the stumps in their grooves, oriented to touch each other at the center of the wicket and fit securely between the stumps. The bails must fit securely to prevent wobbling, ensuring the overall structure remains firm.[26] The umpires conduct a thorough inspection to verify that the ground around the wickets is level and the setup complies with the requirement for wickets to be "properly pitched" under Law 8 of the Laws of Cricket. Both umpires must confirm the alignment, height, and stability before proceeding, with any necessary adjustments made for factors such as wind or minor unevenness to maintain verticality and security.[27][26] In the pre-innings routine, the umpires will not call "play" until this verification is complete and all conditions are satisfied. If the wickets are disturbed prior to the start of play, they are reset without penalty to either team, preserving fairness.[27]Historical Development
Early Forms in Cricket
The origins of the wicket in cricket trace back to primitive rural games in 16th- and 17th-century England, where a single stump—often a simple wooden peg, hole in the ground, or stool—served as the target defended by the batter.[28] These early forms drew from games like stoolball, popular in Sussex and Kent, in which players used a bat or hands to protect a stool or stump from a thrown ball, with dismissal occurring if the target was struck.[29] Variants such as creag, referenced in earlier medieval contexts but persisting in informal play, similarly featured a basic peg or hole as the wicket equivalent, emphasizing a narrow "gate" through which the ball could pass to effect an out.[30] Materials were rudimentary, typically unpainted wood or stone, without bails, and dismissal relied on the ball directly hitting or passing through the target rather than dislodging components.[31] By the early 18th century, the wicket evolved to two stumps forming a gate, with a single bail laid across the top, as bowling speeds increased and required a more structured defense.[19] This configuration, common by the 1700s in southern English counties like Kent and Sussex, used wooden stumps about 22 inches apart and a 6-inch bail, allowing dismissal if the ball passed between the stumps without dislodging the bail or if the wicket was fully broken.[14] Regional influences from Kent and Sussex variants, where faster underarm bowling emerged, pushed for clearer definitions to resolve disputes over narrow misses.[32] A pivotal codification occurred in the 1744 Laws of Cricket, the earliest known formal rules, which specified the wicket as three pieces: two stumps 22 inches asunder and pitched 22 yards apart, topped by a 6-inch bail, with the popping crease 46 inches in front.[14] This established dismissal methods such as the ball bowling down the wicket or the batter treading on it while striking.[14] Further evolution came in the mid-18th century through the Hambledon Club, influential in Hampshire near Kent and Sussex; their 1774 rules formalized the shift to three stumps to counter increasingly accurate and faster bowling that exploited gaps in the two-stump gate.[32] A notable 1775 match between Kent and Hambledon exemplified this need, when bowler Lumpy Stevens sent three balls through the two-stump gap without dislodging the bail, prompting the immediate adoption of the third stump.[19] This three-stump standard, refined over subsequent decades, forms the basis of the modern wicket.[32]Standardizations and Innovations
In the 19th century, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) played a pivotal role in codifying the wicket's dimensions through successive revisions to the Laws of Cricket, establishing uniformity across the sport. By 1809, the height of the stumps had been standardized, and in 1829, it was increased from 24 inches to 27 inches, with corresponding adjustments to the bail length for better balance and playability.[33] These changes built on earlier configurations, such as the three-stump setup introduced in the 1770s, which replaced the two-stump wicket to provide a more challenging target for bowlers.[34] The 20th century saw incremental innovations focused on durability and functionality, though the core wooden structure remained largely unchanged. While traditional wood persisted for official play, bails saw the introduction of composite plastic materials with the development of LED-infused versions in the 2010s.[35] In the 21st century, technological advancements revolutionized wicket interactions with the game. The International Cricket Council (ICC) approved LED-infused bails in July 2013, enabling instant visual confirmation of dismissals through flashing lights upon dislodgement, enhancing television replays and spectator experience.[36] These bails, made from composite plastic embedded with low-voltage LEDs, were first trialed in domestic leagues like Australia's Big Bash before international adoption.[37] Concurrently, the Decision Review System (DRS), introduced experimentally in Test matches in 2008, integrated Hawk-Eye technology to track ball trajectories and confirm whether a delivery would have hit the stumps, reducing umpiring errors in lbw and hit-wicket decisions.[38][39] While the wicket's fundamental design has not altered for T20 cricket—retaining the same dimensions and setup—the format's aggressive play leads to accelerated pitch wear around the stumps, necessitating more frequent maintenance to ensure consistent bounce. No major structural changes have occurred since 2020, but research into eco-friendly materials for cricket equipment is underway through projects emphasizing circular design and biomaterials to reduce environmental impact.[40][41]Role in Player Dismissal
Direct Methods Involving the Wicket
Direct methods of dismissal involving the wicket require the physical disturbance of the wicket structure while the ball is in play, resulting in the batter being out if they are out of their ground or under specific conditions outlined in the Laws of Cricket. These methods—bowled, hit wicket, run out, and stumped—directly engage the wicket through the ball's impact or the actions of fielders or the batter themselves, distinguishing them from other forms of dismissal that do not necessitate the wicket being put down.[42] Under Law 32 (Bowled), the striker is out if their wicket is broken by a ball delivered by the bowler that is not a no-ball, regardless of whether the ball has touched the bat, the striker's person, or any equipment. This includes instances where the ball strikes the stumps directly or deflects off the batter before dislodging the bails or stumps, emphasizing the bowler's direct role in disturbing the wicket. The dismissal applies even if a no-ball has been called earlier in the over, provided the delivery itself is fair.[18] Law 35 (Hit Wicket) occurs when the striker, after the bowler has entered their delivery stride and while the ball is in play, accidentally puts down their own wicket using their person, bat, or clothing. This typically happens during an attempted shot or while stepping out to play, such as in aggressive batting against spin, where the batter's foot or bat dislodges the bails. The bowler receives credit for the wicket, as it occurs during their delivery.[43][18][44] In Law 38 (Run Out), either batter is out if, at any time while the ball is in play, they are out of their ground—defined by the popping and return creases—and their wicket is fairly put down by a fielder's direct hit with the ball. This often arises during running between wickets but can occur anytime, such as when a batter backs up too far or wanders out of the crease; the ball must strike the stumps without deliberate obstruction. An appeal is required from the fielding side, and the umpire shall give the batter out if the wicket is fairly put down.[45][18] Law 39 (Stumped) applies specifically to the striker, who is out if a delivered ball (not a no-ball) finds them out of their ground without attempting a run, and the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket without intervention from another fielder. This method is commonly associated with spin bowling, where the batter advances down the pitch, tempting the keeper to swiftly remove the bails. The non-striker cannot be stumped, and the dismissal requires the batter to have left the ground voluntarily.[46][18] For all these methods, the wicket is considered put down under Law 29 if at least one bail is completely removed from the top of the stumps or if one or more stumps is struck out of the ground, even if the structure remains partially intact. Umpires signal these dismissals immediately by raising their index finger vertically to indicate the batter is out, ensuring prompt recognition by players and scorers.[18][47]Indirect Methods and Protections
In cricket, indirect methods of dismissal involve scenarios where the batter is out without the ball directly striking the wicket, yet these modes still center on preventing the ball from reaching or affecting the stumps. The caught dismissal, governed by Law 33, occurs when the batter is out if a ball delivered by the bowler, not being a no-ball, touches the batter's bat or a hand holding the bat without previously contacting another part of the batter's person, and is subsequently caught by a fielder before touching the ground.[48] This method indirectly threatens the wicket by removing the batter after the ball deflects off them, often resulting from mishit shots that would otherwise risk bowled or LBW outcomes. For instance, edges to slips or the wicketkeeper are classic examples, emphasizing the need for precise shot control to avoid aerial deflections.[48] Leg before wicket (LBW), outlined in Law 36, dismisses the batter if the ball would have struck the wicket in a fair trajectory but is intercepted by the batter's person (typically the pad) before reaching the bat, provided specific conditions are met. These include the delivery not being a no-ball, the ball pitching in line between the wickets or on the off side of the striker's wicket (as judged by the umpire), and the impact occurring in line with the wickets. For full tosses that do not pitch, the batter can be out LBW if the point of impact is in line and the ball's trajectory would have hit the stumps. No-balls are explicitly excluded from LBW decisions to protect the batter from irregular deliveries.[49][49] This dismissal underscores the wicket's centrality, as umpires use trajectory projections—often aided by technology in professional matches—to determine if the ball would have broken the stumps. Obstructing the field, per Law 37, results in the batter being out if, while the ball is in play, they wilfully obstruct the ball's progress or distract the fielding side, such as by intentionally preventing a fielder from throwing at the stumps.[50] This rare dismissal protects the game's integrity by penalizing deliberate interference that could safeguard the wicket, like a batter handling the ball to stop a run-out.[50] It applies to either batter and requires umpire judgment on intent, distinguishing accidental contact from willful acts.[51] To counter these threats, batters employ protective techniques focused on "guarding the wicket," a fundamental duty that prioritizes defending the stumps over aggressive scoring. This involves standing within the crease— the marked area around the stumps—to maintain legal grounding, positioning the feet to align the body for optimal defense. The bat is used to block incoming deliveries, with the toe often pointed toward the ground behind the crease to intercept balls aimed at the wicket, as seen in forward defensive shots that prioritize solidity over runs. Taking a guard (e.g., middle stump or leg stump line) before facing the bowler helps align the stance, ensuring the batter can react to inswing or seam movement that might lead to LBW or caught behind. These methods form the core of defensive batting, balancing risk to preserve the wicket during pressure phases like new ball attacks. Umpires play a crucial role in adjudicating these protections and dismissals by determining if the wicket is fairly down under Law 29, which requires at least one bail completely removed or a stump struck from the ground for a valid breaking.[15] If the structure merely wobbles—such as a bail shifting but remaining in place—the batter is not out, preserving the dismissal's integrity and allowing play to continue without unnecessary interruptions.[15] This judgment applies across indirect modes, ensuring that only clear threats to the wicket's stability result in an out.Impact on Scoring and Statistics
Team and Innings Scoring
In cricket, a team's innings ends when ten wickets have fallen, leaving no further batsmen available, or when the captain declares the innings closed to force a result or strategic advantage.[52] The progress of an innings is tracked through the score notation of runs/wickets, such as 250/7, where the numerator represents total runs accumulated and the denominator indicates wickets lost up to that point.[52] Each wicket that falls diminishes the batting side's resources by removing one batsman, with the innings commencing at 0/0 for the opening pair and the denominator incrementing sequentially with every dismissal until reaching 10/10 for all out.[52] This structure underscores the wicket's central role in limiting a team's scoring potential, as fewer batsmen mean reduced opportunities to build runs against the bowling attack. Completing an innings without losing a single wicket—known as a no-wicket innings—is exceptionally rare, occurring only a handful of times in first-class and international history, often in low-scoring or abbreviated matches.[53] By contrast, tail-end collapses after the seventh or eighth wicket are a frequent phenomenon, where lower-order batsmen, typically bowlers with limited batting prowess, succumb quickly to pressure, leading to rapid losses of multiple wickets for few runs.[54][55] Test cricket permits each team two innings, fostering prolonged contests that can span up to five days without a fixed overs limit, though innings still terminate on ten wickets or declaration.[56] In limited-overs formats like One Day Internationals (50 overs per innings) and Twenty20 Internationals (20 overs per innings), the innings concludes after the allotted overs or upon the fall of the tenth wicket, whichever occurs first, emphasizing aggressive scoring within constraints.[56]Bowling and Batting Analyses
In cricket, a bowler's performance is primarily evaluated through the wickets taken, which represent the number of batters dismissed during their bowling spell or career. The bowling average, calculated as the total runs conceded divided by the number of wickets taken, measures the cost-effectiveness of each dismissal, with lower values indicating superior control over scoring.[57] The economy rate quantifies runs conceded per over bowled, emphasizing consistency in restricting the opposition's run flow, typically expressed to two decimal places for precision in analysis.[16] Complementing these, the bowling strike rate tracks the average number of balls bowled per wicket obtained, highlighting a bowler's efficiency in achieving breakthroughs, where a lower rate signifies quicker wicket-taking ability.[57] For batters, the wicket plays a central role in longevity and scoring potential, with the batting average defined as the total runs scored divided by the number of times dismissed (i.e., wickets lost), excluding not-out innings to reflect completed contributions. Unfinished innings, denoted by an asterisk (*) beside the score in scorecards, contribute runs to the numerator but not to the dismissal count in the denominator, allowing averages to account for situations where the batter survives until the innings ends naturally, such as a declaration or team victory.[58] This notation ensures that averages reward endurance without penalizing unavoidable terminations, though it can inflate figures for lower-order batters who often remain not out. Key analyses of individual performances often spotlight exceptional wicket-related achievements, such as the hat-trick, where a bowler dismisses three batters with consecutive deliveries in the same innings, celebrated as a rare display of dominance and historically linked to the 19th-century tradition of awarding the bowler a new hat.[59] Similarly, a five-wicket haul—taking five or more wickets in a single innings—marks a standout effort that can decisively influence match outcomes, with such performances tracked across formats to benchmark elite bowlers like Dennis Lillee, who achieved 23 in Tests.[60] The evolution of wicket statistics has been advanced by comprehensive databases, with ESPNcricinfo maintaining records dating back to the inaugural Test match in 1877, enabling longitudinal analyses of career metrics and format-specific trends. In the modern era, the Decision Review System (DRS), introduced in 2008, has refined these statistics by overturning approximately 6% of on-field decisions involving potential wickets, particularly leg-before-wicket (LBW) calls, thus ensuring greater accuracy in attributing dismissals and adjusting historical and current bowler averages accordingly.[61][62]Partnerships Between Wickets
In cricket, a partnership refers to the runs scored by two batsmen while they are both at the crease, spanning from the fall of one wicket to the fall of the next.[63] This collaboration forms the basic unit of batting accumulation in an innings, with a full 10-wicket innings consisting of up to 10 such partnerships, numbered sequentially from the first (openers) to the tenth (last two batsmen).[64] Partnerships are notated by their wicket number, highlighting the specific pair's contribution to the team's total. For instance, the highest first-wicket partnership in Test cricket is 415 runs by Graeme Smith and Neil McKenzie for South Africa against Bangladesh in 2008, setting a benchmark for opening stability.[65] Similarly, the record for the second wicket stands at 576 runs by Roshan Mahanama and Sanath Jayasuriya for Sri Lanka against India in 1997, while the third-wicket mark is 624 runs by Kumar Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene for Sri Lanka against South Africa in 2006.[65] Strategically, teams prioritize building substantial partnerships to stabilize the innings, particularly after early losses, by emphasizing communication, strike rotation, and risk management to accumulate runs steadily.[66] Conversely, a batting collapse occurs when multiple wickets—typically three or more from the top or middle order—fall rapidly for few runs, often under 40, disrupting momentum and exposing the lower order to pressure.[67] All-time partnership records are meticulously tracked by organizations like ESPNcricinfo, which serves as the official statistical partner for international cricket, providing comprehensive lists across formats. In One Day Internationals (ODIs), partnerships tend to be shorter but explosive, with the highest first-wicket stand at 365 runs by John Campbell and Shai Hope for West Indies against Ireland in 2019.[68] In contrast, Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) favor quick, aggressive early partnerships due to the format's emphasis on rapid scoring, exemplified by the record 258* (unbroken) for the first wicket by Japan's Kendel Kadowaki-Fleming and Lachlan Yamamoto-Lake against China in 2024, underscoring how shorter formats reward high-risk, high-reward stands over prolonged defense.[69]Determining Match Results
Winning by Wickets
In cricket, a team achieves a victory by wickets when the side batting second surpasses the target score established by the first innings without the loss of all 10 wickets. The margin is determined by subtracting the number of wickets lost from the total of 10 available, with the result stated as "won by X wickets," where X represents the remaining wickets. For instance, reaching the target after losing 4 wickets constitutes a win by 6 wickets. This method emphasizes the preservation of batting resources during a chase, contrasting with wins by runs when the team batting first sets an unattainable total. The narrowest such victory occurs by 1 wicket, signifying the loss of 9 wickets yet still securing the required runs, often marking matches of exceptional resilience and pressure. Such outcomes highlight the strategic importance of lower-order contributions in maintaining the innings.[63] The practice of denoting wins by wickets originated in the 18th century amid the sport's early standardization in England, where matches were decided based on runs scored within fixed wickets or time limits.[34] A prominent early instance in international cricket came during the first Test hosted in England in 1880, with the home side defeating Australia by 5 wickets at The Oval.[70] In more recent history, Australia's 2-wicket triumph over England in the opening match of the 2023 Ashes series at Edgbaston exemplifies the tension of a close chase, as the visiting team overcame a target of 281 runs with just two wickets intact. In Test cricket, this applies to the team batting fourth chasing a target set by the first innings lead; if unsuccessful without losing all wickets but time expires, the match may draw. Ties, where both teams amass identical scores, are resolved via a super over in limited-overs formats, a mechanism introduced by the ICC in 2008 to ensure decisive results. Each team faces one over of six balls, aiming to score more runs than the opponent while accounting for wickets lost during the over; if scores remain level, additional super overs proceed until a winner emerges.[71]Wicket Rules in Limited-Overs Formats
In One Day International (ODI) cricket, each team's innings is limited to a maximum of 50 overs, concluding either upon the fall of the 10th wicket or the completion of the allocated overs, whichever comes first. This structure balances endurance with the need for consistent scoring pressure, as losing wickets early can severely limit the total while preserving all 10 wickets allows maximization of the overs. Powerplays further adapt wicket dynamics indirectly through fielding restrictions: in Powerplay 1 (overs 1-10), only two fielders are permitted outside the 30-yard circle, compelling batsmen to adopt an aggressive approach that heightens the risk of dismissals via catches or mishits, though it also restricts close-in fielding options for bowlers. Powerplay 2 (overs 11-40) relaxes this to a maximum of four fielders outside the circle, and Powerplay 3 (overs 41-50) further to five, enabling more defensive setups and potentially slowing wicket falls as the innings progresses.[72] Twenty20 (T20) cricket intensifies these rules with innings capped at 20 overs per side, ending on the 10th wicket or overs completion, fostering a high-stakes environment where aggressive batting is paramount to achieve competitive totals in minimal time. This emphasis on rapid scoring often accelerates wicket losses, as players prioritize boundary-hitting over defensive accumulation, leading to higher dismissal rates from aerial shots and run-outs during quick singles. In rain-affected T20 matches, a result requires at least 5 overs to be bowled to the team batting second, ensuring the format's brevity does not preclude fair outcomes even in interrupted games.[73][74][75] The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern (DLS) method provides a standardized adjustment for rain-disrupted limited-overs encounters, recalculating the second innings target based on remaining overs and wickets in hand, which directly incorporates the impact of early wicket losses on a team's resource parity. For instance, fewer wickets remaining reduces the par score proportionally, reflecting diminished batting depth and strike rotation potential.[76]Wickets in Other Contexts
In Other Sports
In croquet, a lawn game distinct from cricket, wickets refer to wire hoops or arches embedded in the ground through which players strike wooden or plastic balls using mallets. The objective involves navigating these wickets in a specific sequence to score points, sharing a targeting mechanic with cricket's stumps but emphasizing precision and strategy over defense against a bowler. The modern form of croquet originated in Ireland during the 1830s and was formalized in England by the 1850s, spreading globally as a recreational and competitive sport.[77][78] Stoolball, an ancient bat-and-ball game considered a precursor to both cricket and baseball, employs a wooden stool or square board mounted on a post as its wicket, positioned at shoulder height approximately 14 meters apart. Players defend the wicket from underarm bowlers while attempting to score by hitting the ball and running between the targets, much like early forms of rounders or cricket. Primarily played in Sussex, England, for over 500 years, stoolball features local variations but retains its simple, communal appeal on grass fields or indoors.[79][80] While baseball and softball lack a direct equivalent to the wicket, the home plate serves as an analogous defensive target that batters must protect from pitches, echoing the vulnerability of cricket's wicket to dislodgement. Historical crossovers occurred in colonial America, where games like wicket—a bat-and-ball sport imported from England—featured paired wickets similar to cricket's, influencing early baseball variants played in regions such as New England and the Mid-Atlantic before the 19th century.[81] In modern recreational sports, portable wickets made of lightweight plastic facilitate play in simplified formats like kwik cricket, allowing setup on various surfaces without permanent fixtures. These adaptations promote accessibility for youth and casual games, diverging from traditional fixed stumps while preserving the core defensive element.[82]Non-Sporting Uses
The term "wicket" originates from Old North French wiket, referring to a small door or gate, often set within a larger one, a meaning that persists in non-sporting contexts such as architecture and literature.[6] In literature, the wicket gate serves as a powerful symbol in John Bunyan's 1678 allegory The Pilgrim's Progress, where it represents the narrow entrance to the path of salvation and faith in Christ, through which the protagonist Christian must pass after receiving guidance from Evangelist.[83] This motif draws on the biblical imagery of a strait gate leading to eternal life, emphasizing themes of spiritual commitment and the rejection of worldly burdens.[84] In modern pop culture, "Wicket" gained prominence as the name of Wicket W. Warrick, a young Ewok character in the 1983 film Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, where he leads the forest-dwelling creatures in aiding the Rebel Alliance against the Empire. This usage extends to merchandise, including action figures and plush toys produced by Kenner in the 1980s, which became collectible items for fans, evoking the character's adventurous spirit rather than any sporting connotation.[85] Wicket also appears in various *Star Wars* video games, such as Star Wars Battlefront series, where players interact with Ewok forces in non-competitive narrative modes focused on exploration and combat. The global spread of cricket since the 2000s, particularly in Asia and Africa through colonial legacies and cultural entrepreneurship, has incidentally amplified the visibility of "wicket" in international media and literature, though its non-sporting applications remain limited and tied to English-language idioms or adaptations.[86] For instance, the term's historical gate-like etymology continues to influence place names and architectural references in former British colonies, but post-2000 evolution shows sparse innovation beyond pop culture crossovers.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wicket