Hubbry Logo
William BrattonWilliam BrattonMain
Open search
William Bratton
Community hub
William Bratton
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
William Bratton
William Bratton
William Bratton
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

William Joseph Bratton CBE (born October 6, 1947) is an American businessman and former law enforcement officer who served two non-consecutive tenures as the New York City police commissioner (1994–1996 and 2014–2016) and currently one of only two NYPD commissioners to do so (the other is Raymond Kelly). He previously served as the Commissioner of the Boston Police Department (BPD) (1993–1994) and Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) (2002–2009). He is the only person to have led the police departments of the United States' two largest cities – New York and Los Angeles.

Key Information

Bratton began his police career at the BPD before becoming police commissioner in New York, where his quality-of-life policy has been credited with reducing petty and violent crime. He was recruited to lead the LAPD in 2002, following a period when the LAPD was struggling to rebuild public trust after a series of controversies in the 1990s. Bratton presided over an era of reform and crime reduction.[4] In January 2014, Bratton returned to the post of police commissioner in New York,[5] and served until September 2016.[6]

Bratton has served as an advisor on policing in several roles, including advising the British government[7] and is currently the chairman of the Homeland Security Advisory Council for the U.S. government.[8]

Bratton's policing style is influenced by the broken windows theory, a criminological theory of the norm-setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. He advocates having an ethnically diverse police force representative of the population,[9] being tough on gangs and maintaining a strict policy toward anti-social behavior.[10]

Early life and education

[edit]

Bratton is from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Boston Technical High School, graduating in 1965. From there, he served in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army leaving in 1970 to pursue a career in law enforcement.

Police career

[edit]

Boston

[edit]
Bratton and Mayor Thomas Menino stand with officers of the Boston Police Department

Bratton returned to Boston in 1970 to start a police career in the Boston Police Department (BPD), and was sworn in as an officer in October 1970. He was promoted to sergeant in July 1975. While serving as a Boston Police Officer, Bratton earned a Bachelor of Science in Public Service/Public Administration in 1975 from Boston State College (later absorbed by the University of Massachusetts-Boston).[11] In his early police career, he served as the partner of Francis Roache. Like Bratton, Roache also later served as Commissioner of the BPD.[12]

In October 1980, at the age of 32 and ten years after his appointment to the BPD, Bratton was named as the youngest-ever Executive Superintendent of the Boston Police, the department's second highest post. He was dismissed as executive superintendent after he told a journalist that his goal was to be the Police Commissioner. He was reassigned to the position of Inspector of Bureaus, a sinecure which was responsible for liaison with minority and LGBTQ communities. He was later brought back into police headquarters to handle labor relations and 9-1-1 related issues.

Between 1983 and 1986, Bratton was Chief of Police for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, following which he became Superintendent of the Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission Police. Bratton was Superintendent in Chief of the Boston Police Department from 1992 until 1993, then he became that city's 34th Police Commissioner. He holds the Department's highest award for valor.

New York City (first tenure)

[edit]

Bratton became the chief of the New York City Transit Police in 1990.[13] In 1994, Bratton was appointed the 38th Commissioner of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) by Mayor Rudy Giuliani. He cooperated with Giuliani in putting the controversial broken windows theory into practice. He introduced the CompStat system of tracking crimes in New York City. Critics have argued that CompStat has created perverse incentives for officers to allow crimes to go unreported,[14] and has encouraged police brutality, citing that complaints by citizens that involved incidents where no arrest was made or summons was issued more than doubled during the Giuliani administration.[15]

Bratton resigned in 1996, while under investigation by the Corporation Counsel for the propriety of a book deal that he signed while in office as well as accepting multiple unauthorized trips from corporations and individuals. These offenses were generally considered minor.[16] Front and center were alleged personal conflicts with Giuliani, partly due to Giuliani's opposition to some of Bratton's reforms and partly due to Giuliani's belief that Bratton was getting more credit for the reduction in crime than Giuliani.[17]

The experiences of Bratton and New York Deputy Police Commissioner Jack Maple were used as the inspiration of the television series The District.[citation needed]

Los Angeles

[edit]
Bratton and his wife Rikki Klieman, at LA/Valley Pride in 2009

Bratton worked as a private consultant with Kroll Associates, also known as LAPD's Independent Monitor,[18] until his appointment by the Mayor of Los Angeles James Hahn as the LAPD's 54th Chief of Police in October 2002. Bratton was one of three candidates recommended to Hahn by the Los Angeles Police Commission under Commission President Rick J. Caruso.[19]

On June 19, 2007, the Los Angeles Police Commission reappointed Bratton to a second five-year term, the first reappointment of an LAPD chief in almost twenty years.

Bratton has been criticized for his extensive travel; in 2005, he was out of town for a full third of the year on both official and personal business.[20]

In March 2009, Councilman Herb Wesson proposed an amendment[21] to the City Charter, allowing Bratton to serve a third consecutive term as Police Chief.

On September 11, 2009, he was awarded with the honorary title of Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II "in recognition of his work to promote cooperation between US and UK police throughout his distinguished career".[22]

On August 12, 2011, Bratton said he was in talks with the British government to become an adviser on controlling the violence that had affected London the prior week. He said he received a phone call from U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron, and that he would continue speaking with British officials to formalize an agreement.[23] Bratton was approached by British Prime Minister David Cameron to become the new Metropolitan Police Commissioner in July 2011, but Theresa May and the Home Office said that the commissioner was required to be a British citizen.[24] Bratton instead was offered an advisor role to the British government, which he accepted in August 2011.[7]

Oakland

[edit]

On December 27, 2012, he was hired as a consultant for the city of Oakland, California.[25][26]

New York City (second tenure)

[edit]
Emergency Management Comr. Joseph Esposito; NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio; U.S. Sec. of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson; Bratton; and NYFD Commissioner Daniel Nigro speak to media in 2015

On December 5, 2013, New York City mayor-elect Bill de Blasio named Bratton as New York City's new Police Commissioner to replace Raymond Kelly. The New York Times reported that at Bratton's swearing in on January 2, 2014, the new Police Commissioner praised his predecessor Raymond Kelly, but also signaled his intention to strike a more conciliatory tone with ordinary New Yorkers who had become disillusioned with policing in the city: "We will all work hard to identify why is it that so many in this city do not feel good about this department that has done so much to make them safe – what has it been about our activities that have made so many alienated?"[27] He stepped down in 2016.[28][citation needed]

New Orleans

[edit]

Following the January 1, 2025 attack on Bourbon Street the New Orleans Police Department hired William Bratton to review the city's security plans and strengthen them against future threats.[29] Bratton worked closely with New Orleans chief Anne Kirkpatrick with funding provided by the New Orleans Police and Justice Foundation.[29]

Later career

[edit]
Bratton (right) at a 2023 meeting of the Homeland Security Advisory Council

Bratton co-founded and served as CEO of Bratton Technologies,[when?] which operates BlueLine, a law enforcement communications network modeled after LinkedIn.[30]

In 2009, after stepping down from his post in Los Angeles, Bratton moved back to New York City to take a position with private security firm Altegrity Risk International.[31]

On September 16, 2010, Bratton became the chairman of Altegrity, a corporate risk consulting firm that declared bankruptcy after defrauding the US Government of millions of dollars. On November 9, 2012, he stepped down as chairman and was retained as a Senior Adviser.[citation needed]

In 2010, Bratton was sworn in as a new member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council.[8]

On November 5, 2012, Bratton joined Crest Advisory, a UK-based law enforcement consulting firm.[32]

In 2016, Bratton joined the CEO-advisory company Teneo Holdings as Senior Managing Director and Executive Chairman of their Teneo Risk division, which specializes in computer security, infrastructure security, corporate security, smart city planning, emergency management, and counterterrorism.[33]

In May 2018, Bratton was appointed to the Board of Directors[34] of Mission Ready Solutions Inc., a company specialized in providing comprehensive government contracting solutions.

Policing style

[edit]

Bratton is a key proponent of "broken windows" policing. Some media sources have described his policy as "zero tolerance" policing, but Bratton denies this.[35] Bratton has called "zero tolerance" a "troublesome" term.[36] Bratton and George L. Kelling wrote a joint essay in which they outlined a difference between the two:

Critics use the term "zero tolerance" in a pejorative sense to suggest that Broken Windows policing is a form of zealotry—the imposition of rigid, moralistic standards of behavior on diverse populations. It is not. Broken Windows is a highly discretionary police activity that requires careful training, guidelines, and supervision, as well as an ongoing dialogue with neighborhoods and communities to ensure that it is properly conducted.[37]

The central theory behind broken windows policing is that low-level crime and disorder creates an environment that encourages more serious crimes. Bratton and Kelling also argue that low-level disorder is often a greater worry to residents than major crimes, and that different ethnic groups have similar ideas as to what "disorder" is.[37] He and Kelling advocate both effective enforcement and lenient punishment for minor crimes. Citing fare evasion as an example, they argue that the police should attempt to catch fare evaders, and that the vast majority should be summoned to court rather than arrested and given a punishment other than jail. The goal is to deter minor offenders from committing more serious crimes in the future and reduce the prison population in the long run.[37]

Bratton also supports community policing, describing it as being related to broken windows policing. He and Kelling stress the need for the police to collaborate with other government agencies and a variety of community groups, writing that "many of the challenges to public order confronting cities and communities cannot be solved by simple police action."[37]

Bratton has stated that racial tensions and distrust of the police are hindrances to reducing crime. Bratton's solution in Los Angeles and New York City was to make police forces more ethnically diverse and "reflective of the ethnic make-up of their cities".[9] Bratton argues that stop-and-frisk is a useful tool that should be used in moderation.[38] Use of stop-and-frisk was increased during his first term as NYPD Commissioner and dramatically reduced during his second term. Bratton supported reducing it on the grounds that it was causing tension between the police and minority groups and that it was less needed in an era of lower crime.[37]

Memoir

[edit]

In 1998, Random House published his memoir Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic,[39] written with co-author Peter Knobler. It was named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year. His most recent book, The Profession: A Memoir of Community, Race, and the Arc of Policing in America,[40] also written with Knobler, was a 2021 New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice.

Personal life

[edit]

Bratton holds a Bachelor of Science in Law Enforcement from the University of Massachusetts Boston and was a research fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Bratton has been married four times. He is currently married to attorney and TruTV analyst Rikki Klieman, and has one son, David, from a prior marriage. Bratton was previously married to attorney and Boston Police spokeswoman and newscaster Cheryl Fiandaca.

Bratton addressed the Roger Williams University graduating class at the May 22, 2010 commencement ceremony and also received an honorary degree during the ceremony.[41] He also received an honorary degree from New York Institute of Technology.[42]

After more than 40 years in policing, Bill Bratton retired from law enforcement in 2016. As of 2018, he is currently the Executive Chairman of Teneo Risk Holdings and is on the Board of Directors for Mission Ready Solutions.

Bratton is a Roman Catholic.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

William Bratton

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
William Joseph Bratton (born October 6, 1947) is an American law enforcement executive renowned for leading transformative reforms in urban policing. He served two nonconsecutive terms as of the (NYPD) from 1994 to 1996 and 2014 to 2016, as well as Chief of the (LAPD) from 2002 to 2009, becoming the only individual to head both of the nation's largest police forces. A U.S. Army who served as during the era, Bratton began his policing career in 1970 with the , rising through ranks to become its commissioner in 1993. His tenure in New York during the mid-1990s is credited with pioneering —a data-driven management system—and applying the , which emphasizes cracking down on minor disorders to prevent major crimes, contributing to a sharp decline in citywide rates. In , his leadership over seven years halved , including substantial reductions in homicides, through similar accountability-focused strategies amid post-Rodney King reforms. Bratton's approach, rooted in empirical performance metrics and proactive , faced for allegedly fostering over-policing, yet data consistently correlated his tenures with measurable public safety gains, underscoring causal links between targeted disorder control and broader . Post-retirement, he has consulted on global security via firms like and advocated for evidence-based policing amid debates over reform.

Early Life and Military Service

Childhood and Family

William Joseph Bratton was born on October 6, 1947, in the neighborhood of , , a working-class area predominantly inhabited by Irish-American families. He grew up on Hecla Street in the Meeting House Hill section of , an urban environment characterized by blue-collar households and exposure to street-level disorder typical of mid-20th-century enclaves. Bratton's father, William E. Bratton, born in 1926 in Charlestown, , came from a large family with a modest background and supported his own household through persistent labor, often holding multiple jobs after serving as a . This upbringing instilled an early appreciation for diligence amid economic pressures, though specific details on his mother's background remain limited in public records.

Education

Bratton earned a degree in public service and administration from in 1975, an institution later merged into the . He completed this undergraduate education concurrently with the early stages of his law enforcement career, which began in 1970 upon joining the as a patrol officer following police academy training. Bratton holds no advanced academic degrees, distinguishing his trajectory from many contemporary police executives who often possess graduate qualifications in or ; his ascent relied instead on operational expertise gained through field assignments, promotional examinations, and department-specific instruction in tactics and management during his initial tenure. This practical foundation, rather than extended formal study, underpinned his rapid promotions within the department by the late 1970s.

Vietnam War Service

William Bratton enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1966 at age 19, opting to volunteer rather than risk random assignment through the draft, and selected the Corps as his specialty. He underwent training and served a three-year term, including one year in as a sentry dog handler responsible for base perimeter security and patrol duties. These roles involved enforcing military regulations, conducting searches, and maintaining order at installations amid the wartime environment. Bratton's military assignments emphasized discipline, authority, and the enforcement of rules to prevent disorder, experiences he later reflected shaped his approach to maintaining security in high-risk settings. He received an honorable discharge upon completion of service in 1969 or early 1970, returning to civilian life in shortly thereafter. No specific commendations for Vietnam service are detailed in public records, though his reliable performance in military policing provided foundational skills for his subsequent law enforcement career.

Law Enforcement Career

Boston Police Department

Bratton joined the (BPD) as a patrol officer in October 1970, immediately following his U.S. Army service in . He progressed rapidly through the ranks, earning promotion to in July 1975 as the youngest in the department's history and to in 1977. In 1976, after six years on patrol, he received the BPD's Schroeder Medal for heroism. By 1980, Bratton had risen to a senior command position, holding what was then the department's second-highest sworn rank. From 1983 to 1986, he served as chief of the (MBTA) Police, responsible for subway and commuter rail security in the area, where he prioritized enforcement against low-level transit offenses such as to curb broader disorder. Returning to the BPD, he commanded District 18 in Roxbury—a high-crime area—emphasizing through performance metrics and direct supervision of street operations. In these roles, Bratton advocated for decentralized command structures that empowered precinct leaders to address local crime patterns via intensified patrol presence and rapid response to public order violations, laying groundwork for his later emphasis on measurable enforcement outcomes. By 1991, he advanced to Superintendent in Chief, the BPD's top operational post, overseeing daily administration and field operations until his appointment as in 1993.

New York City Police Department (1994–1996)

William J. Bratton was appointed the 38th Commissioner of the (NYPD) in January 1994 by newly elected Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, succeeding amid a city grappling with high crime rates. Bratton, drawing from his prior experience as chief of the , prioritized operational reforms to enhance accountability and responsiveness. A key innovation under Bratton was the introduction of in 1994, a data-driven management system that utilized computerized , real-time statistical analysis, and weekly accountability meetings for precinct commanders to identify crime hotspots and allocate resources dynamically. This approach shifted focus from reactive policing to proactive strategies, including increased misdemeanor arrests for quality-of-life offenses and intensified efforts to address subway disorder, building on Bratton's earlier transit policing successes where such arrests had risen 80 percent by late 1990. During Bratton's tenure from 1994 to 1996, experienced substantial declines in reported crime, with murders decreasing by 39 percent and overall crime rates falling by approximately 37 percent. These reductions coincided with Giuliani's emphasis on zero-tolerance enforcement, which Bratton implemented through aggressive pursuit of minor infractions to deter more serious crimes, resulting in heightened arrests citywide. Bratton's relationship with Giuliani deteriorated over disputes regarding credit for the crime reductions and Bratton's high-profile media appearances, including a Time magazine cover story in early 1996 highlighting his role. He announced his resignation on March 26, 1996, effective April 15, 1996, to join a private security firm, amid speculation of mayoral interference in police operations.

Los Angeles Police Department (2002–2009)

William Bratton was appointed the 54th Chief of the (LAPD) by Mayor on October 3, 2002, with City Council confirmation on October 10 and a swearing-in ceremony on October 28. His tenure addressed the department's challenges following the 1992 riots and the 1990s , which led to a federal in 2001 mandating reforms in oversight, training, and accountability. Bratton prioritized institutional reforms, including enhanced data-driven management via and targeted enforcement against gang activity, which he integrated with drug enforcement under unified commands to disrupt entrenched networks in a city with over 40,000 documented gang members. These efforts contributed to a 54% reduction in from 2002 to 2009, alongside historically low overall crime rates, while advancing compliance with the through improved internal investigations and community-oriented policing. By 2009, federal monitors recommended transitioning from the full decree to a less restrictive agreement, crediting LAPD progress under Bratton's leadership. In the post-9/11 era, Bratton elevated the LAPD's role in counter-terrorism, committing resources to gathering and public awareness campaigns like iWATCH to prevent domestic threats, framing gang violence as a form of "homeland terrorism" requiring high-visibility deterrence. His focus on professionalizing , including officer and amid a diverse metropolis, earned him unprecedented reappointments for three five-year terms—the first multi-term chief in nearly two decades—despite occasional scrutiny over his international travel for consulting. Bratton announced his resignation on August 6, 2009, effective October 31, citing a desire to pursue private opportunities after overseeing sustained declines and departmental stabilization. During his tenure, homicides dropped significantly, and public trust in the LAPD improved, as evidenced by rising approval ratings and successful navigation of federal oversight.

Return to New York City Police Department (2014–2016)

William Bratton was sworn in as the 38th Commissioner of the on January 2, 2014, appointed by Mayor despite the mayor's prior opposition to aggressive policing tactics associated with Bratton's first term. Bratton pledged to reform stop-and-frisk practices, which had been curtailed by a federal court ruling and de Blasio's policy shift, resulting in stops dropping from over 685,000 in 2011 to fewer than 50,000 by 2014. He maintained emphasis on and quality-of-life policing, targeting low-level offenses to prevent escalation to serious crime, while shifting toward neighborhood policing and data-driven enforcement. During Bratton's tenure, New York City experienced continued declines in crime amid national debates over policing post-Ferguson. Index crimes fell 5.3 percent from 2013 to 2015, with an additional 2.4 percent decrease through mid-2016, and overall violent crime rates reached historic lows, including murders dropping to levels far below those at the start of his career. These reductions occurred despite reduced stop-and-frisk activity, which Bratton described as neither the primary driver of past gains nor essential for ongoing success, attributing sustained drops to focused enforcement on serious offenders and community engagement initiatives like expanded use of social media for public input. Bratton navigated heightened tensions following high-profile incidents, including the death of Eric Garner on July 17, 2014, during an arrest for selling untaxed cigarettes, which sparked protests intensified by the non-indictment of the involved officer in December. He directed preparations for demonstrations, including and officer training on crowd management, while defending the department against accusations of systemic and upholding without retreat. Bratton commended the NYPD's restraint during large-scale protests, which largely remained peaceful, and promoted constitutional policing standards amid federal scrutiny. Bratton announced his resignation on August 2, 2016, effective September 1, citing a desire to spend more time with family after over four decades in law enforcement, though his departure followed strains with de Blasio over reform pace and occurred amid ongoing national criticism of his policing model. He left the NYPD with crime at record lows, having overseen a further 12 percent drop in his first year and sustained reductions thereafter, solidifying his approach's association with long-term public safety gains despite political and activist opposition.

Advisory and Consulting Roles

In 2012, the city of Oakland hired Bratton as a to the amid persistent operational and reform challenges, including federal oversight from a . Unlike his prior command positions, he functioned strictly in an advisory role, providing strategic guidance on departmental restructuring and crime-fighting tactics without assuming operational leadership. His engagement, which emphasized data-driven improvements and proactive enforcement, extended through 2013 before concluding as he transitioned back to a full-time role in . Bratton has extended his expertise internationally through targeted advisory work on and public order. In , following riots in English cities, he served as an unpaid advisor to the Home Office, offering recommendations on suppression and response drawn from his U.S. experience with broken windows policing and intelligence-led strategies. This role involved brief consultations rather than ongoing oversight, influencing policy discussions on aggressive enforcement to prevent escalation. In response to a vehicle-ramming terrorist attack in New Orleans' on January 1, 2025, which killed 15 and injured dozens, the retained Bratton in January 2025 for a security overhaul consultation. His team, leveraging his prior NYPD counter-terrorism protocols, assessed vulnerabilities in crowd management and event security, delivering public recommendations in March 2025 that included enhanced barriers, intelligence sharing, and potential pedestrianization to mitigate vehicular threats. Since 2016, Bratton has eschewed full-time police chief appointments, prioritizing such short-term, crisis-specific advisories to implement rapid, evidence-based security enhancements without long-term administrative commitments.

Private Sector Activities

Business Ventures and Consulting

Following his resignation from the New York City Police Department in 1996, Bratton transitioned to the private sector as a managing director at Kroll Associates, a New York-based firm specializing in corporate investigations, security consulting, and risk management. In this capacity, he advised clients on threat assessment and security strategies, drawing on his law enforcement experience to evaluate vulnerabilities for businesses and institutions; Kroll's work included monitoring the Los Angeles Police Department's federal consent decree, for which Bratton contributed expertise on reform implementation. He held this position until 2002, when he departed to assume the role of Los Angeles Police Chief. After leaving the Los Angeles Police Department in 2009, Bratton established The Bratton Group LLC in , a focused on public safety, strategy, and global risk advisory services. The firm provided tailored assessments to corporate clients, including retailers like , and municipal governments, emphasizing proactive threat identification and operational security enhancements across four continents, with notable engagements in . In parallel, Bratton deepened his involvement with Kroll by assuming the chairmanship in September 2010, leading the firm—then employing over 3,000 people worldwide—as it expanded services in corporate security and intelligence for multinational enterprises. His advisory work integrated empirical risk modeling, adapting data-centric approaches from his tenure to forecast and mitigate private-sector threats such as , , and operational disruptions. Throughout these ventures, Bratton supplemented consulting with paid public engagements on urban security topics, preserving his policy influence while generating substantial revenue—disclosing earnings exceeding $500,000 annually from Bratton Group services in prior to his NYPD return. This private practice underscored a causal link between disciplined enforcement principles and corporate resilience, positioning Bratton as a bridge between governmental policing and executive risk governance without fully severing ties to civic discourse.

Role at Teneo Risk

In August 2016, following his as , William Bratton was appointed Executive Chairman of Risk Advisory, a division of the global consulting firm focused on security and . In this role, Bratton advises corporate and institutional clients on identifying, preventing, and responding to threats across domains such as cyber , , crisis anticipation, protection, and executive security. Bratton integrates strategies from his 46-year law enforcement career into Teneo's private-sector applications, including the adaptation of specialized rapid-response units—like those he established in the NYPD for and high-threat scenarios—to client vulnerability assessments and contingency planning. This approach emphasizes proactive and resource deployment tailored to non-public environments, such as corporate facilities and high-profile events. In 2025, under Bratton's leadership, conducted a major event security review for New Orleans, analyzing vulnerabilities exposed by prior terror incidents and recommending enhanced protocols for crowd management, intelligence sharing, and rapid intervention during events like . He has also offered public insights relevant to client risk advisory, including characterizing the July 2024 assassination attempt on former President as a "significant security failure" attributable to lapses in perimeter control and coordination, and highlighting persistent subway crime challenges in U.S. cities despite enforcement gains against .

Policing Philosophy

Broken Windows and Quality-of-Life Policing

William Bratton championed the broken windows theory, originally articulated by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in their 1982 article in The Atlantic, which argued that visible signs of urban disorder—such as unrepaired broken windows, graffiti, or unchecked minor infractions—convey a message of permissiveness that emboldens potential offenders to commit more serious crimes. The theory posits a causal sequence rooted in human behavior: unaddressed minor disorders erode community norms and invite predatory activity by signaling low risk of intervention, thereby escalating to felonies like robbery or assault, as observed in studies of neighborhood decline where physical decay correlated with resident withdrawal and increased victimization. Bratton viewed this not as mere correlation but as a direct causal mechanism, prioritizing enforcement of low-level violations to restore order and deter escalation, independent of broader socioeconomic factors often emphasized in academic analyses. As New York City Police Commissioner starting in January 1994, Bratton operationalized broken windows through quality-of-life policing, directing officers to target misdemeanors like public urination, , and squeegee operations that contributed to perceived disorder. A key early initiative involved intensified fare enforcement in the subway system, where evasion rates exceeded 40% prior to reforms; by mid-1994, arrests for fare-beating rose sharply, coinciding with a 25% drop in subway crime incidents from 1993 levels, including reductions in robberies and assaults. Complementing this, aggressive graffiti removal campaigns cleared subway cars and stations, eliminating pervasive that had symbolized abandonment; within months, such visible improvements correlated with fewer opportunistic crimes in transit hubs, as the restored environment discouraged loitering and predation. Bratton's approach emphasized proactive intervention against disorder as a foundational deterrent, drawing on first-hand transit policing experience from 1990 where similar tactics reduced system-wide felonies by addressing symptoms like unchecked that facilitated serious offenses. This philosophy held that maintaining environmental order through consistent enforcement of minor laws creates a feedback loop reinforcing public safety, as empirical patterns in high-disorder areas showed predators exploiting signals of neglect to target vulnerable spaces.

CompStat and Data-Driven Management

, formally known as Computerized Statistics, was pioneered by William Bratton during his tenure as NYPD Commissioner starting in January 1994, as a management paradigm shift toward data-driven in policing. The system centralized the compilation of crime incident reports from precincts into interactive maps and dashboards, enabling weekly " meetings" at headquarters where precinct commanders were required to present detailed analyses of local crime trends, including specific locations, patterns, and response strategies. Bratton emphasized four core principles: timely and accurate intelligence on crime, rapid deployment of resources to hotspots, effective tactics tailored to identified problems, and relentless follow-up to ensure sustained results, with commanders facing direct scrutiny, praise, or reassignment based on performance metrics. This process, developed with input from , replaced prior reactive approaches by institutionalizing proactive suppression, where failures in crime control were attributed to leadership lapses rather than external "crime waves." In practice, NYPD's rollout by April 1994 involved precinct "roll-ups" of granular data—such as Part 1 categories from the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting program—projected during sessions to highlight anomalies, prompting commanders to justify resource allocations and tactical shifts. Bratton rewarded units demonstrating innovative suppression, like targeted patrols in high-crime areas, while demoting those unable to explain upticks, fostering a culture of predictive management over historical excuses. This mechanism distinguished from mere data collection by enforcing commander-level ownership, with Bratton personally leading interrogations to expose misallocations, such as over-reliance on uniform patrols in low-crime zones at the expense of emerging threats. Upon assuming leadership of the LAPD in October 2002, Bratton adapted —rebranded in some contexts as emphasizing geographic micro-analysis—to address the department's decentralized structure and persistent gang-related violence, integrating it with tools for identifying hotspots like narcotics markets and territories. Weekly sessions focused on deploying specialized units to these areas, reducing resource silos and enabling quicker reallocations; early implementations correlated with streamlined operations, though specific quantitative gains in response efficiency varied by division. Bratton's version maintained the NYPD's accountability ethos but incorporated LAPD-specific metrics, such as tracking, to counter entrenched misprioritization, positioning data as a tool for predictive intervention rather than post-incident reaction.

Controversies and Criticisms

Allegations of Racial Profiling and Over-Policing

Critics of William Bratton's policing strategies, particularly from organizations, have alleged that his emphasis on aggressive enforcement disproportionately affected racial minorities through practices like . During his initial tenure as NYPD Commissioner from 1994 to 1996, Bratton's adoption of was credited by opponents with laying the groundwork for expanded stop-and-frisk tactics, which the New York Union (NYCLU) reported resulted in approximately 85% of stops targeting or Latino individuals in subsequent years under similar policies. Upon his return to the NYPD in 2014, despite a mandated reduction in stops following a federal court ruling, activists maintained that residual elements of these strategies continued to foster perceptions of racial bias, with NYCLU data indicating persistent overrepresentation of minorities in encounters. In , during Bratton's service as LAPD Chief from 2002 to 2009, detractors argued that his focus on quality-of-life arrests for minor offenses exacerbated racial disparities in the system. Community advocates and reports highlighted how such low-level , including for misdemeanors like or public drinking, led to higher arrest and incarceration rates among Black and Latino residents, whom they claimed were targeted amid broader reforms addressing prior scandals like Rampart. These practices, critics contended, funneled minorities into cycles of and re-arrest, amplifying mass incarceration trends without addressing root causes. Bratton consistently rejected accusations of intentional racial profiling, maintaining that policing resources were allocated based on crime hotspots, which statistically concentrated in minority-heavy neighborhoods due to socioeconomic factors rather than bias. He emphasized data-driven deployments over demographic targeting, arguing in public statements that disparate outcomes reflected victim and offender demographics in reported incidents. Bratton's 2016 resignation from the NYPD elicited cheers from defund-the-police proponents, who viewed him as a symbol of over-policing and systemic discrimination. Groups like Communities United for Police described his exit as a for communities "impacted by abusive and discriminatory policing," linking his broken windows approach to ongoing tensions even as stop-and-frisk volumes had declined under court oversight. Protests demanding his ouster, including calls to reallocate NYPD funds, had intensified in the preceding months amid national debates on police .

Political Opposition and Media Scrutiny

Bratton's return to the NYPD under Mayor in 2014 quickly led to tensions, as de Blasio's administration pursued settlement of federal lawsuits challenging stop-and-frisk practices that Bratton had previously championed as essential to crime reduction. Bratton publicly defended the department against accusations of , asserting in August 2014 that the NYPD was "not a racist organization" amid scrutiny over the death of Eric Garner. De Blasio's perceived alignment with police critics, including meetings with activist , fueled perceptions among officers of an anti-police stance, exacerbating rifts that Bratton described as extending beyond race relations to broader policy disagreements. Progressive media outlets intensified scrutiny following the 2014 Ferguson unrest, often portraying Bratton's broken windows approach as outdated and contributory to tensions between law enforcement and minority communities. In a June 2015 Guardian article, critics invoked the "Ferguson effect" narrative to argue against data-driven enforcement, framing reform calls as delegitimized by alleged crime spikes without acknowledging historical context of rising violence prior to such policies. Additional coverage highlighted Bratton's resistance to scaling back aggressive tactics, with outlets like the Guardian questioning his expansion of specialized units amid Black Lives Matter protests and his comments on recruitment challenges linked to criminal records in Black communities. Such reporting, from sources with documented left-leaning editorial biases, frequently emphasized accountability demands while sidelining Bratton's emphasis on internal reform over external mandates. During his LAPD tenure, Bratton faced criticism for extensive travel, with records showing he was absent from for 125 days in 2005—approximately one-third of the year—split between 61 days for personal business and 64 for official duties, prompting questions about availability amid ongoing departmental reforms. His 2016 from the NYPD, after two years under de Blasio, was similarly interpreted by opponents as sidestepping mounting pressures on and use-of-force issues, with activist groups like Communities United for Police Reform hailing it as the end of an era tied to discriminatory practices. Defenses from conservative perspectives contrasted this narrative, underscoring sustained mayoral backing under , who appointed Bratton in 1994 and credited his strategies for New York's crime decline, against what they viewed as progressive "police " rhetoric that conflated proactive enforcement with inherent brutality. Bratton himself advocated for originating from within departments rather than imposed externally, a stance that clashed with ideologies prioritizing over order maintenance, even as Giuliani's administration faced its own community relations critiques. This ideological divide highlighted broader patterns where left-leaning critiques often normalized reduced enforcement as progress, overlooking causal links to pre- disorder.

Empirical Defenses and Crime Data Analysis

During William Bratton's tenure as NYPD Commissioner from 1994 to 1996, experienced a sharp decline in , falling from 806 in 1993 to 983 in 1994, then to 833 in 1995 and 770 in 1996, representing a roughly 50% drop from early peaks exceeding 2,000 annually. This reduction outpaced national trends, with NYC's rate declining 73.6% over the compared to smaller drops elsewhere, correlating with increased arrests that rose alongside enforcement under broken windows strategies. In , as LAPD Chief from 2002 to 2009, Bratton oversaw a 54% reduction in rates by his final year, returning overall crime levels to those of 1956 despite population growth and prior departmental scandals. This included targeted enforcement against gangs and quality-of-life offenses, with violent incidents halved through data-driven deployments, independent of major demographic shifts or economic booms alone. Analyses like Franklin Zimring's examination of NYC's differential crime drop attribute significant causality to NYPD innovations under Bratton, including misdemeanor-focused policing and , which amplified deterrence beyond national factors such as lead exposure reductions or abortion legalization. Critiques questioning broken windows efficacy, often from academic sources skeptical of enforcement's role, are countered by the persistence of low crime rates in NYC post-1990s without similar strategies elsewhere yielding comparable results, and by temporal correlations: misdemeanor arrests surged 70% in the 1990s amid the drop, falling later without crime spikes until policy reversals. Post-2020 crime reversions provide further causal evidence for deterrence's efficacy. U.S. homicides spiked 30% in following "defund the police" movements that reduced proactive enforcement in cities like NYC and LA, with murders rising sharply after cuts to anti-crime units and prosecutions, before declining as and focus rebounded. This pattern aligns with first-principles expectations of reduced perceived encouraging violations, rather than confounders like , as spikes occurred amid aid and preceded recoveries without structural changes. Academic dismissals of policing's impact, prevalent in left-leaning institutions, overlook these reversion effects, which affirm enforcement's direct role over indirect variables.

Legacy and Impact

Crime Reduction Achievements

As chief of the (MBTA) Transit Police from 1983 to 1986, Bratton introduced enforcement strategies targeting and disorder, laying groundwork for later applications, though specific quantitative outcomes from that period remain less documented in available records. His subsequent role as chief of the from 1990 to 1992 yielded measurable results: subway crime fell 22 percent during this interval, compared to a citywide decline of only 1 to 3 percent, with incidents dropping from 18,324 in 1990 to 15,572 in 1991—a 15 percent reduction—and continuing to decrease for 18 consecutive months thereafter. enforcement proved particularly effective, with anecdotal reports indicating drops as high as 75 percent in the early through targeted arrests that uncovered warrants and weapons among evaders, one in seven of whom had outstanding warrants. From 1990 to 1993, overall underground crime rates declined by 35.9 percent. In his first stint as from 1994 to 1996, Bratton presided over accelerated citywide reductions: the homicide rate plummeted over 50 percent, from approximately 1,946 murders in 1993 to 983 in 1996, while overall crime dropped 37 percent during those years. This contributed to the broader trend, where murders fell roughly 75 percent from their 1990 peak of over 2,200 to levels around 300 by 2016, with the steepest declines aligning with his initial reforms and sustaining post-tenure despite leadership changes. During his second term from 2014 to 2016, continued downward, reinforcing the durability of data-driven structural shifts initiated earlier, as evidenced by FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) statistics showing persistent lows even after his departure. As Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Chief from 2002 to 2009, Bratton led a post-Rampart scandal recovery, achieving a 54 percent decline in violent crime over his tenure, per department and corroborating analyses, with homicides dropping 38 percent and major felonies 30 percent in the first five years alone. FBI UCR data for Los Angeles reflects this trajectory, with violent crime rates falling steadily from 2002 onward, and reductions holding firm afterward, attributing longevity to institutionalized accountability and resource allocation reforms rather than transient leadership effects. These outcomes across jurisdictions—verified through federal crime reporting—underscore empirically observed correlations between Bratton's targeted interventions and sustained drops, independent of macroeconomic variables often invoked in academic debates.

Influence on Global Policing Practices

Bratton's implementation of —a computerized system for mapping crime data, analyzing patterns, and holding commanders accountable through regular performance reviews—has been adapted internationally, influencing data-driven policing in nations such as the , , , , and . In Australia, the incorporated CompStat principles into its Operational Performance Reviews, evaluating spatial and temporal crime impacts to direct resources more effectively. Similarly, UK forces have integrated comparable performance scrutiny mechanisms, emphasizing real-time data analysis for hotspot targeting, which contributed to shifts toward intelligence-led operations post-major incidents like the . The broken windows approach, emphasizing proactive of minor disorders to prevent escalation to , has similarly shaped global strategies, promoting zero-tolerance policies in urban environments where unchecked incivilities correlate with rising victimization. While direct attributions vary, this philosophy underpins stricter order-maintenance tactics in high-density cities worldwide, with empirical reviews indicating sustained crime declines in adopting agencies through enhanced accountability and rapid response. Through his post-retirement role at Teneo Risk Advisory, Bratton has extended these models via consultations for governments and organizations on counter-terrorism, urban safety, and major event security, advising in over 100 cities across multiple countries. His expertise, informed by post-9/11 NYPD leadership in intelligence fusion and threat assessment, has informed adaptations of data-accountability frameworks for vulnerability hardening. This ongoing export is exemplified by his 2025 engagement with the New Orleans Police Department, where he led a review producing recommendations for event security enhancements, including layered intelligence sharing and proactive risk mapping, drawing on CompStat-like analytics to mitigate terror threats. Critics of these exported practices have alleged contributions to police and disproportionate enforcement, particularly in diverse contexts. However, cross-cultural analyses of implementing agencies reveal consistent correlations between disorder-focused interventions and reduced rates, attributing gains to causal mechanisms like deterred escalation rather than over-policing alone.

Publications and Public Commentary

Bratton co-authored Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic in 1998 with Peter Knobler, which outlined data-driven strategies for crime reduction, including aggressive enforcement of minor offenses to prevent major crimes, based on empirical declines in violence during his tenure. In the book, he argued that causal links between quality-of-life policing and overall safety were evident from statistics and victimization surveys, rejecting narratives that downplayed enforcement's role in disorder escalation. His 2021 memoir, The Profession: A Memoir of Community, Race, and the Arc of Policing in America, co-authored with Peter Knobler, expanded on these principles, emphasizing professionalization through accountability, technology like , and community trust built via consistent enforcement rather than selective leniency. Bratton detailed how post-1990s crime drops—homicides falling 80% in New York from 1990 peaks—stemmed from prioritizing empirical outcomes over ideological reforms, critiquing later shifts toward de-emphasizing . In public commentary, Bratton has defended rigorous policing against "defund the police" initiatives, arguing in a 2022 Atlantic op-ed that such policies ignored causal evidence from cities where budget cuts correlated with homicide spikes of 30-50% in 2020-2021, as tracked by Major Cities Chiefs Association data. He advocated "refunding" police to restore pre-2020 enforcement levels, citing FBI Uniform Crime Reports showing reversals in decades-long declines. On , Bratton critiqued subway disorder in a March 2024 X post, stating that solutions require more trained NYPD transit officers and stricter laws on , not symbolic deployments like the , drawing from MTA data linking evasion to spikes. In September 2025, he addressed New York mayoral candidate Zohran Mamdani's proposals, warning that lax discipline and reduced stops would exacerbate crime, contrasting them with historical data from his commissions where targeted enforcement halved transit felonies. These statements have influenced conservative critiques, reinforcing arguments that 2020-era rollbacks—such as New York bail reforms—preceded a 20%+ rise in robberies per NYPD statistics, prioritizing over equity-focused revisions.

Personal Life

Marriages and Family

Bratton has been married four times. His first two marriages, to Mary Bratton and Linda Bratton, ended in divorce, with limited public details available on the unions or their dissolution dates. In 1988, he married Cheryl Fiandaca, a spokeswoman and former newscaster who had worked in public affairs roles during his early career; the couple separated in early 1998 amid reports of marital strain. On April 30, 1999, Bratton married , a prominent criminal defense attorney, legal analyst, and television commentator who had covered high-profile cases for outlets including . The couple, who met through professional circles in and New York, have remained together as of 2025, with Klieman frequently appearing alongside Bratton at official events and providing public support during his tenures as . Bratton has at least one child from a previous , son David Bratton, and is the grandfather of David's two sons, John and Nicolas. No children are reported from his to Klieman. Despite the high visibility of his career, Bratton and his family have maintained a degree of personal privacy, with Klieman emphasizing discretion in interviews about their life together amid public scrutiny.

Health and Later Activities

Bratton has experienced no major publicized health issues following his 2016 retirement from the New York Police Department. An earlier incident of hospitalization for occurred in December 2014, but no similar events have been reported since. In later years, Bratton has maintained activity through speaking engagements, drawing on his 46-year career that began with service in 1966. He occasionally provides media commentary on security matters, such as his July 2024 assessment of the attempted assassination of former President at a rally in , which he described as involving "inadequate security planning" and a "significant security failure." These interventions reflect a selective engagement with public discourse while prioritizing a lower-profile centered on family and reflection.

References

  1. https://www.teneo.com/person/william-j-bratton/
  2. https://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/05-2024/William_bratton.html
  3. https://cops.usdoj.gov/html/podcasts/the_beat/05-2024/The_Beat_bratton.pdf
  4. https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/who-is-william-bratton/
  5. https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/PERF-Compstat.pdf
  6. https://petermoskos.com/files/BW/Bratton_and_Kelling_2015.pdf
  7. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/william-j-bratton
  8. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/03/nyregion/man-in-the-news-policing-and-image-william-joseph-bratton.html
  9. https://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/project/william-j-bratton/
  10. https://www.amazon.com/Turnaround-Americas-Reversed-Crime-Epidemic/dp/0679452516
  11. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/07/william-bratton-weymouth-devoted-his-life-his-wife-and-children/ATdAozoKCbHYD5Yy0jYRTN/story.html
  12. https://www.bostonherald.com/2016/03/05/william-e-bratton-at-89-wwii-vet-father-of-nyc-police-commissioner/
  13. https://www.keohane.com/obituaries/william-e-bratton
  14. https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/12/05/the-life-and-times-of-incoming-nypd-commissioner-william-bratton/
  15. https://www.congress.gov/114/meeting/house/103859/witnesses/HHRG-114-HM00-Bio-BrattonW-20150908.pdf
  16. https://twitter.com/CommissBratton/status/1773860579331260742
  17. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323968304578246721614388346
  18. https://www.city-journal.org/article/city-journal-interview-victory-in-the-subways
  19. https://civitas.org.uk/content/files/cw351.pdf
  20. https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/report/cutting-crime-and-restoring-order-what-america-can-learn-new-yorks-finest
  21. https://manhattan.institute/article/how-brattons-nypd-saved-the-subway-system
  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/nyregion/bratton-resignation-legacy-bratton-hailed-pioneer-new-style-policing.html
  23. https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/broken-windows-policing-and-the-orderly-city-new-york-since-the-late-twentieth-century
  24. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/27/nyregion/bratton-resignation-overview-bratton-quits-police-post-new-york-gains-over-crime.html
  25. https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2016/08/looking-back-at-bratton-a-brief-timeline-of-the-outgoing-nypd-commissioner/178936/
  26. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/10/03/Ex-NYC-chief-Bratton-named-to-head-LAPD/56521033692644/
  27. https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/New-LAPD-Chief-Bratton-Confirmed-10486895.php
  28. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-12-me-bratton12-story.html
  29. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/policing-los-angeles-under-consent-decree-dynamics-change-lapd
  30. https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-may-16-la-me-lapd-consent-decree-20130517-story.html
  31. https://www.city-journal.org/article/chief-bratton-takes-on-l-a
  32. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/bratton_testimony_06_05_07.pdf
  33. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/09/07/fixing-broken-windows
  34. https://lapd.com/article/bratton-says-lapd-improved-wants-consent-decree-lifted
  35. https://www.police1.com/officer-misconduct-internal-affairs/articles/report-says-lapd-federal-consent-decree-should-end-HYSvgYL8jQpYVZKD/
  36. https://cityclerk.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2006/06-1747-s1_rpt_lapd_3-29-07.pdf
  37. https://www.police1.com/archive/articles/la-declares-war-on-gangs-9qxMUUBmvRmhZeDQ/
  38. https://www.laprogressive.com/racism/lapd-chief-william-bratton-talks
  39. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-06-me-bratton6-story.html
  40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv6R5Tzfsjk
  41. https://www.democracynow.org/2014/1/3/headlines/bratton_sworn_in_as_new_york_city_police_commissioner
  42. https://www.npr.org/2014/07/03/328120358/top-nypd-cop-stop-and-frisk-is-not-the-problem-or-the-solution
  43. https://www.brennancenter.org/media/5670/download
  44. https://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/qol.pdf
  45. https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/09/bill-brattons-second-tour-by-the-numbers-105739
  46. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nyc-nypd-bill-bratton-influential-career-shaped-modern-policing-retires-commissioner/2038294/
  47. https://www.npr.org/2016/08/02/488412768/crime-dropped-in-new-york-under-william-brattons-tenure
  48. https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2016/NYPD
  49. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/nyregion/grand-jury-said-to-bring-no-charges-in-staten-island-chokehold-death-of-eric-garner.html
  50. https://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-preparing-potential-protests-eric-garner-grand-jury/story?id=27335275
  51. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/bill-bratton-praises-nypds-handling-of-eric-garner-protests/
  52. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nypd-commissioner-bill-bratton-on-ferguson-grand-jury-decision-on-eric-garner-chokehold-death/
  53. https://www.npr.org/2016/08/03/488477358/nypd-commissioner-william-bratton-on-why-hes-stepping-down
  54. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/03/nyregion/bill-bratton-nypd-commissioner.html
  55. https://manhattan.institute/article/bill-bratton-revolutionary-how-the-nypd-commissioner-remade-american-policing
  56. https://oaklandnorth.net/2013/02/20/meet-william-bratton-former-top-cop-in-la-and-new-york-now-oaklands-security-advisor/
  57. https://www.kqed.org/news/84114/ap-oakland-hires-former-nyc-la-police-commissioner-as-consultant
  58. https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/oakland-touts-brattons-contribution-to-opd-as-he-returns-to-ny-commissioner-role/
  59. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15229199
  60. https://www.policemag.com/news/brattons-advisory-role-rankles-some-uk-police
  61. https://www.bostonherald.com/2025/01/09/new-orleans-police-hires-former-boston-nyc-la-police-leader-william-bratton-as-security-consultant/
  62. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-orleans-bring-former-nypd-commissioner-security-expert-terror-atta-rcna186851
  63. https://www.fox8live.com/2025/03/23/consultant-with-nypd-ties-make-new-orleans-security-recommendations-monday-report-says/
  64. https://www.sunherald.com/living/travel/article302650484.html
  65. https://www.fox8live.com/2025/01/10/former-nypd-commissioner-hired-help-nopd-with-security-plans/
  66. https://commonwealthbeacon.org/uncategorized/bill-bratton-on-the-new-crime-paradigm/
  67. https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/20/nyregion/bratton-seeks-chief-s-post-in-los-angeles-police-dept.html
  68. https://www.crunchbase.com/person/bill-bratton
  69. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/nyregion/bratton-tries-to-untangle-his-corporate-ties.html
  70. https://www.aspeninstitute.org/news/la-police-chief-william-bratton-address-policing-terrorism-mccloskey-speaker-series/
  71. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-16-la-fi-bratton-20100916-story.html
  72. https://www.harrywalker.com/speakers/william-j-bratton
  73. https://nypost.com/2014/08/28/bratton-gave-up-millions-to-become-nypd-commissioner/
  74. https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2016/08/brattons-wealth-104509
  75. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/outoing-head-of-nypd-appointed-director-of-teneo-risk-1.2743596
  76. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/business/a-constellation-of-influencers-behind-the-curtain-at-teneo.html
  77. https://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2022.4_Oct/Purpose/LEADERS-William-Bratton-Teneo.html
  78. https://nopjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Teneo-Risk_Major-Event-Review-and-Security-Recommendations_Report_April-7_2025-v1.0.pdf
  79. https://www.wlox.com/2025/01/09/new-orleans-hires-former-new-york-police-czar-amid-investigations-into-security-after-terror-attack/
  80. https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/07/14/a-significant-security-failure-bill-bratton-says-as-questions-fly-about-trump-assassination-attempt/
  81. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/wbratton_editorial-subway-crime-drop-proves-success-activity-7212083041270120449-dzWX
  82. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/
  83. https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf
  84. https://manhattan.institute/article/this-works-crime-prevention-and-the-future-of-broken-windows-policing
  85. https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/cb_36.pdf
  86. https://www.policinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Weisburd-et-al.-2004-The-Growth-of-Compstat-in-American-Policing-Police-Foundation-Report_0.pdf
  87. https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/caseconsortium/casestudies/127/casestudy/www/layout/case_id_127_id_886.html
  88. https://cases.som.yale.edu/william-bratton-and-nypd/access
  89. https://lapdonlinestrgeacc.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/lapdonlinemedia/2021/12/data-informed-guidebook-042020.pdf
  90. https://psmag.com/social-justice/the-end-of-gangs-los-angeles-southern-california-epidemic-crime-95498
  91. https://www.nyclu.org/press-release/bratton-report-glosses-over-impact-broken-windows-policing-has-new-yorks-communities
  92. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/naacp/Born_Suspect_Report_final_web.pdf
  93. https://www.nyclu.org/resources/policy/testimonies/testimony-city-council-public-safety-committee-re-right-record-act
  94. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/bill-bratton-stop-and-frisk-new-york
  95. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2762&context=faculty_scholarship
  96. https://www.dailynews.com/20090114/bratton-says-lapd-does-not-tolerate-racial-profiling/
  97. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-top-cop-bill-bratton-resigns-critics-say-good-riddance-n621756
  98. https://www.democracynow.org/2016/8/3/amid_city_hall_protests_nypd_chief
  99. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/01/new-york-city-protesters-demand-police-commissioner-fired-bill-bratton
  100. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/nyregion/de-blasio-stop-and-frisk.html
  101. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/new-york-commissioner-defends-police-minorities-chokehold-death-bill-bratton
  102. https://www.businessinsider.com/nypd-commissioner-rift-between-police-and-de-blasio-is-about-more-than-race-relations-2014-12
  103. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/09/disquiet-nypd-bill-de-blasio-anti-police-stance
  104. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/06/dont-believe-ferguson-effect-fictitious-undermine-police-reform
  105. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/30/nypd-bill-bratton-anti-terror-unit-black-lives-matter
  106. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/09/bratton-hiring-black-nypd-officers-criminal-records
  107. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/08/inside-william-bratton-nypd-broken-windows
  108. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-11-me-chief11-story.html
  109. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/08/02/the-end-of-the-bratton-era
  110. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/07/police-reform-violent-crime-wave-new-york/670497/
  111. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/29/opinion/bill-bratton-police-reform.html
  112. https://www.npr.org/2017/12/30/574800001/how-crime-rates-in-new-york-city-reached-record-lows
  113. https://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittUnderstandingWhyCrime2004.pdf
  114. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doi/oignypd/response/20160907-Broken-Windows-Is-Not-Broken-Final.pdf
  115. https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-lapd-remade
  116. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-06-oe-wilson6-story.html
  117. https://lapd.com/article/bratton-la-safe-1956
  118. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/Crime_rate_report_web.pdf
  119. https://www.heritage.org/crime-and-justice/commentary/fbi-statistics-show-30-increase-murder-2020-more-evidence-defunding
  120. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-did-u-s-homicides-spike-in-2020-and-then-decline-rapidly-in-2023-and-2024/
  121. https://qualitypolicing.com/violencereduction/haberfeld/
  122. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/21/nyregion/subway-crime-fell-in-1991-officials-say.html
  123. https://x.com/IamSean90/status/1879696990831042981
  124. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/nyregion/new-york-city-crime-2017.html
  125. https://www.governing.com/poy/William-Bratton.html
  126. https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/us/ca/los-angeles/crime-rate-statistics
  127. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/What_Caused_The_Crime_Decline.pdf
  128. https://www.college.police.uk/research/what-works-policing-reduce-crime/compstat
  129. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:243370
  130. https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/neighbourhood_policing_past_present_future.pdf
  131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30524770_Symbolizing_crime_control_Reflections_on_Zero_Tolerance
  132. https://irr.org.uk/article/resisting-the-bratton-brand-lessons-from-the-us/
  133. https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/bratton-turnaround.html
  134. https://books.google.com/books/about/Turnaround.html?id=Ns7GAZcA9AYC
  135. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/566242/the-profession-by-bill-bratton-and-peter-knobler/
  136. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/08/books/review/bill-bratton-peter-knobler-the-profession.html
  137. https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/06/18/bill-bratton-backs-refund-not-defund-police-as-summer-heats-up/
  138. https://twitter.com/CommissBratton/status/1766288744070762606
  139. https://x.com/CommissBratton/status/1967256158130819235
  140. https://www.policemag.com/blogposts/opinion-in-the-post-defund-the-police-era-restoring-public-safety-requires-precision-policing
  141. https://www.nydailynews.com/1998/01/13/bratton-wife-seen-on-rocks/
  142. https://observer.com/2015/05/true-blue-rikki-klieman-talks-about-her-police-documentary-in-the-line-of-fire/
  143. https://www.nydailynews.com/1999/05/31/bratton-grappling-with-weighty-issues/
  144. https://www.wsj.com/articles/rikki-klieman-had-a-starring-role-as-first-lady-of-the-nypd-1474049149
  145. https://insiderexclusive.com/former-lapd-chief-bill-bratton-and-rikki-klieman/
  146. https://pagesix.com/2014/03/05/bratton-a-take-charge-guy-especially-about-his-marriage/
  147. https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/12/04/nypd-commissioner-bill-bratton-hospitalized-for-dehydration-shortly-before-eric-garner-decision-wednesday-sources/
  148. https://x.com/CommissBratton/status/1812830776460976480
  149. https://www.aaespeakers.com/keynote-speakers/william-bratton
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.