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Training wheels
Training wheels
Training wheels
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A training wheel

Training wheels, known as stabilizers outside North America,[1][2] are a pair of additional wheels attached to the rear axle of a bicycle, effectively turning it into a quadricycle, for beginners learning to ride independently.[3] Since the late 1990s, balance bikes have gradually replaced training wheels as a more effective tool for developing a sense of balance.[4][5]

History

[edit]

The American company Huffy introduced training wheels in 1949 with its 'Convertible' bike.[6] The typical design for training wheels has not changed since this time. They are composed of two small wheels, one on each side of the rear wheel of the bicycle. They are attached laterally to a metal bracket or frame that extends outward from the bicycle frame, ideally keeping the training wheels just above the ground. The bracket is meant to be adjustable to accommodate different heights and angles of the training wheels, allowing for customization based on the rider's needs, but this is difficult to achieve in practice.[7]

The concept of training wheels can refer figuratively in English to any artificial support for a machine, especially in software development.[8]

Use

[edit]
Training wheels in use, 2020

The functionality of training wheels is based on the premise that a learner rider can gradually develop their balance and coordination skills by relying on the support of the extra wheels. As the rider gains confidence and proficiency, the training wheels are gradually raised or removed, theoretically allowing the rider to transition to riding without additional support.[9]

Limitations

[edit]

Researchers have demonstrated that training wheels delay the development of proper balance and steering skills. Reliance on training wheels prevents riders from fully experiencing the dynamic nature of riding a bicycle and leads to difficulties in transitioning to riding without them.[4] Training wheels that prevent the bike from leaning also prevent countersteering, so that, as with a tricycle, children learn to turn the handlebars the wrong way, which must be unlearned later.[7]

  1. Limited balance development: Training wheels, while offering initial stability, inhibit the development of essential balance and coordination skills. The extra wheels prevent the rider from fully experiencing the natural side-to-side motion required for balance. As a result, riders may become overly reliant on the training wheels and struggle to transition to riding without them.[10]
  2. Delayed confidence building: Training wheels can create a false sense of security for young riders. As they become accustomed to the stability provided by the training wheels, they may not feel confident enough to ride without them. This can lead to a longer learning period and hinder the development of self-assurance.[11]
  3. Ineffective steering control: Training wheels limit the rider's ability to steer the bicycle effectively. Since the training wheels primarily support the weight, the rider has less control over the direction of the bicycle. This restriction can impede the development of essential manoeuvring skills and make it harder for the rider to navigate corners and obstacles.[12]
  4. Difficulty transitioning: Removing training wheels can be a challenging and intimidating process for young riders. The sudden shift from a supported riding experience to unsupported riding can be overwhelming and frustrating. Many children experience setbacks and become discouraged during this transition phase, often requiring additional time and support to become comfortable riding without training wheels.[13]

Training wheels particularly become an obstacle to learning if they are adjusted incorrectly, because they prevent the bike from leaning if they are too low, and inhibit braking if too much weight is taken off the rear wheel by training wheels that are too low. Adjusting training wheels correctly, and raising them higher as the child's skill increases, helps to mitigate but does not completely eliminate these problems.[14]

Replacement by balance bikes

[edit]

Returning to the bicycle's origin in the dandy horse, balance bikes rapidly gained favour in cycling pedagogy after their introduction in 1997.[15] Balance bikes are bicycles without pedals that allow children to develop balance and coordination naturally without the use of training wheels. Learning to ride with a balance bike delivers greater long-term benefits for young riders than training wheels.[4] Balance bikes began to supplant training wheels globally during the 2010s.[16]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Training wheels

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Training wheels are a pair of small auxiliary wheels attached to the rear of a child's to provide lateral stability and prevent tipping over while a beginner learns to balance and pedal. Introduced in by the American bicycle manufacturer as part of its "Convertible" model, they marked a significant in children's by allowing young riders to focus on pedaling and steering without immediate concern for balance. Functionally, training wheels keep the upright by limiting lean angles, enabling novices to build confidence through supported practice, though they add weight to the bike and can interfere with natural turning motions by encouraging oversteering. Historically widespread, their usage peaked at around 85% in the 1990s-2000s but has since declined to about 75% by the as alternative methods gained traction. The balance bike market has continued to grow, projected to reach USD 1,931.40 million by 2034 from USD 988.70 million in 2024, reflecting ongoing shift away from training wheels. Despite their popularity, research indicates that training wheels may delay independent cycling mastery, with children typically learning to ride without support at an average age of 5.97 years compared to 4.16 years for those starting on balance bikes, which prioritize balance before introducing pedaling. This shift reflects a broader debate in pediatric and cycling education, where balance bikes—pedal-less frames resembling early 19th-century designs—promote earlier skill acquisition by fostering intuitive weight-shifting and coordination from ages 2 to 3.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

Training wheels are auxiliary wheels attached to the rear axle of a bicycle, effectively converting it into a four-wheeled vehicle to enhance stability for novice riders. These small, additional wheels are typically positioned parallel to the main rear wheel, providing lateral support that prevents the bicycle from tipping over during initial learning stages. The primary purpose of training wheels is to assist beginners, particularly children aged 3 to 6, in developing pedaling and steering skills while building confidence without the risk of frequent falls. By maintaining the bicycle in an upright position at low speeds, where balance is most challenging, training wheels allow young riders to focus on coordination and forward motion rather than constant corrections to avoid tipping. Invented in , training wheels have since become a standard tool for introducing children to .

Basic Components

Training wheels are composed of two small auxiliary wheels, each typically measuring 5 to 6 inches in , constructed from plated with rubber treads for traction and durability. These wheels are mounted parallel to the rear wheel of the via a pair of frames or arms, usually made of or lightweight aluminum, which extend outward and clamp securely to the rear or frame to integrate seamlessly with standard children's bicycles. The assembly includes support struts or adjustable brackets connected to the frames, enabling height modifications to align the auxiliary wheels with the ground clearance of the main bicycle wheels. These struts, often for strength, bolt into the frame arms and provide stability during use. Common materials prioritize a balance of robustness and minimal added mass, with or aluminum components ensuring the total of the training wheels remains between 2 and 4 pounds for the pair, preserving the bicycle's maneuverability. This lightweight construction supports their role in providing essential assistance to novice riders without significantly altering the bike's overall handling.

History

Invention and Early Adoption

Training wheels were first introduced in 1949 by the Corporation as part of their innovative "Convertible" children's bicycle model, marking a significant advancement in youth cycling equipment. This design featured removable rear wheels attached to the rear axle, allowing young riders to gain stability while learning balance before transitioning to a standard two-wheeled configuration. The Convertible's training wheels were specifically engineered to support beginners by preventing falls, thereby simplifying the process of mastering control for children as young as four or five years old. Following , the experienced a surge in popularity among children, fueled by the post-war economic boom and the generation, which increased demand for affordable recreational toys and transportation options. Huffy's introduction of training wheels aligned perfectly with this trend, as families sought safe and effective ways for their children to engage in outdoor activities amid rising suburban living and limited car access for kids. Early adoption was rapid in the American market, with the model becoming a bestseller and helping to establish training wheels as a standard feature in children's bicycles by the early . The initial designs emphasized practicality and ease of use, with the training wheels mounted directly on the rear to provide lateral support without interfering with pedaling motion, a concept that addressed common challenges in teaching balance to novice riders. This not only boosted Huffy's market position but also reflected broader shifts in child safety and education during the era.

Evolution and Standardization

Following the foundational 1949 invention of training wheels by the Corporation as part of their model, which introduced rear-mounted auxiliary wheels to aid young riders, subsequent refinements emerged in the post-1950s era. In the 1970s, training wheels achieved greater standardization through adoption by major manufacturers including Schwinn and Raleigh, who integrated them as optional or bundled accessories in children's models, aligning with emerging industry safety norms. This period saw the Bicycle Manufacturers Association (BMA) establish voluntary safety standards known as BMA/6 in 1972, which addressed overall bicycle construction and components to mitigate injury risks from rising mishaps. The global spread of training wheels accelerated in the and , with widespread adoption in and the , where they are commonly referred to as "stabilizers" to emphasize their balancing function. Usage rates for such devices reached approximately 85% among new cyclists during this timeframe, reflecting their integration into mainstream children's worldwide.

Design and Mechanics

Construction and Attachment

Training wheels are typically constructed with small auxiliary wheels, often 4 to 6 inches in , mounted on sturdy metal arms made of or aluminum for durability and lightweight support. These arms connect the auxiliary wheels to the 's rear section, positioning them offset from the main rear to the sides, typically several inches outward depending on the model and bike . The offset creates a lever arm that generates resistance during leaning, helping to keep the upright by countering the rotational forces that would otherwise cause tipping. Attachment methods generally involve clamping the arms to the rear nuts or bolting them directly to the frame stays, such as the chainstays, using adjustable brackets, bolts, washers, and nuts for a secure fit. This setup requires basic tools like open-end wrenches or adjustable wrenches to loosen the or frame components, position the arms, and tighten the hardware to prevent slippage during use. Some designs allow for adjustment via slotted brackets, enabling the auxiliary wheels to be set slightly above the ground to permit limited leaning while maintaining overall stability. The balance physics of training wheels relies on widening the bicycle's support base laterally, effectively transforming the two-wheeled into a quasi-three- or four-wheeled system at low speeds or when stationary. This extended base increases stability by allowing a greater lean angle before tipping, as the support base is widened, resisting roll moments that occur under 5 mph, where a standard bicycle's dynamic self-stabilization from forward motion, gyroscopic effects, and is minimal (typically below 5-10 km/h). The auxiliary wheels contact the ground only after a moderate lean, providing passive support without interfering with pedaling or basic .

Types and Variations

Training wheels are available in universal and bike-specific designs to accommodate different bicycle sizes and user groups. Universal models, such as the Wald Training Wheels Kit, are adjustable and compatible with bikes ranging from 16 to 26 inches in wheel diameter, allowing them to fit a variety of children's and some adult s without needing custom modifications. In contrast, bike-specific types are tailored for particular applications, like those designed for 16- to 20-inch kids' bikes, such as the Specialized Training Wheels, or heavier-duty versions for adult tricycles and bicycles, which use reinforced brackets to support up to 250 pounds. Various adaptations enhance functionality and . Inflatable tires, as seen in Fatwheels models, provide a smoother ride over uneven surfaces compared to solid foam alternatives. Quick-release clamps enable tool-less attachment and detachment, facilitating easy transitions between supported and independent riding, as featured in products like the Mehome Training Wheels for 12- to 20-inch bikes. Foldable designs, such as the BELL Spotter Trainer Wheels with a flip-up mechanism or the Trail Gator adjustable fold-up system, allow for compact storage when not in use, making them practical for travel or space-limited environments. Specialized versions address unique needs beyond standard children's bikes. Adaptive training wheels like FATWHEELS are engineered for individuals with balance challenges, including older children and adults, and attach to the rear of conventional bicycles to promote stability during learning. For tandem bikes and e-bikes, custom adaptations with products like Swinging Wheels offering suspension-based stabilizers that can be fitted to multi-rider or electrically assisted setups for enhanced safety at higher speeds.

Usage and Training

Installation and Adjustment

Installing training wheels begins with selecting a compatible set for the child's , typically based on size such as 12- to 20-inch bikes, to ensure proper fit and stability. Not all are compatible; check for sufficient length and type (e.g., nutted axles required; quick-release or thru- bikes may need modifications or professional installation). The attachment process involves the following steps: First, remove the rear axle nuts and any locking washers from both sides of the bike using an appropriate wrench, such as a 13mm or 15mm open-end wrench. Next, assemble each to its bracket by securing the wheel axle nut tightly, then position the bracket on the rear , inserting any tab into the frame slot if applicable for added security. Slide the assembly onto the axle, replace the locking washer and nut, and hand-tighten initially before using a to secure firmly without overtightening to avoid frame damage. Repeat for the opposite side, ensuring the wheels are parallel to the main rear wheel. After installation, test for stability by gently rocking the bike and checking for wobble; if present, loosen and reposition the brackets or tighten all connections further. Mechanical attachment relies on clamping the brackets securely to the axle to distribute weight evenly during use. For adjustment, set the initial height so the training wheels are about 1/2 inch off the ground when the bike is upright, allowing them to contact the surface only when the bike tilts slightly for support. To wean the child off the wheels progressively, raise them in 1-2 inch increments as riding confidence improves, loosening the mounting nuts, repositioning the brackets upward along the axle slots if available, and retightening securely after each change. Safety checks are essential post-installation and after adjustments: Measure the height on both sides to ensure they are even, preventing the bike from leaning to one side when stationary; aim for the wheels to just touch the ground at standstill with minimal tilt for balanced support. Additionally, confirm all nuts are torqued appropriately (e.g., 24 Nm for certain brackets) and that the wheels spin freely without binding.

Learning Process

The learning process with training wheels typically begins with full support to build foundational pedaling skills, progressing to partial support for introducing balance, and culminating in removal to achieve independent riding. In the initial stage, children practice pedaling on a stable where both training wheels remain in contact with the ground, allowing them to focus on coordinating leg movements, steering, and basic speed control without the . This phase emphasizes repetitive practice in a , flat area to develop confidence in and braking. As the child gains proficiency, usually after a few weeks, the training wheels are adjusted to provide partial lift by raising them slightly off the ground, making the bike more tippy and gradually introducing balance challenges while still offering . This transitional stage shifts focus to integrating coordination with subtle weight shifts for stability and controlled speeds, often through short glides and turns that encourage the rider to lean intuitively. Parental adjustment of wheel height during this progression is essential to match the child's improving skills. The duration varies by child and amount of practice, often taking several weeks to months, after which the training wheels are removed once the child can maintain balance during motion. Skill development prioritizes coordination between pedaling and before full independent riding, helping children aged 3-6 years master speed control through gentle braking and forward without over-reliance on stability aids. Parents play a crucial role by providing close supervision during rides, offering verbal encouragement to build motivation, and monitoring progress through observed milestones like longer glides or unassisted starts. This involvement ensures a supportive environment tailored to the child's developmental readiness, typically starting around age 3 and completing by 6.

Benefits and Drawbacks

Advantages

Training wheels provide essential stability for young cyclists, enabling them to focus on fundamental skills such as pedaling and without the immediate of falling, which fosters a sense of during the initial learning phase. This stability reduces the fear associated with riding, allowing beginners to build through gradual, low- experiences, much like progressing from a to a supported before independent riding. One key advantage is their accessibility, as training wheels are typically inexpensive and can be easily attached to an existing pedal without requiring the purchase of specialized . This affordability makes them a practical option for families, promoting broader participation in activities. Training wheels also offer versatility, fitting a wide age range from approximately 3 to 8 years old and compatible with various bike sizes, such as 12-inch to 20-inch wheels, which accommodates different developmental stages. Their adjustable and removable design further enhances usability across family settings, encouraging parental involvement in guiding and supervising the learning process.

Limitations

Training wheels have been shown to delay the development of true balance skills essential for independent . Research indicates that children using bicycles with training wheels achieve independent riding at an average age of 4.5 years, compared to 3.5 years for those using balance bikes, representing a delay of approximately one year in overall skill acquisition. This hindrance stems from the artificial stability provided by the additional wheels, which limits opportunities to practice —the technique of steering into a maintain balance—necessary for postural control. The reliance on training wheels also fosters a false sense of security, encouraging excessive leaning during turns or at higher speeds, which can lift the wheels off the ground and lead to falls or abrupt corrections. This habit complicates the transition to a two-wheeled , as riders must unlearn improper leaning patterns and adapt to instability, often resulting in a prolonged adjustment period after removal. Retrospective studies confirm that children transitioning from training wheels take significantly longer to ride independently than those starting with balance-focused methods, with delays averaging 1.81 years in onset of proficient . Physically, training wheels add extra weight to the , which can make it heavier and more difficult for young children to pedal and control, particularly those with limited strength. Additionally, the uneven weight distribution from constant tilting can lead to scraping of the training wheels on turns if not properly adjusted.

Balance Bikes

Balance bikes are pedal-less bicycles specifically designed for young children to develop balance through walking, scooting, and running motions, typically featuring lightweight frames, low seats that allow feet to touch the ground, and adjustable seat heights to support growth from to ages. Invented in 1997 by German designer Mertens, the first commercially produced model, known as the LIKEaBIKE, emphasized natural progression from walking to gliding without the complexity of pedals or stabilizers. Unlike traditional training wheels, which often delay the acquisition of independent balance by providing artificial support, balance bikes encourage immediate focus on core stability and coordination from the start. Research demonstrates that children practicing on balance bikes achieve independent cycling at younger ages—averaging 4.16 years compared to 5.97 years for those using bikes with training wheels—and require shorter overall practice durations to master pedaling. This approach fosters superior motor skill development, including enhanced proprioception and confidence in steering and turning, as children learn to shift weight intuitively without the crutch of wheels. Since the early 2010s, balance bikes have experienced a significant surge in popularity worldwide, driven by increased parental awareness of their developmental benefits and the rise of accessible brands like Strider, founded in 2007. As of 2025, the global balance bike market is valued at approximately USD 1.7 billion and projected to grow to USD 3.4 billion by 2034 at a compound annual growth rate of 8.1%. These bikes are widely recommended for children aged 18 months to 5 years, allowing even toddlers to build foundational riding skills in a safe, engaging manner that seamlessly transitions to conventional pedal bicycles.

Other Methods

One common method involves the running start with support, where a or guardian holds the 's bike from behind by the or handlebars, providing initial momentum while the child focuses on balance and . This technique, often combined with verbal encouragement to look forward, helps build confidence without the child needing to pedal initially. Once balance is achieved over short distances, the gradually releases support, allowing the to independently. Another approach is pedal removal for balance practice, transforming a standard pedal bike into a makeshift by taking off the pedals and lowering the seat so the child's feet can easily touch the ground. The child then practices scooting forward with their feet in long strides, lifting them to glide and steer through turns or obstacles, emphasizing weight shifting for stability. This method isolates balance skills before reintroducing pedaling, typically taking just a few sessions for proficiency. Guided bikes equipped with handlebar extensions, such as clip-on assistance handles or push bars, offer without bending over, attaching to the frame or post for and speed guidance. These tools allow the adult to simulate riding conditions safely, fading support as the gains control, and are particularly useful on varied . In recent years, post-2020 digital tools have emerged for virtual coaching, including instructional videos and online resources that demonstrate techniques like and braking through animated or live demos. Platforms provide step-by-step guidance for parents, such as short films on safe riding rules and balance drills, accessible via apps or websites to supplement in-person practice. Adaptive tools for children with have seen inclusive designs in the 2020s, featuring customizable tricycles with adjustable seating, footplates, and steering aids to accommodate motor challenges or developmental differences. Examples include models with synchronized pedaling and enhanced stability, promoting gradual skill-building toward independent mobility. Evidence from direct balance training methods, such as those using pedal removal or similar non-pedaled practice, indicates shorter learning curves compared to traditional approaches; a 2022 study on balance-focused showed children achieving independent at around 3.5 years old versus 4.5 years with other methods, effectively advancing proficiency by about one year through earlier onset and efficient skill transfer. Balance bikes represent a primary alternative in this category, emphasizing unassisted from the start.

References

  1. https://www.huffy.com/blog/100-years-of-huffy-manufacturing
  2. https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/the-story-of-huffy-from-dayton-sewing-machine-makers-to-world-force-in-bicycles/ISHGXUVGX5GXZMSIMGSSWE4LEM/
  3. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/advice-teaching-bike-riding/
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8834827/
  5. https://www.precedenceresearch.com/balance-bike-market
  6. https://www.flexguiders.com/post/what-do-training-wheels-do
  7. https://www.twowheelingtots.com/training-wheels-faq/
  8. https://rascalrides.com/training-wheels/
  9. https://woom.com/en_US/why-training-wheels-do-not-make-sense
  10. https://www.trekbikes.com/us/en_US/equipment/cycling-components/bike-training-wheels/wald-742-16-26-training-wheels-kit/p/73099/
  11. https://www.amazon.com/Lumintrail-Adjustable-Training-Wheels-Bicycles/dp/B07BYBGZPJ
  12. https://www.amazon.com/Wald-Bicycle-Training-Wheels-16-Inch/dp/B000C128PM
  13. https://ridejetson.com/products/spark-2-0-light-up-training-wheels
  14. https://www.amazon.com/DOUBLE-Training-Variable-Reinforced-Breaking/dp/B08H22WRK1
  15. https://www.huffy.com/huffy-bikes-130/
  16. https://americanbusinesshistory.org/the-american-bicycle-industry-a-short-history/
  17. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/si-bikes/si-bikes-safety
  18. https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/14/archives/rise-in-bicycle-mishaps-prompts-u-s-standards.html
  19. https://www.bicycling.com/bikes-gear/g40435726/best-training-wheels/
  20. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/137971/v003t01a035-detc2019-98469.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
  21. http://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/research/topics/bicycle_mechanics/bicycle_steering.pdf
  22. https://www.especialneeds.com/shop/mobility/special-needs-tricycles-bicycles/training-wheels.html
  23. https://www.amazon.com/Mehome-Release-Training-Duty-Bicycle-Suitable/dp/B0DDCBWNY8
  24. https://www.ebay.com/itm/185657264844
  25. https://www.fatwheels.com/
  26. https://swingingwheels.com/
  27. https://www.pedelecs.co.uk/forum/threads/has-anyone-used-swinging-wheels-stabilisers-on-e-bike.46463/
  28. https://waldsports.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Wald_TW_1216_instructions_04_08.pdf
  29. https://www.portland.gov/transportation/walking-biking-transit-safety/documents/portland-family-biking-guide-0/download
  30. https://www.sheldonbrown.com/teachride.html
  31. https://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/teach-child-to-ride-a-bike.html
  32. https://usacycling.org/article/balance-bike-vs-training-wheels
  33. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/building_youth_with_the_5_cs_confidence
  34. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9310799/
  35. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12409
  36. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040266
  37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031814
  38. https://kokuabikesusa.com/f/story-who-invented-the-balance-bike
  39. https://www.bicycling.com/bikes-gear/a23779439/balance-bikes-change-kids/
  40. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/balance-bike-market-outlook-2025-111600385.html
  41. https://www.twowheelingtots.com/10-best-balance-bikes/
  42. https://pushmehome.com/uncategorized/kids-bike-assistance-handles-when-why-and-which-one/
  43. https://www.bike.nyc/digital-resources-bike-education/
  44. https://www.rifton.com/products/adaptive-tricycles
  45. https://www.bikeradar.com/advice/buyers-guides/adaptive-bikes
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