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Zara Mohammed
Zara Mohammed
Zara Mohammed
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Zara Mohammed (born 2 August 1991)[1] is a Pakistani-Scottish faith leader serving as Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain from 2021[2] until January 2025.[3] She was the first woman to lead the organisation.[4]

Key Information

Biography

[edit]

Mohammed's grandparents immigrated to Britain from Multan, Pakistan.[5] She was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and studied at the University of Strathclyde, where she graduated with an LLB. She gained a BA (Hons) in Law and Politics in 2013, followed by an LLM in Human Rights Law in 2014.[2] In 2016, she became the first woman to lead the Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS).[6] She has served as a lawyer since that year.[2]

Mohammed previously served as the Assistant Secretary General for the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), and was elected Secretary General of the organisation in 2021 after receiving the majority of affiliate votes over her competitor, Ajmal Masroor.[7] This was the first time a woman had held the position; Mohammed was additionally the youngest, as well as the first Pakistani-Scottish, person to serve in the role.[4][8][9]

As Secretary General of the MCB, 2021-25

[edit]
First Minister of Scotland Humza Yousaf meeting with Zara Mohammed, 7 November 2023

On 19 February 2021, Mohammed met with the Paymaster General, Penny Mordaunt,[10] breaking with the Government policy since 2009 of not engaging with the body.[11]

Woman's Hour controversy

[edit]

On 4 February 2021, in her first week in office, Mohammed appeared as a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme Woman's Hour to discuss her election as secretary general. During the interview, presenter Emma Barnett repeatedly questioned, and interrupted, Mohammed on the number of female imams in the United Kingdom. Footage of the interview was uploaded to Woman's Hour's Twitter page, but was removed after subsequent backlash over Barnett's perceived hostility.[12]

Subsequently, an open letter was published criticising Barnett's line of questioning and tone during the interview.[13] The more than 100 signatories included politicians Sayeeda Warsi and Diane Abbott, writer Yassmin Abdel-Magied and comedian Deborah Frances-White.[13][3] A BBC spokesperson said the corporation would reply "in due course".[14][needs update]

In August 2021, she was named by British Vogue as one of the 25 most influential women in the UK.[15] She later described this as one of the highlights of her term:

“I got to meet Vivienne Westwood. But the real highlight was Muslim mums and young girls coming up to me afterwards. One mum said, ‘You don’t know what it means for my daughters to see you in Vogue.’ A 14-year-old girl told me she’d been struggling to wear her hijab, but I had inspired her.”[3]

References and sources

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Zara Mohammed

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from Grokipedia
Zara Mohammed is a Scottish-Pakistani Muslim faith leader who served as Secretary General of the (MCB), the United Kingdom's largest umbrella organization representing over 500 Muslim institutions, from January 2021 to January 2025. Elected at age 29 as the first woman, youngest individual, and first Scot in the role, she succeeded Harun Khan after previously serving as the MCB's Assistant Secretary General. Born and raised in , Mohammed graduated from the with a BA Honours in Law and Politics in 2013 and an LLM in Human Rights Law in 2015; prior to her leadership positions, she worked as a and led the of Student Islamic Societies. During her two terms, Mohammed guided the MCB through periods of heightened geopolitical tension and domestic unrest, including advocacy on issues like child sexual exploitation inquiries and criticism of government extremism policies, while emphasizing inclusive representation for British Muslims. Her tenure, however, occurred amid the MCB's ongoing exclusion from formal government engagement—a policy suspended since 2009 over concerns about the organization's historical affiliations—which she publicly lamented, particularly during events like the 2024 riots.

Early life and education

Family background and upbringing

Zara Mohammed was raised in as the eldest of four children born to second-generation British Pakistani Muslim parents, with a Scottish-born father and an English-born mother. Her mother, , began working outside the home when Zara was born, a decision Mohammed has credited as a formative influence on her own career path and advocacy for women's roles in Muslim communities. Mohammed has described her family dynamics as close-knit, with her siblings viewing her as a "third parent" due to her responsible elder role, reflecting an upbringing that emphasized familial duties alongside personal ambition. This environment in , a city with a significant , shaped her early exposure to British Muslim identity, though specific details on her parents' professions or migration history remain limited in public records.

Academic qualifications

Zara Mohammed earned an undergraduate degree in law and politics from the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. She subsequently completed a Master of Laws (LLM) in human rights law at the same institution, graduating in 2016. In recognition of her contributions to public life, Mohammed received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from in July 2024.

Early career and activism

Professional roles in consulting and law

Prior to her roles in Islamic organizations and the , Zara Mohammed established Z-M Consulting, operating as a consultant focused on leadership excellence, diversity, inclusion, and . Her services include designing and delivering programs to help organizations navigate interactions with faith and cultural communities, strengthen , and advance workplace inclusion, often emphasizing practical strategies for reducing and building trust. Mohammed's consulting practice leverages her academic foundation in law, holding a BA (Hons) in Law and Politics and an LLM in Human Rights Law from the University of Strathclyde, completed in 2013 and 2014 respectively. This legal background informs her advisory work in the third sector, where she has provided expertise on human rights-related issues, though her documented professional roles center on consultancy rather than active legal practice. Following her tenure as Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, she continued expanding her consultancy, offering leadership training and speaking engagements to institutions worldwide.

Involvement in student and Islamic organizations

Mohammed was actively involved in the Strathclyde University Muslim Students Association (SUMSA) during her undergraduate studies at the . She also participated in the university's Islamic society, which contributed to her early leadership development. Additionally, she campaigned for the presidency of the Strathclyde Students' Association, demonstrating her engagement in broader student governance. After graduating in 2016 with an LLM in Law, Mohammed advanced to national-level roles in Islamic student organizations. She served on the executive team of the Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS), an umbrella body representing affiliated Islamic societies at universities across the and , for three years. In this capacity, she held the position of vice-president during the 2015–2016 term before being elected as FOSIS president for 2016–2017, becoming the first woman to lead the organization. FOSIS at the time oversaw networks supporting approximately 115,000 Muslim students. Her leadership focused on issues such as campus safe spaces and counter-extremism policies like Prevent, amid efforts to increase female representation in Muslim .

Rise within the Muslim Council of Britain

Appointment as Assistant Secretary General

Zara Mohammed served as Assistant Secretary General of the (MCB) from 2018 to 2020, a role that positioned her within the organization's senior leadership prior to her election as Secretary General. This appointment coincided with her concurrent responsibilities as head of Media and Communications for the Muslim Council of Scotland, reflecting her growing influence in British Muslim advocacy networks. The position of Assistant Secretary General involves supporting the Secretary General in operational and strategic matters, including policy development and affiliate coordination across the MCB's network of over 500 member organizations. Mohammed's tenure in this role built on her prior experience in student Islamic societies and , enabling her to engage on issues such as community representation and . Her service ended as she pursued the top leadership post, which she secured in January 2021 by a vote of 107 to 60 among MCB affiliates.

Path to leadership candidacy

Mohammed's tenure as Assistant Secretary General, beginning in 2018, positioned her prominently within the MCB's executive structure, where she contributed to organizational strategy, media relations, and efforts alongside her concurrent role as Head of Media and Communications for the Muslim Council of starting in 2019. Her prior service on the MCB National Council since 2016 further solidified her internal influence, allowing her to engage with affiliate members and demonstrate in addressing priorities such as and . These experiences, combined with her background as President of the Federation of Student Islamic Societies from 2016 to 2017, cultivated support among MCB affiliates for her progression to higher . In preparation for the 2020-2022 term, MCB Election Commissioner Khalid Sofi announced the Secretary General candidates on December 14, 2020, listing Mohammed alongside Ajmal Masroor, a community organizer and broadcaster. Mohammed's candidacy emphasized building a more inclusive and diverse MCB responsive to British Muslim needs, drawing on her law expertise and consulting work in . The election process included online hustings hosted by on January 24, 2021, enabling candidates to outline visions and field questions from affiliates. Affiliates voted at the MCB's 23rd in 2021, electing Mohammed as Secretary General to succeed Harun Khan after his four-year term, marking her as the first woman and youngest person to hold the position at age 29. This outcome reflected her accumulated credibility from executive roles and council involvement, though the MCB's internal democratic process relies on affiliate nominations and votes without public disclosure of vote tallies.

Tenure as Secretary General (2021–2025)

Election and initial priorities

Zara Mohammed was elected Secretary General of the (MCB) on 31 January 2021, becoming the organization's first female and youngest leader at age 29. The election occurred virtually during the MCB's , where she secured 107 votes against 60 for her opponent among the body's affiliates. She succeeded Harun Khan in the role, having previously served as Assistant Secretary General. Upon her election, Mohammed outlined a vision centered on enhancing the MCB's inclusivity and representation of Britain's diverse communities. She emphasized building a "truly inclusive, diverse and representative body" driven by community needs and aimed at empowering to contribute positively to wider . Key initial priorities included promoting internal diversity within the MCB's leadership and structures, addressing perceptions of in British , and fostering greater organizational responsiveness to concerns. Mohammed also highlighted efforts to end the "othering" of in public discourse and media, positioning the MCB as a proactive voice for integration and societal contribution.

Key advocacy efforts and positions

Mohammed's advocacy centered on combating Islamophobia, which she identified as a core priority, involving challenges to negative stereotypes and tropes perpetuated in media and public discourse. She highlighted a sharp rise in such incidents, citing personal experiences of online abuse and a hate incident, while positioning the MCB as a key voice in documenting and addressing this trend through reports and public statements. Under her leadership, the MCB advanced political engagement by launching ten commitments in June 2024, aimed at promoting inclusion and fairness for British Muslim communities ahead of the general election; these pledges addressed domestic issues such as , community welfare, and equitable representation. Mohammed emphasized empowering Muslim voices in governance, criticizing institutional disengagement that she argued exacerbated community marginalization, including during the 2024 riots where she noted a "quite shocking" absence of government contact. She advocated for broader societal contributions by British Muslims, seeking to improve public perceptions through diverse MCB representation and constructive dialogue on integration, while calling for policies that recognize Muslim charitable and civic roles. Mohammed also pushed for renewed institutional ties, expressing bafflement at decisions like the Ministry of Defence's severance of relations with the MCB, which she viewed as creating gaps in community-government communication.

Relations with UK government and institutions

The government's policy of non-engagement with the (MCB) originated in 2009 under Prime Minister , following the then-deputy secretary general's endorsement of a declaration supporting attacks on British forces in , which led to severed formal ties. This stance persisted through subsequent administrations, including those of and , despite the MCB under Zara Mohammed's leadership from 2021 seeking renewed dialogue to address community concerns such as Islamophobia and pandemic-related issues. Mohammed publicly urged ministers in February 2021 to reconsider the policy, arguing it had "tragic consequences" during the crisis by hindering cooperation on Muslim community needs. Isolated interactions occurred, notably Trade Secretary Liz Truss's meeting with Mohammed in February 2021, which prompted criticism from Conservative figures for engaging an organization with which official ties had been cut. Similarly, Commons Leader met Mohammed in June 2022 during her leadership bid, as documented in campaign records. However, these did not signal broader re-engagement; the Conservative government maintained distance, citing ongoing concerns over the MCB's historical affiliations with groups like the and perceived ideological biases, as highlighted in analyses. In March 2024, ministers directed the to terminate all contact with the MCB, a move Mohammed described as baffling and detrimental to bridging community-government gaps. Tensions escalated during the 2024 UK riots, where Mohammed criticized the government's lack of consultation with the MCB as "quite shocking," advocating for a policy review to enable direct input on hate crime responses. Upon her resignation in January 2025, Mohammed reiterated frustrations over the absence of substantive contact across her tenure, noting the MCB's role as a representative body had been sidelined despite efforts to moderate its image. The incoming Labour government under showed no immediate shift from non-engagement, perpetuating institutional wariness rooted in the MCB's past positions on issues like counter-terrorism and .

Responses to domestic events and Islamophobia claims

During the 2024 UK riots, which followed the stabbings on July 29 and involved violence targeting mosques and asylum seeker hotels, Zara Mohammed criticized the Labour government's lack of engagement with the MCB, describing it as "quite shocking" that officials ignored the organization's outreach amid attacks on Muslim communities. She urged a review of Downing Street's non-engagement policy, stating optimism for improved relations under the new administration while highlighting the MCB's exclusion from crisis consultations. In response to reported spikes in anti-Muslim hate crimes, Mohammed attributed rises to broader societal tensions, including the aftermath of the , 2023, attacks on and subsequent Gaza conflict, which she linked to increased Islamophobia in schools and communities. Following official data showing a surge in such incidents—over 1,000 Islamophobic crimes recorded in the three months after —she called the figures "not surprising" and demanded a national strategy to combat what she termed "systemic neglect" of Islamophobia as . In October 2023, she advocated for mandatory Islamophobia awareness education in all UK schools, citing a report that detailed everyday prejudice against Muslims. Mohammed frequently accused political figures and policies of fostering Islamophobia, including labeling Conservative Party leadership contest rhetoric in February 2024 as evidence of "structural Islamophobia" and calling for an independent inquiry into inflammatory statements by figures like and . She condemned Nigel Farage's May 2024 remarks questioning whether Muslims share British values as "outright Islamophobia." In July 2024, responding to , she expressed regret over insufficient focus on tackling rising hate crimes against Muslims. Upon resigning in January 2025, Mohammed described an "unbelievable tidal wave of Islamophobia" across the , exacerbated by government policies on Gaza, the riots, and the , which she said normalized anti-Muslim sentiment and hindered community efforts without official support. She emphasized the MCB's role in advocating amid these events, despite with the prior Conservative government since 2009 over alleged extremism links.

Controversies and criticisms

Woman's Hour interview (2021)

On 4 February 2021, shortly after her election as the first female Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), Zara Mohammed appeared on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour, hosted by Emma Barnett. The interview focused on Mohammed's priorities for the MCB, including women's representation in Muslim communities, the organization's stance on the term "Islamophobia," and its implications for free speech. Barnett questioned Mohammed on the limited role of women in Islamic religious leadership, pressing her on whether the MCB supported female imams leading mixed-gender prayers in mosques. A pivotal exchange centered on the number of female imams in the UK, with Barnett asking for a specific figure to underscore Mohammed's commitment to gender equality. Mohammed replied that she did not have an exact count but described it as an emerging field, seeking clarification on Barnett's definition of "imam" (e.g., prayer leader versus chaplain) and deferring to scholarly interpretations within Islam. The discussion also addressed the MCB's adoption of a definition of Islamophobia criticized by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) for potentially conflating legitimate criticism of religious practices with racial prejudice, thereby risking restrictions on free expression. Mohammed defended the term as necessary to combat anti-Muslim bigotry while maintaining it did not stifle debate on faith. The sparked immediate controversy, with a social media clip highlighting the female imams question accused of portraying Mohammed as evasive, prompting its removal amid claims of "bullying." Over 100 public figures, including politicians like and , signed an denouncing the segment as "strikingly hostile" and an instance of institutional Islamophobia, arguing it undermined Mohammed's historic role rather than engaging substantively with MCB policies. Critics of the backlash, however, maintained that the questions legitimately probed inconsistencies between Mohammed's advocacy for and the MCB's reluctance to challenge patriarchal norms in orthodox Islamic settings, where female religious authority remains marginal. The BBC responded by affirming that Barnett raised "legitimate issues" warranting scrutiny of any organizational leader, with director-general emphasizing the need for robust questioning irrespective of the interviewee's background. The episode highlighted broader debates over media accountability toward Muslim advocacy groups, given the MCB's past associations with Islamist-leaning affiliates and its for terms like Islamophobia that some legal experts, including the EHRC, warned could hinder discourse on gender roles and extremism within Muslim communities.

Government distrust and severed ties

The government's formal engagement with the (MCB) was suspended in March 2009, after MCB deputy secretary general Daoud Abdullah signed the Declaration, a document issued by allies that endorsed violent resistance against i ships enforcing the Gaza blockade and extended support for attacks on third-party forces, including potentially British naval vessels aiding . This decision under Prime Minister marked the start of a non-engagement policy, which the MCB criticized as an attempt to undermine its independence. Throughout Zara Mohammed's tenure as MCB secretary general from January 2021 to January 2025, the policy remained in place without restoration, despite her public efforts to rebuild dialogue, including meetings with individual ministers that Whitehall later clarified were unofficial. The Conservative government under Rishi Sunak confirmed the boycott in 2022, citing unnamed concerns over the MCB's positions, while the organization accused media outlets like the Daily Mail of fueling exclusion through selective reporting. In March 2024, amid the UK government's new extremism definition excluding groups that undermine British values or support terrorism, the Ministry of Defence directed officials to sever all remaining ties with the MCB, including its role in vetting Muslim military chaplains—a function it had performed for years. Mohammed described the move as "barking" and politically motivated, arguing it created an unrepresentative vacuum between the government and Britain's 4 million Muslims, as the MCB claims to speak for 500 affiliates. The MCB condemned the broader extremism strategy as "undemocratic and divisive," predicting legal challenges from affected groups. The policy extended into the Labour government era post-July 2024 election; during the August 2024 nationwide riots involving anti-immigration violence, Mohammed noted a "quite shocking" absence of outreach, urging to review the non-engagement stance despite the change in administration. In her January 2025 BBC interview upon resigning, she reiterated frustrations over the "shocking" lack of contact across four years, portraying the MCB as a "political punchbag" sidelined without clear rationale, while defending its community support efforts amid the isolation. sources maintained the distance due to persistent concerns over the MCB's historical affiliations and stances, such as equivocal responses to Hamas's October 2023 attacks on .

Ideological concerns and MCB affiliations

Critics of the (MCB) have long highlighted ideological concerns stemming from its affiliations with organizations exhibiting Islamist influences, including ties to groups inspired by the and Jamaat-i-Islami. For instance, the MCB's affiliate, the Islamic Foundation in , was founded by Khurshid , a prominent Jamaat-i-Islami figure known for advocating and opposing secular governance. Similarly, the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB), another key affiliate, has been identified by government reviews as having structural and ideological links to the , which promotes a gradualist strategy to impose Islamic governance over Western . These connections persist within the MCB's umbrella of over 500 affiliates, comprising mosques, charities, and advocacy groups, despite the organization's claims of representing diverse Muslim voices aligned with British values. During Zara Mohammed's tenure as Secretary General from 2021 to 2025, the MCB retained these affiliations without significant reforms to distance itself from such entities, prompting accusations that it continued to platform Islamist-leaning perspectives prioritizing transnational Muslim solidarity () over full integration into British society. Historical MCB positions under prior leaderships, such as boycotting Holocaust Memorial Day from 2001 to 2007, opposing a ban on al-Qaeda-linked groups, and recommending veiling for Muslim schoolgirls, were not formally repudiated, fueling concerns about an enduring ideological framework resistant to counter-extremism efforts. Mohammed's advocacy, including immediate calls for a Gaza ceasefire following the October 7, 2023, attacks and criticisms of Israel's response as disproportionate, was interpreted by detractors as aligning with narratives sympathetic to designated terrorist groups, though she explicitly stated the MCB does not endorse . Further scrutiny arose from the MCB's opposition to the government's 2024 extremism definition, which targeted non-violent promotion of ideologies undermining —measures Mohammed described as flawed and potentially discriminatory against , without addressing how such policies aimed to counter influences from affiliates' networks. Think tanks like have documented how MCB-linked initiatives, such as The Muslim Vote campaign, involved partners previously flagged for Islamist activism, arguing this reflects a broader pattern of selective outrage and reluctance to condemn unequivocally. While the MCB under Mohammed sought to project a modernizing image—emphasizing women's and —these efforts were undermined by unchanged structural ties, leading analysts to question whether the organization truly prioritizes empirical integration over ideological preservation.

Departure and post-tenure activities

Resignation in January 2025

Zara Mohammed concluded her four-year term as Secretary General of the (MCB) in late January 2025, marking the end of her leadership that began in March 2021. The departure followed the MCB's announcement of leadership election candidates in December 2024 and initial hustings in January 2025, with Mohammed not seeking re-election. In reflections shared shortly after her final official engagements, including a farewell dinner on January 24, 2025, Mohammed highlighted persistent challenges in engaging with the government, describing a "quite shocking" lack of contact during key events such as the 2024 riots. She attributed this to a broader institutional toward the MCB, which had led to under previous administrations, leaving what she called a gap between Muslim communities and policymakers. Mohammed expressed hope that her successor would foster improved relations, while warning of a "tidal wave of Islamophobia" and the normalization of far-right figures in public discourse. Mohammed's exit came amid ongoing criticisms of the MCB's ideological affiliations, including historical links to groups like the , which had contributed to reluctance to collaborate despite the organization's role as a representative umbrella body for British Muslim groups. In post-tenure interviews, she emphasized achievements in amplifying community voices on issues like anti-Muslim hate but acknowledged the political barriers that defined much of her term. The MCB proceeded with electing a new secretary general through a process involving affiliate votes, signaling a transition without reported internal upheaval tied to her departure.

Reflections on legacy and future role

Upon resigning as Secretary General of the (MCB) in January 2025 after a four-year tenure, Zara Mohammed expressed hope that she had made the British Muslim community proud by navigating the organization through turbulent years marked by heightened Islamophobia claims, responses, and institutional strains. She highlighted personal challenges, including initial excitement tempered by dismissal from some commentators who labeled her a "puppet," while emphasizing her role as the first woman in the position and her belief that it would not be the last. In a interview, Mohammed critiqued the government's minimal engagement with the MCB during her leadership, describing the organization as a "political punchbag" and lamenting severed ties that she argued left gaps in community-government dialogue. External assessments of her legacy present a mixed picture. Supporters at MCB events commended her achievements, such as partnerships during and efforts to amplify Muslim voices on social issues, crediting her with fostering resilience amid adversity. Critics, however, pointed to unresolved issues like the MCB's failure to adopt a more God-centric approach to or address internal ideological concerns tied to historical affiliations, arguing these limited broader impact and perpetuated government distrust. Her tenure thus reinforced the MCB's focus on anti-Islamophobia campaigns but coincided with deepened institutional isolation from state bodies, reflecting ongoing debates over the organization's representativeness and political alignments. Post-resignation, Mohammed transitioned to leading a consultancy specializing in , governance strengthening, and workplace inclusion, drawing on her law background and MCB experience. She has shared insights on practical and media engagement through newsletters, speeches, and interviews, emphasizing lessons in resilience and sensible Muslim political involvement without disclosing specific long-term plans beyond advisory roles. This shift positions her to influence beyond organizational , potentially bridging with professional training amid persistent scrutiny of her prior affiliations.

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  65. https://islamism.news/research/investigations/the-faces-of-british-islam/2022/
  66. https://www.muslimnetwork.tv/muslim-councils-first-female-leader-ends-tenure-highlights-rising-islamophobia/
  67. https://muslimnews.co.uk/news/uk/muslim-council-of-britain-announces-2025-leadership-candidates/
  68. https://hyphenonline.com/2025/01/13/muslim-council-britain-mcb-leadership-hustings/
  69. https://www.instagram.com/p/DFNz-VZIAKB/?hl=en
  70. https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/outgoing-muslim-council-of-britain-leader-warns-against-normalisation-of-far-right-figures
  71. https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/leadership-muslim-council-of-britain-british-muslim-london-b2682516.html
  72. https://mcb.org.uk/mcb-marks-27th-leadership-dinner-an-evening-for-reflection/
  73. https://beingbritishmuslims.com/new-mcb/
  74. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/zaramohammed1_its-finally-landed-my-rather-interesting-activity-7350147562688978944-IOSF
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