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POM-2 mine

The POM-2 (Russian: Противопехотная Осколочная Мина-2, romanized: Protivopekhotnaya Oskolochnaya Mina, lit. 'Infantry Fragmentation Mine-2') is a Soviet scatterable self-liquidating fragmentation anti-personnel mine.[1][2] It has a mechanical fuze with tension-type target sensors BP-09S (Russian: БП-09С).

The mine can be delivered using the BM-27 Uragan (9M59), BM-21 Grad (9M18) MLRS, helicopter-mounted minelaying system VSM-1,[1] remote mining machine UMZ (Russian: УМЗ)[3][4] or portable mining kit PKM (Russian: Переносной Комплект Минирования, romanized: Perenosnoy Komplekt Minirovaniya, lit. 'Portable Mining Kit').[1]

In its armed position, it is presented as a steel cylinder with six spring-loaded fins at the bottom of the mine. It shoots out string that attach to nearby objects, which is used as a tripwire. The POM-2 mines must be delivered using remote mining systems, with the exception of POM-2R.[2][3]

Function

[edit]
A deployed POM-2 mine.

The mine is made up of a cylindrical cast-steel cup, which contains the explosive charge. Upon detonation, the steel cylinder naturally fragments.[1][2]

  • Upon the ejection of four[2][3] mines from the KPOM-2 cassette, a pyroshock sensor activates, which ignites the pyrotechnic retarder [1] (delay mechanism, until another stage is ready). At the same time, the caps of the stabilizing legs bounce out of the mine body, and the nylon ribbons unfold to ensure that the mine lands straight up.
  • Upon the burn-up of the pyrotechnic retarder [1], the stabilizing legs are thrown out, and another set of pyrotechnic retarders is ignited [2]. [2] is a landing-delay mechanism, which gives the mine just enough time to land before starting any further processes.
  • As pyrotechnic retarders [2] burn up, they activate the expelling charges which expose the spring-loaded legs that hold the body of the mine upright.
  • Due to the activation of the expelling charges that released the spring-loaded legs, another set of pyrotechnic retarders [3] is activated by means of a pyroshock sensor. As [3] finishes burning, the target sensors are ejected (pyrotechnic pull cord) out of the mine, spreading the cords 10 meters apart from the mine in 4 opposite directions. Following that, a spring moves the detonator into its armed position.[1][4]

At the point where the pull cords are ejected, the mechanism of self-liquidation[clarification needed] starts working. Generally, the mine takes 50–60 seconds to deploy.[1][4] Pulling on the cord with anything more than 300–400 gf (3–4 N), causes the detonator to detonate the mine, dispersing fragments semi-spherically.[3]

Deployment

[edit]

Before use, the KPOM-2 cassettes are carefully checked for cracks. If any cracks deeper than 0.3 mm are present, then the cassette must be withdrawn, as it must be hermetically sealed. Faulty cassettes are destroyed with 0.2–0.4 kg of explosives.[1][4]

UMZ

[edit]

If the mining is performed with the usage of UMZ, then the machine must be moving at the speed in the range of 10–40 km/h. The interval between every launch is set in the control remote PUM-1V (Russian: ПУМ-1В). A full load (180 cassettes - 720 mines) can create a minefield that is 4,100–4,200 meters long and 50–60 meters wide, with a density of 0.1-0.2 mines/meter.[3][4]

VSM-1

[edit]

If the mining is performed with the usage of the helicopter-mounted minelaying system VSM-1, then the machine must be moving at a speed in the range of 160–220 km/h, at an altitude of 50–100 meters, with an interval between every cassette launch being 0.8 seconds. A full load (116 cassettes - 464 mines) can create a minefield that is 4,100–4,200 meters long and 35–65 meters wide, with an average density of 0.11 mines/meter.[3][4][5]

PKM

[edit]

If the mining is performed using the portable mining kit, then it must be performed by two or more people, supported by a sapper group.[3][4]

9M59 Rockets

[edit]

If the mining is performed using the BM-27 Uragan MLRS, then a full salvo (16 rockets) can create a minefield consisting of 144 mines.[2]

Variants

[edit]
UI-POM-2-1 (Russian
УИ-ПОМ-2-1) or UI-POM-2
Inert mine for training purposes. It contains all elements as in the POM-2, except for the detonator and detonator cap. The naming convention comes from Russian words Uchebnaya (U - Rus. Учебная) - training, and Inertnaya (I - Rus. Инертная) - inert. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2 cassette.[1]
UI-POM-2-2 or UI-POM-2A
Inert mine for training purposes. It is no different from the UI-POM-2-1, except that it has all the pyrotechnic elements. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2A cassette.[1]
UI-POM-2-3 or UI-POM-2D
Inert mine for training purposes. It contains all elements as in the POM-2, except that the explosive charge is replaced with a smoke-generating substance, the explosive cap is replaced with an igniter element, and the detonator is removed. Two holes are drilled in the frame of the mine for the escape of the smoke. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2D cassette.[1]
POM-2R (Russian
ПОМ-2Р)
Primarily issued to special forces. Used as a pursuit deterrent and can be delivered in the same ways as the POM-2, but can also be deployed manually without the usage of cassettes.[2] The naming convention comes from the Russian words Ruchnaya (R - Rus. Ручная) - hand [mine]. The rocket-propelled version, with the attached motor from a PG-7 rocket, was also observed in Ukraine.[6]

Specifications (POM-2)

[edit]
  • Mass[1][2]
    • Charge: 140 g of TNT
    • Full assembly: 1.6 kg
    • KPOM-2 cassette:[4] 48 kg
  • Diameter:[2] 63 mm
  • Height:[2] 180 mm
  • Target sensors[1]
    • Number: 4
    • Length (of all four): 10 m
  • Activation pressure:[1][4] 0.1–0.3 kgf (0.98–2.94 N)
  • Fragmentation radius:[1] 16 m
  • Temperature range of use:[1] -40 to +50 °С
  • Shelf life:[1] 10 years
  • Self-liquidation time[4]
Temperature Range, °С Liquidation Timeframe, hours
+40 to +50 4 to 14
+20 to +40 6 to 16
0 to +20 9 to 30
-20 to 0 13 to 39
-30 to -20 15 to 70
-40 to -30 25 to 114

See also

[edit]
  • PFM-1 – (Soviet Union)
  • PMN mine – (Soviet Union)
  • POM-3 mine – (Russia)
  • PTM-3 mine – (Soviet Union)

Notes

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

POM-2 mine

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The POM-2 is a Soviet-designed scatterable anti-personnel fragmentation landmine featuring a high-explosive charge, actuation, self-erecting stabilization legs, and an integrated mechanism intended to neutralize the device after a preset period. Weighing approximately 1.6 kg with 140 g of TNT filler, the cylindrical steel-bodied mine measures about 180 mm in and 63 mm in diameter, enabling deployment over areas up to several hundred meters via artillery projectiles, systems, or specialized dispensers such as the KPOM-2 canister holding four units. Upon landing, spring-loaded fins or legs orient the mine upright, automatically extending to detect disturbances and trigger fragmentation effects lethal to personnel within a 20-25 meter radius. Developed during the late era for rapid obstacle creation, the POM-2 and its variants like the POM-2S have been stockpiled by , with documented employment in the ongoing conflict to deny terrain to advancing forces, despite international prohibitions under the to which is not a party. Its defining characteristics include mechanical reliability in varied terrain and a pyrotechnic delay for arming, though potential failures contribute to lingering hazards in post-conflict zones.

Development and History

Soviet Origins and Design Evolution

The POM-2 mine was conceived in the during the late 1970s to early 1980s as a scatterable fragmentation tailored for rapid creation of temporary barriers in anticipated large-scale defensive maneuvers. This development responded to doctrinal emphases on layered defenses, enabling quick dispersal via , rockets, or vehicle-mounted dispensers like the UMZ system to deny enemy advances without relying on labor-intensive manual laying. The design prioritized deployability over permanence, incorporating self-liquidation to limit post-conflict hazards, reflecting engineering trade-offs for operational tempo in fluid battlefields. Evolving from the POM-1 predecessor, which was hampered by a five-year due to electrical elements prone to degradation, the POM-2 shifted to fully mechanical construction using pyrotechnic and hydromechanical components for enhanced durability up to ten years. This iteration eliminated electronic dependencies, mitigating risks from or power failures in harsh conditions, while retaining a 140-gram charge optimized for fragmentation lethal of 6 to 16 meters. Key advancements included a brake parachute for controlled descent, spring-driven self-righting legs, and automated extension of 10-meter tripwires with 0.3-kilogram tension sensitivity via the BP-09S , ensuring reliable target engagement post-impact. Initial Soviet testing focused on integration with remote delivery methods, culminating in by the early alongside compatible scatter systems, to support non-persistent area denial without contaminating territories indefinitely. The mechanism, variable from 4 to 100 hours via hydromechanical delay, underscored priorities for tactical flexibility and reduced logistical burdens in sustained conflicts.

Post-Soviet Production and Stockpiling

Following the in December 1991, the Russian Federation inherited the primary production infrastructure and stockpiles of the POM-2 mine from Soviet-era facilities. As a non-signatory to the 1997 , Russia has maintained production capabilities for the POM-2 and its variants, including post-Soviet manufacturing evidenced by factory markings on recovered examples used in conflicts. Russia continues to stockpile POM-2 and POM-2R mines in substantial quantities as part of its conventional munitions reserves, with assessments identifying it among the world's largest holders of anti-personnel mines overall. These stockpiles support strategic depth in area denial capabilities, integrated into broader defensive doctrines amid ongoing geopolitical pressures, such as tensions in . No public disclosures specify exact figures for POM-2 holdings, but Russia's non-compliance with international destruction norms sustains their availability for potential rapid deployment via legacy and updated scatter systems. In contrast, , which ratified the in 2005, fulfilled its stockpile destruction obligations by eliminating its inherited POM-2 reserves in 2018 through controlled demolition managed by the state enterprise Ukroboronprom. This action complied with deadlines extended for Ukraine due to the volume of Soviet-era munitions, marking the complete removal of POM-2 from Ukrainian inventories prior to escalated cross-border conflicts.

Design and Function

Core Components and Fragmentation Mechanism

The POM-2 mine features a cylindrical cast-steel body designed to produce fragmentation upon . This body incorporates a metal that crushes into numerous damaging elements, directing most fragments radially outward to minimize vertical or ground-directed dispersal. The explosive charge consists of 140 grams of TNT, providing the energy for fragmentation. Equipped with six spring-loaded metal fins or curved leg plates, the mine possesses self-righting capability upon landing, deploying these elements to orient the device vertically for optimal fragment distribution. This mechanism ensures the cylindrical axis aligns upright, enhancing the effectiveness of the radial shrapnel pattern. The fragmentation mechanism generates a lethal zone with continuous manpower defeat within a radius of 6-8 meters, though some data indicate extension to 15-16 meters. This effect arises from the explosive-driven breakup of the body, propelling pre-formed and spalled fragments in a 360-degree horizontal pattern optimized for personnel incapacitation.

Fuze System and Target Detection

The POM-2 mine utilizes the VP-09 mechanical , integrated with BP-09S tension-type target sensors that automatically deploy four tripwires upon arming. Each wire extends up to 10 meters, forming a radial detection pattern at 90-degree intervals by attaching to nearby vegetation, debris, or ejected anchors positioned approximately 0.5 meters above ground level. This configuration creates an effective perimeter for detecting foot traffic or disturbances without reliance on seismic or pressure sensors. Detection occurs through mechanical tension: a minimal pull force of 0.3 kg on any displaces the fuze's retaining pin, releasing a spring-loaded striker that impacts and propagates to the main charge. The system's battery-independent design eliminates failure modes associated with electrical power sources, ensuring consistent performance across deployment scenarios. Following scatter deployment, a pyrotechnic sequence initiates arming after a delay of 1.5 to 2 minutes, during which the sensors and wires are extended while the mine stabilizes vertically via spring-assisted legs. This interval mitigates risks from immediate post-landing interference. The fully mechanical architecture, lacking electronic circuitry, provides intrinsic resilience to electromagnetic pulses and maintains functionality in adverse conditions such as saturated soil, subfreezing temperatures, or high-impact landings up to 60 m/s, environments common in Eastern European theaters.

Self-Liquidation and Safety Features

The POM-2 mine features a pyrotechnic delay mechanism activated post-arming, designed to detonate the ordnance between 4 and 100 hours after deployment, thereby neutralizing it and preventing prolonged unexploded remnants. This timed liquidation, initiated by a setback igniter upon dispersal, employs a chemical delay element to balance short-term area denial with the causal imperative to avoid indefinite . In contrast to persistent anti-personnel mines lacking such features, the POM-2's self-liquidation prioritizes operational tempo—enabling rapid tactical reconfiguration—while empirically curtailing long-term hazards, as evidenced by field recoveries in conflict zones where most units have self-detonated within the specified window. The mechanism integrates with the assembly, where a piston-driven pyrotechnic sequence ensures reliable ignition under varied environmental conditions, though manual neutralization remains infeasible due to the mine's tamper-resistant design. Additional safety elements include an initial post-impact arming delay, during which pyrotechnic streamers deploy to orient tripwires without immediate sensitivity, reducing inadvertent activation risks during scatter from or systems. This configuration causally limits the mine's hazard radius over time, supporting recovery efforts by confining threats to hours rather than years, though real-world failure modes—such as environmental interference—can occasionally extend persistence beyond design parameters.

Deployment Methods

Manual and Vehicle-Mounted Systems

The POM-2 mine can be deployed manually using the POM-2P variant, which is designed for hand emplacement or short-range projection to create small-scale barriers. This involves placing the mine in a launcher device, activating it by removing a safety thread, and either setting it directly on the ground or tossing it toward target areas, suitable for to rapidly establish defenses against probing advances. For enhanced short-range scattering, portable dispensers such as the PKM-1 system enable infantry to launch KPOM-2 cassettes containing four POM-2 mines each, propelling them 30 to 100 meters to form a dispersed pattern covering approximately 10 by 40 meters. The PKM-1, weighing 2.63 kg without the canister, sets up in about five minutes and allows remote initiation from cover, providing tactical flexibility for platoon-level operations without heavy equipment. Vehicle-mounted systems like the UMZ, installed on 6x6 trucks such as the chassis, offer greater dispersion for light vehicle use, with six launchers firing cassettes to scatter up to 720 POM-2 mines over minefields 150 to 1,500 meters long and 30 to 60 meters deep while moving at 10 to 40 km/h. This setup supports two-lane fields and rapid reloading by a two-person crew in 1.5 to 2 hours, enabling quick disruption of enemy maneuvers in defensive scenarios.

Artillery and Rocket Delivery Systems

The POM-2 mine is delivered by artillery systems, such as 122 mm and 152 mm calibers, utilizing specialized carrier munitions like the KPOM-2 canister, which houses four mines and employs a pyrotechnic delay for ejection and arming upon deployment. These systems facilitate scatter over standoff distances typically reaching 5-10 km, allowing for efficient creation of fragmented denial areas scalable to battalion-level operations through coordinated barrages that exploit dispersion patterns for 1-2 hectare coverage per engagement. Rocket delivery integrates the POM-2 with Soviet-era multiple launch rocket systems, particularly the BM-27 Uragan via the 9M59 projectile, which accommodates nine mines per rocket. A complete salvo of 16 rockets deploys 144 mines, enabling deeper strikes up to 20 km while achieving broad-area denial through inherent scatter mechanics. This method supports rapid, long-range minelaying for tactical depth in contested zones.

Variants

POM-2S Self-Righting Variant

The POM-2S variant incorporates self-erecting legs that deploy after scatter deployment to automatically orient the mine upright, enhancing post-deployment reliability by ensuring proper positioning for extension and engagement. This mechanism consists of spring-loaded supports that counteract uneven landing orientations, a critical improvement over the standard POM-2 which lacks such automatic righting and may fail to arm correctly on irregular . The design facilitates effective operation in diverse environments, including rough or sloped ground where manual adjustment is impractical. Fielded within Soviet scatterable antipersonnel mine systems, the POM-2S retains the core explosive charge and fragmentation body of the POM-2 but adds the self-righting capability alongside a self-liquidation timer of 4 to 100 hours to limit long-term hazards. The "S" suffix specifically denotes this self-destruct integration, distinguishing it from non-self-liquidating predecessors while prioritizing controlled operational duration in tactical area denial. Deployment via the same cassette or rocket systems as the base model benefits from the variant's higher assurance of functional orientation, reducing dud rates attributable to misalignment. The POM-2R represents a manually emplaced of the POM-2 , designed for hand-throwing in a manner similar to a , enabling to deploy it rapidly without remote delivery systems. This variant retains the standard POM-2's mechanical tension (BP-09S), fragmentation body charged with TNT, and hydromechanical self-liquidation timer set for 4 to 40 hours, but incorporates a pursuit-deterrent configuration for close-range tactical denial. Russian stockpiles include both POM-2 and POM-2R models, with the latter emphasizing portability for infantry-level application. Related modifications focus on compatibility with emerging delivery platforms, such as adaptations for (UAV) transport, which attach the mine to FPV drones for extended-range scattering while preserving the original self-righting and extension mechanisms upon impact. These field-level adjustments prioritize integration with existing POM-2 components, avoiding major redesigns to leverage Soviet-era production lines and munitions reserves. No large-scale post-2010 expansions have been documented for the POM-2R, reflecting reliance on pre-existing inventories rather than new variants like the sensor-equipped POM-3.

Technical Specifications

Physical Dimensions and Explosive Charge

The POM-2 mine features a cylindrical design with dimensions of 180 mm in height and 63 mm in diameter. Its total weight in full assembly is 1.6 kg. The explosive charge comprises 140 grams of TNT, an increase from the 110 grams in the earlier POM-1 model, enabling greater fragmentation effect within the compact body. This payload is housed in a casing optimized for producing shrapnel upon detonation.

Lethality Radius and Performance Metrics

The POM-2 mine utilizes a 140-gram charge of TNT or a TNT/RDX mixture within a cylindrical body equipped with a , generating lethal shrapnel effects against personnel. This configuration yields an effective casualty radius of 6 to 8 meters for fatal or incapacitating injuries, primarily through pre-formed fragments propelled by the blast. Certain assessments extend the potential fragmentation hazard to 20 meters under optimal conditions, though empirical field effects may vary based on and target posture. Detonation occurs via a VP-09S sensitive to tension exceeding 300 grams, ensuring targeted activation while the mine's scatterable allows for patterned deployment to maximize coverage overlap. Performance metrics indicate high reliability in fragment dispersion for area denial, with the mine's 1.6-kilogram total weight contributing to stable ground positioning post-ejection from carriers like the KPOM-2 cassette, which disperses four units over an approximate 30-meter range. The integrated self-liquidation feature activates after a preset interval, typically 1 to 3 days depending on environmental factors, to mitigate long-term risks, though specific dud rates remain undocumented in available technical evaluations.

Operational Use

Early Deployments in Regional Conflicts

Russian forces widely utilized scatterable anti-personnel mines during the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), deploying them primarily via helicopters and artillery to create temporary barriers in urban and contested areas, denying mobility to Chechen insurgents amid intense close-quarters combat. These operations established early patterns for the POM-2's role in rapid area denial, where its fragmentation effects and tension-activated tripwires proved effective against foot patrols, though specific casualty figures attributable to the POM-2 remain undocumented in open sources. The mine's integration into Russian tactics reflected a preference for short-duration obstacles in dynamic environments, contrasting with static minefields used elsewhere. In addition to Chechnya, the POM-2 appeared sporadically in other post-Soviet regional conflicts, including operations in during the late 1990s insurgency and limited border engagements in , as well as along Russia's frontier with Georgia. These instances validated the mine's mechanical reliability across diverse terrains, from mountainous borders to semi-arid zones, with delivery methods adapting to ground-launched systems where assets were constrained. Russian doctrine emphasized the POM-2's scatterable deployment—up to four mines per KPOM-2 canister—for surprise , minimizing exposure of units. Post-conflict demining assessments in the highlighted the POM-2's self-liquidating as a key factor in reducing persistent hazards, with self-destruction timelines limiting to primarily dud rates rather than indefinite contamination. Reports from clearance operations noted fewer residual fragmentation threats from self-destruct variants compared to non-timed anti-personnel mines like the PMN series, enabling faster rehabilitation of affected zones despite incomplete mapping of scatter patterns. This feature aligned with Russia's moratorium on non-self-neutralizing mines, underscoring operational trade-offs between immediate lethality and post-mission accessibility.

Extensive Application in the Russo-Ukrainian War

The POM-2 mine was first documented in open-source intelligence during the initial phase of the conflict in Donbas, with reports emerging as early as 2014 and confirmed sightings in larger quantities by 2015, primarily deployed by Russian-backed separatist forces via remote scattering systems to deny access to contested areas. Usage remained sporadic through the Minsk ceasefire periods but aligned with patterns of artillery-delivered mining along frontlines near Debaltseve and other hotspots. Following Russia's full-scale invasion on February 24, 2022, POM-2 deployment escalated significantly, with Russian forces employing the mine in defensive operations to impede Ukrainian advances, particularly during the retreats from in September 2022 and in 2022. These scatterable mines were dispersed via systems such as the 122mm Grad (carrying up to five POM-2 units per 9M18 ) and 220mm Uragan (up to nine per 9M59 ), creating layered barriers along newly established defensive lines to restrict enemy mobility in recaptured territories. By late 2023 and into 2024, Russian engineering units adapted delivery methods, incorporating FPV drones for precise emplacement of POM-2 mines, as evidenced by social media posts from units like the Karbyshev , enabling remote mining in dynamic frontline conditions without exposing personnel. Western analyses, including those from the Landmine and Monitor, highlight this as part of broader scatterable antipersonnel mining to fortify positions against anticipated Ukrainian counteroffensives, with remnants posing ongoing hazards in de-occupied zones.

Military Effectiveness

Tactical Advantages in Area Denial

The POM-2 mine's scatterable delivery systems, including projectiles, systems, and dispersal, enable defenders to rapidly establish temporary barriers over wide areas without committing ground troops to manual emplacement, thereby minimizing exposure to enemy and accelerating obstacle creation during fluid defensive operations. This capability causally disrupts enemy maneuvers by forcing deliberate advances or clearance efforts, which empirically delay assaults and provide critical windows for repositioning or reserves, as scatterable anti-personnel mines have demonstrated in for countering rapid armored or mechanized threats through economical . The mine's integrated mechanism, activating between 4 and 100 hours post-arming via hydromechanical delay, ensures the effect is transient, permitting subsequent reclamation of terrain by friendly forces without extensive breaching operations that could impede counteroffensives or retreats. Unlike persistent non-self-destructing mines, this feature reduces long-term hazards to own maneuvers, aligning with defensive strategies that prioritize reversible obstacles to maintain operational tempo after initial engagements. In layered defense architectures, the POM-2 complements anti-tank mines and barriers by targeting dismounted that might otherwise probe or clear vehicular , empirically enhancing overall through compounded denial effects that slow enemy combined-arms advances across multiple echelons. Remote delivery further integrates with systems, allowing synchronized mining to canalize attackers into kill zones, as evidenced in Russian remote mine employment tactics that emphasize rapid, massed generation to offset numerical disadvantages.

Empirical Data on Reliability and Impact

Field reports from the in indicate that dense Russian minefields, incorporating scatterable munitions like the POM-2, imposed significant operational delays on advancing forces, with layered defenses requiring extensive breaching efforts that slowed progress to minimal gains over weeks. Ukrainian commanders characterized the mine density as "insane," contributing to high attrition rates and stalled mechanized assaults amid multiple belts of obstacles. A U.S. Army analysis of the campaign describes breaching attempts as repeatedly "blocked and bloodied," with mine clearance emerging as a primary constraint on mobility, often necessitating prolonged manual and mechanical operations under fire. Empirical assessments of POM-2 performance draw from clearance operations and remnants, revealing estimated failure rates for Soviet-era scatterable mines in the 10-30% range, encompassing deployment anomalies such as incomplete ejection from canisters or to arm post-dispersal. These rates reflect mechanical simplicity rather than electronic vulnerabilities, enabling functionality in electronic warfare-saturated environments where battery-dependent or signal-reliant systems may experience higher disruption. In comparative terms, the POM-2's low technological profile avoids reliance on GPS or guidance, contrasting with certain Western scatterable systems that incorporate such elements prone to in contested , while its production scalability supports cost-effective mass deployment for area . Clearance data underscores persistent lethality, with non-detonated units still posing hazards due to potential delayed arming, thereby extending impact beyond initial failure instances.

Controversies and International Perspectives

Alignment with Mine Ban Treaties

has neither signed nor acceded to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (Ottawa Convention), which entered into force in 1999 and prohibits anti-personnel mines for its 164 states parties as of 2024. As a non-party, continues to produce, stockpile, and deploy such mines, including scatterable types like the POM-2, without obligation to destroy stockpiles or cease use. Russian policy positions emphasize that adherence would undermine by restricting defensive capabilities against adversaries unbound by the , particularly in asymmetric conflicts where mines enable area denial for outnumbered forces. statements indicate rare public commentary on accession, but strategic rationales highlight the convention's non-universality as creating imbalances that favor mobile attackers over static defenders, as evidenced by non-signatories' operational advantages in recent wars. The POM-2's self-destruct mechanism, which limits operational duration, is contended to reduce long-term indiscriminate risks, potentially conforming to customary principles against persistent, unmarked hazards under rules prohibiting inherently indiscriminate weapons. maintains stockpiles estimated at over 26 million anti-personnel mines, retained as a deterrent against , contrasting with Ukraine's destruction of more than 3.4 million such mines from 1999 to in compliance with its obligations prior to recent withdrawals. This persistence underscores perceived trade-offs in adherence, where exposes signatories to non-compliant threats without reciprocal constraints.

Humanitarian Concerns Versus Strategic Necessity

The deployment of POM-2 mines has drawn criticism from organizations such as for posing risks to civilians, particularly in areas of rapid territorial shifts, where scatterable munitions like the POM-2 can remain hazardous despite self-destruct features if deployment errors or environmental factors delay activation. In , following Russian retreats in late 2022 from regions including , humanitarian groups documented spikes in civilian injuries from anti-personnel mines, with attributing most such casualties to remnants of remotely delivered explosives that fail to fully self-neutralize or are misplaced near populated areas. Pro-ban nongovernmental organizations argue that these weapons' inherent indiscriminacy violates ethical norms by endangering noncombatants long after active hostilities, prioritizing absolute prohibitions over contextual military gains regardless of intent or design mitigations. Countering these views, the POM-2's hydromechanical self-destruct mechanism, which activates between 4 and 100 hours post-deployment depending on temperature, empirically reduces long-term hazards compared to non-self-destructing legacy mines, as evidenced by lower persistent contamination rates in conflicts employing timed-fuse scatterables versus persistent types that have caused sustained civilian harm in places like . Military assessments highlight the strategic imperative of such systems in high-intensity peer conflicts, where rapid area denial via rocket-dispersible mines like the POM-2 enables defenders to impede armored advances and assaults without exposing troops to direct engagement, potentially averting higher immediate from alternatives like manned barriers or barrages. Analysts from institutions like the Lieber Institute note that mine bans disproportionately burden adherents in asymmetric confrontations against non-signatories, such as Russia's use against NATO-supported forces, where forgoing effective defensive tools could lead to territorial losses and elevated personnel deaths. This tension underscores divergent priorities: advocacy groups focused on humanitarian absolutes advocate universal restrictions to minimize any civilian exposure, while defense-oriented perspectives emphasize context-specific trade-offs, arguing that verifiable design safeguards and battlefield exigencies justify employment when confronting existential threats, provided targeting adheres to proportionality under . Empirical data from indicates that while POM-2 remnants contribute to post-conflict clearance challenges, their short active lifespan correlates with fewer protracted UXO issues than alternatives lacking self-neutralization, though critics contend even brief risks in civilian vicinities remain unacceptable.

References

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  20. https://armamentresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ARES-Special-Report-5-Cluster-Munitions-Submunitions-in-Syria.pdf
  21. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/landmines/LMWeb-25.htm
  22. https://community.apan.org/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/13-14863-00-00-00-24-14-37/1996_2D00_01_2D00_01-Instant-Obstacles_2D00_-Russian-Remotely-Delivered-Mines-_2800_D_2D00_Aria-and-Grau_2900_.pdf?forcedownload=true
  23. https://medium.com/dfrlab/long-range-mining-in-the-donbas-bdc2a898ac2c
  24. https://www.army.mil/article/286857/blocked_and_bloodied_lessons_from_the_combined_arms_breach_during_the_2023_ukranian_counter_offensive
  25. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA363214.pdf
  26. https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/03/europe/ukraine-russia-zaporizhzhia-advance-intl
  27. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/europe/ukraine/70892/ukrainians-clearing-russian-mines
  28. https://www.logicofwar.com/the-land-mine-treaty-is-a-problem/
  29. https://www.heritage.org/europe/commentary/facing-russias-threat-european-nations-reject-landmine-ban
  30. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/u-s-landmine-policy-complies-international-law/
  31. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule83
  32. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/31/ukraine-banned-landmines-harm-civilians
  33. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/ukraine-russia-investigate-use-of-anti-personnel-mines-left-after-russian-occupation-as-possible-war-crimes/
  34. https://oe.tradoc.army.mil/product/russian-minefield-tactics-pose-challenge-to-mobility/
  35. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/landmines-war-ukraine/
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