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Ulriken
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Ulriken (or the older, Ålreken) is the highest of the Seven Mountains (Norwegian: De syv fjell) that surround the city of Bergen, Norway. It has a height of 643 metres (2,110 ft) above sea level. Ulriken has an aerial tramway, Ulriksbanen, that can bring people to the top. At the top there is a TV tower and a restaurant. There is a network of trails along Ulriken, which is a popular hike with several paths up ranging from steep to not so steep.
Key Information
History
[edit]One of the slopes of Ulriken, known as Isdalen ("Ice Valley"), is also nicknamed "Death Valley", due to the area's history of suicides in the Middle Ages, and more recent hiking accidents.[2] The valley became well known in 1970 when the remains of the mysterious Isdal Woman was discovered there.[3] Another area of the mountain is called "Montana."[4]
Ulriksbanen opened in 1961 and was closed in 1974 after an accident. The cable car closed again in the 1980s due to lack of funds, and again in January 2006, due to the operating company failing to meet government requirements for documentation, but it reopened later in the spring of the same year. It was later closed again, but it reopened for business on May 1, 2009.[5]
The Ulriken Tunnel (Norwegian: Ulrikstunnelen) is a single-line railway tunnel on the Bergen Line between Bergen Station and Arna Station. Opened in 1964, the 7.6-kilometre (4.7 mi) long tunnel runs under the northern part of Ulriken. A second tunnel, began in January 2016, and was completed in December 2020.[6]
The mountain was featured in a 2016 music video by Alan Walker called Alone.[citation needed]
Gallery
[edit]-
View of Bergen from Ulriken -
-
Restaurant at Ulriken -
Ulriken TV Tower at night -
View of Bergen in September 2008
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Ulriken, Bergen (Vestland)" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
- ^ Cheung, Helier (2017-05-13). "The mystery death haunting Norway for 46 years". Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Death in Ice Valley". BBC. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ^ "40 år siden Ulriksbanen falt ned". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ "Her er nye Ulriken - bt.no". Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ "Northern Europe's busiest single-track railway tunnel gets upgrade". railtech.com. Railtech. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
External links
[edit]- Ulriken Opp: Løypen [Ulriken up: the track]
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Ulriken
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Ulriken is the highest of the seven mountains encircling the city of Bergen, Norway, rising to an elevation of 643 meters above sea level. Accessible by the Ulriken cable car—known as Ulriksbanen, which has transported visitors since its opening in 1961—and various hiking trails, it serves as a prominent landmark offering breathtaking panoramic views of Bergen, its fjords, islands, and surrounding plateaus.[1][2][3]
The mountain's summit features a distinctive television transmitter tower, a café, and the Skyskraperen restaurant, providing amenities for tourists and locals alike. Hiking routes to Ulriken vary in difficulty, including the challenging Sherpa Steps—a 1,333-step staircase constructed between 2016 and 2019 by Nepalese Sherpas as part of a Norway-Nepal collaboration—and gentler paths like the 2.4-kilometer trail from Steinen, which take 1 to 2 hours one way. These trails connect to broader networks, such as the 18-kilometer plateau hike from nearby Fløyen, appealing to outdoor enthusiasts year-round.[4][1][5]
Historically, Ulriken has functioned as a navigational aid for sailors approaching Bergen. The name Ulriken derives from the older form Ålreken, from Old Norse *Alrekr, meaning "all-mighty", reflecting its rugged prominence in the landscape. Upgraded with modern 50-passenger gondolas in 2021, the cable car enhances accessibility, drawing over 90,000 passengers in its early years and continuing as an iconic Bergen attraction.[4][6][7][8][9]
Geography
Location and Topography
Ulriken is situated in the municipality of Bergen, Vestland county, Norway, at coordinates 60°22′39″N 5°23′14″E.[10] It rises to an elevation of 643 meters (2,110 feet) above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region's skyline.[11] The mountain lies approximately 3 km northeast of Bergen's city center, embedding it closely within the urban periphery while contributing to the city's characteristic fjord-indented topography.[3] As the highest peak among Bergen's Seven Mountains (De syv fjell), Ulriken surpasses neighboring summits such as Fløyen at 425 meters and Løvstakken at 477 meters, offering a commanding presence in the local landscape.[12] These mountains encircle the city, forming a natural amphitheater that defines Bergen's geographical identity.[13] Ulriken's topography is characterized by steep slopes that rise sharply from the surrounding valleys, creating challenging terrain for ascent and providing expansive panoramic vistas over Bergen, the adjacent fjords, and the North Sea.[14] A notable feature is the Isdalen valley (known as "Death Valley"), a deep glacial trough on its eastern flank that accentuates the mountain's rugged profile and integrates it into the broader fjord landscape shaped by ancient ice ages.[15]Geology and Formation
Ulriken, as part of the Scandinavian Mountains, formed primarily during the Caledonian orogeny, a mountain-building event spanning approximately 490 to 390 million years ago that resulted from the collision between the continents of Baltica and Laurentia. This orogeny reworked the underlying Precambrian basement rocks, thrusting and metamorphosing them into the complex structures visible today in the Bergen Arcs, where Ulriken is situated. The mountain's core belongs to the Ulriken Gneiss Complex, a Precambrian migmatite unit that experienced heterogeneous deformation and local high-pressure metamorphism up to eclogite facies during this period.[16] The predominant rock types on Ulriken include Proterozoic plutonic rocks such as gneisses and granites, which dominate the Ulriken Gneiss Complex, alongside metamorphic schists derived from the overlying Rundemanen Formation—a late Precambrian sedimentary cover sequence altered to greenschist facies. These rocks exhibit banded gneisses with quartz, feldspar, and biotite, reflecting intense migmatization and foliation from the orogenic stresses. Exposed bedrock outcrops of these resistant gneisses form prominent features across the mountain's slopes, highlighting the area's tectonic history.[16][17] Subsequent Pleistocene glaciations, occurring over multiple cycles during the Quaternary period (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), further sculpted Ulriken's topography through abrasive erosion and plucking, eroding up to 2 km of material in western Norway. This glacial activity carved steep cliffs and U-shaped valleys, such as Isdalen, by widening pre-existing fluvial features into broad, flat-floored troughs with sheer sides. Minor post-Caledonian fault lines, resulting from brittle deformation in the Devonian to Cretaceous periods, intersect these rocks and contribute to the mountain's rugged profile by creating localized fractures and enhanced erosion susceptibility.[18][19]Climate and Ecology
Climate Patterns
Ulriken exhibits a temperate oceanic climate classified as Köppen Cfb, characterized by mild temperatures and high humidity throughout the year.[20] This climate is heavily influenced by the Atlantic westerlies and the proximity to the Gulf Stream, which moderates temperatures and delivers consistent moisture from the North Atlantic. Annual precipitation on Ulriken ranges from approximately 2,000 to 2,500 mm, significantly enhanced by orographic lift as moist air ascends the mountain's slopes, leading to frequent rain and fog.[21] Average temperatures at the summit reflect the elevation's cooling effect, with mild winters where minima rarely drop below -5°C and cool summers peaking at 15-20°C. Frequent fog and rain dominate the weather patterns, accompanied by strong winds that often exceed 20 m/s, particularly during stormy periods driven by westerly flows. These conditions contribute to overcast skies for much of the year, with visibility frequently reduced.[22][21] Seasonally, winter brings heavy snowfall, accumulating up to 40 cm or more at times, which supports activities like cross-country skiing on the plateau. Summers are misty and damp, with persistent low clouds limiting clear views and maintaining cooler conditions compared to the base. Microclimatic variations are pronounced between the summit at 643 m and the Bergen base, where higher elevations experience stronger winds—often surpassing 25 m/s—and temperatures several degrees lower due to adiabatic cooling, exacerbating exposure to Atlantic weather systems.[23][24]Flora and Fauna
Ulriken's biodiversity reflects its position in western Norway's coastal mountain range, featuring a gradient of vegetation zones adapted to the subalpine climate. The lower slopes are dominated by birch woodlands (Betula pubescens), providing habitat for understory plants and supporting a transition to open landscapes higher up.[25] As elevation increases, heather moorlands (Calluna vulgaris) become prevalent, forming expansive purple expanses during summer blooms that characterize much of the mid-slopes.[26] At the summit, alpine tundra prevails, with low-growing shrubs such as bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) thriving in the rocky, wind-exposed terrain, where these berry-producing species offer seasonal food sources for wildlife.[27] The fauna on Ulriken includes a mix of mammals and birds suited to the rugged, transitioning ecosystems from coastal scrub to subalpine meadows. Mammals such as roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and mountain hares (Lepus timidus) inhabit the lower and mid-elevations, grazing on heather and browsing birch foliage, while red deer (Cervus elaphus) occasionally roam the broader mountain plateaus.[28] Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are sighted in the surrounding areas.[29] Avian species are diverse, with birds like peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) nesting on cliffs and preying on smaller birds across the range.[30] These ecosystems contribute to regional biodiversity, supported by Norway's Nature Diversity Act, which promotes conservation to maintain natural habitats.[31] Human activities pose notable threats to Ulriken's ecosystems, including soil erosion from heavy foot traffic on trails and the introduction of invasive species via tourism. Erosion has been mitigated through initiatives like the construction of over 1,300 stone steps (Sherpa stairs) on key paths, built by Nepalese experts to reduce trail degradation and preserve fragile soils.[32] Invasive species, such as the American mink (Neovison vison), disrupt native fauna by preying on ground-nesting birds and small mammals in valley areas, while non-native plants are spreading upward due to climate shifts and visitor movement.[33] Local authorities, including the Vestland County Governor, lead conservation efforts through habitat monitoring, invasive species control, and promotion of low-impact tourism to sustain Ulriken's ecological balance.[31] Seasonal changes driven by the region's temperate oceanic climate influence habitat availability, with snow cover altering access for species during winter months. Climate change is shifting vegetation zones upward, potentially affecting subalpine species as of 2025.[34][35]History
Pre-Modern Period
Evidence of prehistoric human activity from the Stone Age exists in the broader Hordaland region surrounding Bergen, with stray finds of stone tools indicating use as potential hunting grounds by early coastal inhabitants. Radiocarbon dates and artifact distributions from sites in the area suggest demographic fluctuations and resource exploitation during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In medieval times, Ulriken, then known by its older name Ålreken, held strategic importance as a natural lookout point overlooking Bergen's fjords and sea routes, aiding in the defense against potential invasions of the trading hub.[36] Its elevated position provided panoramic visibility, enhancing the city's fortifications during a period when Bergen was a key Hanseatic League center vulnerable to naval threats. The adjacent Isdalen valley earned a grim reputation as "Dødsdalen" or "Death Valley" due to a history of medieval suicides and later accidents, contributing to local perceptions of the area as foreboding.[37] This dark legacy persisted in regional lore, associating the valley with tragedy amid its isolated terrain near Ulriken. In the 19th century, Norwegian surveyors incorporated Ulriken into systematic topographic mappings, establishing it as a prominent landmark in regional cartography efforts that documented Norway's rugged western landscapes. These surveys, part of broader national initiatives starting in the late 18th century, highlighted the mountain's geological stability, which supported its role in early defensive strategies. Recorded ascents of Ulriken began in the 19th century, inspiring local artists and writers with its prominence in Bergen's landscape.[4]20th Century Developments
In the early 20th century, the completion of the Bergen Railway in 1909 enhanced connectivity to the region, spurring population growth in Bergen to over 100,000 by 1920 and fostering increased interest in leisure hiking among residents on nearby peaks like Ulriken.[38][39] This expansion reflected broader urbanization trends, as steamship lines, industry, and tourism flourished, drawing locals to the mountains for recreation amid the city's evolving landscape.[38] Following World War II, Bergen's population continued to boom, driven by industrial recovery and urban expansion into surrounding districts, which heightened pressure on adjacent natural areas including Ulriken and sparked initial conservation discussions to safeguard these spaces for public use and ecological balance.[38] The city's growth, coupled with events like the 1955 Bryggen fire that uncovered archaeological layers, underscored the need to balance development with preservation of the mountainous backdrop that defines Bergen's identity.[38] A pivotal event occurred on November 29, 1970, when hikers discovered the charred remains of an unidentified woman in Isdalen valley, a remote area below Ulriken, igniting one of Norway's most enduring mysteries known as the Isdal Woman case. Norwegian police launched an extensive investigation, uncovering coded notes, multiple aliases, and foreign artifacts suggesting possible espionage ties amid Cold War tensions.[37][40][41] The site's historical notoriety as "Death Valley," stemming from medieval associations with peril, intensified the case's chilling aura.[41] During the 1980s and 1990s, Norway's burgeoning environmental movements influenced local efforts in Bergen to curb overdevelopment and secure protected status for portions of Ulriken and the surrounding mountains.[42] These initiatives built on earlier water protection zones established in the 19th century, reinforcing legal safeguards to prevent urban encroachment and preserve the area's biodiversity and recreational value.[43]Infrastructure
Ulriksbanen Cable Car
The Ulriksbanen cable car serves as the primary aerial tramway providing access to the summit of Ulriken, enhancing connectivity between Bergen's urban center and its highest mountain for both recreational and tourist purposes. Established as the city's first such system, it has played a key role in promoting mountain access since its inception, complementing hiking trails as an efficient alternative for those seeking the summit without the physical exertion of the ascent.[44][7] Construction of Ulriksbanen began in the late 1950s, with the operating company formed in 1959 following a proposal dating back to 1954, and the system completed by a Swiss engineering firm, marking it as Bergen's inaugural aerial tramway. The route covers an inclined length of 1,126 meters, rising 505 meters vertically with a steep average gradient of approximately 45%, designed to navigate the challenging topography between the lower station in Haukeland and the upper station near the summit.[44][7] The tramway's operational history has been punctuated by periodic closures for repairs and upgrades to ensure safety and reliability. It experienced a major setback in 1974 due to a mechanical failure that caused a gondola to detach and fall, resulting in four fatalities and leading to a shutdown until reopening in 1979 after extensive investigations and modifications. Financial constraints prompted further closures in 1988 and 1989, while safety concerns from a track cable derailment closed the system temporarily in January and August 2006, with brief reopenings in between. A significant drive and control system upgrade followed in 2009, costing millions of kroner and addressing aging infrastructure; this was succeeded by a comprehensive NOK 100 million-plus renovation starting in 2020, culminating in full operations resuming in late 2021 with modernized components.[7][44] Technically, Ulriksbanen features two detachable cabins, each with a capacity of 50 passengers, propelled by electric motors along parallel track cables at a speed of 0.5 m/s, completing the journey in 4.5 minutes. Departures occur every 10-15 minutes during peak seasons, supporting an hourly throughput of up to 670 riders and enabling an estimated annual capacity exceeding 100,000 passengers based on operational patterns.[44][2] Economically, the cable car sustains itself through tourism-driven revenue from ticket sales and on-site services, managed by Ulriken 643 AS since its rebranding. Integration with Bergen's Skyss public transport network via dedicated shuttle buses and regular lines (such as 12, 21, and 6) from the city center facilitates seamless access, boosting overall visitor numbers and contributing to local economic activity without relying on subsidies.[44][45]Tunnels and Broadcasting Facilities
The Ulriken Tunnel is a 7.6 km long single-track railway tunnel that passes beneath the northern flank of Ulriken, forming a key segment of the Bergen Line between Bergen and Arna stations.[46] Opened in 1964, it replaced an older, circuitous route via Nesttun and quickly became northern Europe's busiest single-track railway section due to its role in connecting Bergen to Voss and beyond. Following the opening of a parallel new tunnel in December 2020, the original tunnel was closed from December 2020 to June 2021 for comprehensive rehabilitation to upgrade it for continued use in the double-track configuration. In 2024, the overall Arna–Bergen railway upgrade project, including the new Ulriken Tunnel, was named Construction of the Year in Norway.[47][48][49][50] To alleviate capacity constraints and enable double-tracking, a parallel 7.8 km tunnel was constructed starting in 2014 as part of the broader Arna–Bergen railway upgrade, which includes extensions along the Bergen Line to reduce overall travel times between Arna and Bergen.[51] The new tunnel, bored using a tunnel boring machine in Norway's first such application for a railway project, opened on December 13, 2020, and features cross passages every 500 meters for safety and evacuation.[52][53] Construction faced engineering challenges, including excavation in hard gneiss rock only 30 meters from the existing tunnel, variable geological conditions, and the need for precise blasting to avoid disruptions to ongoing rail operations.[54][55] At Ulriken's summit, a broadcasting mast supports FM radio and television transmissions for the Bergen region, including signals from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) and local stations.[56] The facility, situated at 643 meters above sea level, was integrated with the area's infrastructure developments in the mid-20th century and upgraded to accommodate digital television broadcasting as part of Norway's nationwide transition completed in 2007.[57] The project also involved re-routing local roads and creating maintenance access paths to support ongoing operations of both the railway tunnels and summit facilities.[48]Tourism and Recreation
Hiking and Trails
Ulriken features a well-developed network of hiking trails that cater to a range of abilities, providing access to its summit and surrounding plateaus. The primary ascent routes originate from the base near Montana hostel, offering a steep but rewarding climb through forested paths and stone steps. One popular route follows the Oppstemten trail, spanning approximately 4.8 kilometers with an elevation gain of 454 meters, typically taking 2.5 to 3 hours for the ascent and classified as hard due to its steep gradients and rocky sections. This trail includes the Sherpa Steps, a 1,333-step staircase constructed between 2016 and 2019 by Nepalese Sherpas as part of a Norway-Nepal collaboration.[58][3] An alternative, easier path begins from the Ulriksbanen cable car top station, traversing the ridge with gentler terrain and loops around the summit plateau, such as a 3-kilometer moderate circuit suitable for families.[59] The trail system includes diverse options integrated into Bergen's broader network, such as the Ulriken to Fløyen traverse across the Vidden plateau, a 15-kilometer route that takes about 5 hours and follows mostly flat, open moorland marked by stone cairns rather than formal signs. Many paths are designated as tourist trails, identifiable by red "T" markings painted on rocks and trees, guiding hikers along established routes like the main ascent from Montana. Among the more challenging variants is the Ulrikseggen ridge trail, a round-trip involving exposed sections requiring handholds and caution on slippery surfaces, offering panoramic views but demanding greater fitness.[60][61][62] Trail maintenance is overseen by Bergen kommune in collaboration with local tourism operators, ensuring signage, stone-built steps, and rest areas along key paths to enhance accessibility and minimize environmental impact. Periodic seasonal closures are implemented for erosion control, particularly after heavy rains. Safety measures include prominent warning signs at trailheads and along routes highlighting steep drops, variable weather conditions that can turn paths muddy and slippery, and the need for proper footwear. These trails also connect with guided options in the "Norway in a Nutshell" itinerary, allowing for structured hikes with professional oversight. Hikers should monitor weather risks, as sudden changes can increase hazards on exposed sections.[63][57][64]Activities and Visitor Experiences
At the summit of Ulriken, standing at 643 meters above sea level, visitors can enjoy the Skyskraperen Restaurant and Ulriken Café, which serve local Norwegian cuisine including traditional dishes and seasonal specialties.[65][66] The restaurant offers indoor and outdoor seating with panoramic vistas, while the café provides casual options like coffee, baked goods, and the signature Ulriken bun, catering to hikers and sightseers alike.[66] These facilities enhance the visitor experience by combining dining with the mountain's natural setting, open daily from 9 AM to 11 PM during the peak summer season (April to September).[66] Observation platforms at the summit provide unobstructed 360-degree views of Bergen, its surrounding mountains, fjords, and islands, making it a highlight for photography and relaxation.[67] On clear days, the expansive scenery stretches across coastal landscapes and urban horizons, offering a comprehensive perspective of the region's geography.[68] Beyond passive enjoyment, Ulriken hosts thrilling adventure activities that draw adrenaline seekers. The zipline, Norway's fastest at 300 meters long with speeds up to 93 km/h, launched in summer 2016 and provides an exhilarating descent toward Mount Fløyen while showcasing aerial views of the city and fjords.[69][70] Paragliding enthusiasts utilize multiple launch sites on the mountain, suitable for intermediate pilots, with flights offering sweeping glides over Bergen and its waterways.[71] In winter, guided snowshoeing tours traverse the snow-covered terrain, typically lasting 2.5 to 3 hours over easy-to-medium difficulty paths, allowing participants to explore the frosted landscapes under expert supervision.[72][73] Ulriken sees peak visitation in summer, attracting families and tourists drawn to its accessibility via convenient transport options that make the summit reachable without strenuous effort.[68] Sunset views from the platforms are particularly renowned, casting golden hues over the fjords and city below for a serene evening experience.[74] During winter, the site holds potential for Northern Lights sightings, though occurrences are rare due to Bergen's southern latitude below the Arctic Circle.[75]Cultural Significance
Role in Local Culture
Ulriken occupies a symbolic role in Bergen's cultural identity as the highest of the Seven Mountains encircling the city, representing its rugged natural heritage and connection to the surrounding fjords and wilderness. The mountain's name possibly derives from Old Norse "Ulfr," meaning wolf, evoking associations with untamed landscapes central to Norse folklore, where wolves symbolized power and the wild.[4] As a prominent landmark, Ulriken serves as a visual backdrop in local celebrations, highlighting the city's blend of culture and nature.[76] In community life, Ulriken fosters active participation through annual events that draw locals for physical challenges and social bonding. The Ulriken Opp, an uphill mountain race established in 2007, sees hundreds of participants ascend its slopes each May, emphasizing endurance and the joy of communal outdoor exertion.[77] Similarly, the Bergen Fjellmaraton incorporates a steep initial climb up Ulriken as part of its trail route, promoting the mountain's role in regional athletic traditions. Ulriken also integrates into school outdoor education programs under Norway's "uteskole" framework, where students from Bergen schools undertake guided hikes to build environmental awareness and physical skills amid the city's accessible mountains.[78][79] Artistic representations of Ulriken reflect its enduring presence in Norwegian creative expression, capturing the ethereal quality of its misty peaks and dramatic vistas. In the 19th century, romantic nationalist painters like Johan Christian Dahl depicted Bergen's mountainous landscapes to evoke national pride in the region's sublime nature.[80] These works portrayed the summits enshrouded in fog, symbolizing the interplay of light and terrain characteristic of western Norway. Modern interpretations extend this legacy through street art and murals across Bergen, often referencing the Seven Mountains as icons of local resilience and beauty. Conservation efforts highlight the deep local pride in safeguarding Ulriken against urban encroachment, ensuring its trails and ecosystems remain intact for future generations. Bergen residents, through organizations like Naturvernforbundet, have pushed for policies restricting development in undisturbed areas, including citizen-led campaigns for biodiversity strategies that prioritize the protection of mountain plateaus.[81][82] These initiatives underscore a collective ethos of stewardship, with volunteers maintaining paths and advocating against infrastructure that could fragment the natural buffer around the city.Media and Notable Events
Ulriken has featured prominently in modern media, particularly through high-profile music videos that showcase its dramatic landscapes. The 2016 music video for Alan Walker's electronic track "Alone" was filmed extensively in the Bergen region, culminating in a finale scene on Ulriken's summit involving over 100 extras dressed as the artist, emphasizing themes of unity against isolation amid the mountain's rugged terrain.[83] By 2020, the video had amassed over one billion views on streaming platforms, amplifying Ulriken's visibility as a cinematic backdrop.[84] The mountain's association with unsolved mysteries has also drawn documentary attention, notably through coverage of the 1970 Isdal Woman case, where an unidentified woman's remains were discovered in Isdalen valley on Ulriken's northern slopes. NRK's 2016 investigative documentary "The Isdalen Mystery" explored the site's eerie isolation and forensic details, collaborating with international outlets to revive public interest in the cold case.[85] This was complemented by BBC World Service's 2018-2019 podcast series "Death in Ice Valley," which detailed the discovery's context near Ulriken and garnered global listeners through its examination of espionage theories and local geography.[86] Notable events on Ulriken have included engineering achievements and adventure tourism milestones. The opening of Norway's fastest zipline in summer 2016, spanning 300 meters from Ulriken's summit toward Mount Fløyen at speeds up to 93 km/h, attracted international media coverage for its adrenaline-fueled views over Bergen and the fjords.[87]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ulriken