Hubbry Logo
AnthemideaeAnthemideaeMain
Open search
Anthemideae
Community hub
Anthemideae
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Anthemideae
Anthemideae
Anthemideae
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Anthemideae
Ismelia carinata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Anthemideae
Cass.
Type genus
Anthemis
L.
Genera[1]

About 111, see text

Anthemideae is a tribe of flowering plants in the subfamily Asteroideae, which is part of the family Asteraceae. They are distributed worldwide, with concentrations in central Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and southern Africa.[2] Most species of plant known as chamomile belong to genera of this tribe.

As of 2006 there were about 1800 species classified in 111 genera.[2] In 2007 the tribe was divided into 14 subtribes,[2] including Glebionidinae, the source of hybrid garden marguerites.[3]

Genera

[edit]
Anthemis maritima
Artemisia cana

Anthemideae genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database as March 2022:[4]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Anthemideae

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Anthemideae is a tribe of flowering plants in the aster family (), subfamily Asteroideae, consisting of approximately 115 genera and around 1,800 species of mostly aromatic herbs, subshrubs, and shrubs. These plants are characterized by capitula (flower heads) that are typically radiate, disciform, or discoid, with receptacles that are paleaceous (with chaff-like scales) or epaleate (naked), and cypselae (fruits) often featuring a pappus of scales, awns, or bristles. Distributed primarily across temperate and subtropical regions of the , with concentrations in , the Mediterranean Basin, and southern Africa, the tribe exhibits a basal grade of southern hemisphere lineages and more derived northern temperate groups. The tribe encompasses a diverse array of habits, from annuals and biennials to perennials, with leaves that are usually alternate, cauline, and often pinnately dissected or toothed, contributing to their frequent aromatic foliage due to essential oils. grains are typically spherical, spiny, and 20–30 µm in diameter, while styles have truncate or penicillate branches, and anthers often feature basally caudate appendages in certain subtribes. Taxonomically, Anthemideae is divided into 19 subtribes based on recent phylogenetic analyses using and nuclear markers, including large groups like Artemisiinae (encompassing sagebrushes and mugworts) and Anthemidinae (including chamomiles). Notable genera include Artemisia (over 500 species, such as wormwood and , valued for medicinal and culinary uses), Anthemis and Matricaria (chamomiles, used in herbal teas for their anti-inflammatory properties), Achillea (yarrow, known for wound-healing applications), and Tanacetum (tansy, source of pyrethrins for natural insecticides). Many species are ecologically important in steppes, semi-deserts, and Mediterranean scrub habitats, while others serve as ornamentals (e.g., Chrysanthemum) or have pharmacological significance due to their volatile compounds. The tribe's diversity reflects extensive and , particularly in arid and temperate environments.

Taxonomy

Etymology and History

The tribe Anthemideae derives its name from the genus Anthemis L., the type genus, which originates from the Ancient Greek ánthemon, a diminutive form of ánthos meaning "flower." This etymology reflects the small, flower-like florets typical of species in Anthemis and many other genera within the tribe. Anthemideae was first formally described as a distinct by the French botanist Henri Cassini in 1819, designated as the eleventh within the family (then known as Compositae) in his seminal work on the family's classification. Cassini based this recognition on key morphological features such as the pappus structure and characteristics that distinguished it from other groups. In subsequent publications, including his 1823 revision, Cassini further refined the tribal boundaries, emphasizing the tribe's coherence amid the family's overall diversity. The taxonomic framework for Anthemideae was significantly advanced in the late through revisions by in 1873, who integrated it into his comprehensive classification of Compositae in Genera Plantarum, treating it as one of 13 major s based on detailed comparative morphology of florets, achenes, and receptacles. Bentham's system highlighted the tribe's distinctiveness while noting overlaps in vegetative and fruit characters with neighboring tribes. This classification was largely upheld and expanded by Otto Hoffmann in his 1890–1894 treatment in Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, where Anthemideae was affirmed as a core with about 100 genera, though Hoffmann adjusted some generic placements to resolve inconsistencies in pappus and anther morphology. Early taxonomists, including Bentham and Hoffmann, grappled with confusions arising from similar achene structures—such as ribbed or papillose surfaces—shared with tribes like Gnaphalieae, occasionally leading to temporary reassignments of genera between these groups.

Phylogenetic Position

The tribe Anthemideae is placed within the subfamily , the largest and most diverse subfamily of , which constitutes the core of the family. Within , Anthemideae belongs to a major that also includes , Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae, and Senecioneae, collectively forming one of two primary lineages in the subfamily; this is sister to another encompassing tribes such as and Eupatorieae, as resolved by analyses of nrITS sequences and DNA markers like ndhF and trnL-trnF. Some studies further suggest a closer sister relationship between Anthemideae and Senecioneae within this grouping, supported by nuclear and phylogenomic data. Molecular evidence has firmly established the of Anthemideae. A seminal study by Oberprieler and colleagues in 2007 utilized nrDNA ITS sequences from representatives across the to confirm its monophyletic status and provide an initial framework for internal relationships. More recent work by Oberprieler et al. in 2022 expanded this using a combination of nuclear markers, including nrDNA ITS and ETS as well as low-copy nDNA loci (DSP, VIP5, NPF3.1), alongside data, to reconstruct and trees for 113 genera; this analysis resolved key internal grades, such as the Eurasian lineage (e.g., encompassing Artemisiinae) and the African lineage (e.g., related to Ursiniinae), highlighting polyphyletic patterns in some traditional subtribes. The evolutionary history of Anthemideae features rapid diversification during the , coinciding with global aridification events that promoted adaptations in the , particularly in Eurasian and African regions. Phylogenomic estimates place the divergence of Anthemideae from other Asteroideae lineages around 40-50 million years ago in the , with the tribe's crown radiation accelerating in the mid- approximately 14 million years ago.

Subtribal Classification

The subtribal of Anthemideae has evolved through molecular phylogenetic studies, with a foundational framework established in comprising 14 subtribes: Achilleinae, Anthemidinae, Artemisiinae, Cotulinae, Glebionidinae, Gonosperminae, Leucantheminae, Leucanthemopsidinae, Matricariinae, Osmitopsidinae, Pentziinae, Phymasperminae, Santolininae, and Tanacetinae. This incorporated four newly described subtribes (Osmitopsidinae, Phymasperminae, Pentziinae, and Leucanthemopsidinae) and validated Glebionidinae to replace the illegitimate Chrysantheminae, drawing on analyses of nuclear and DNA sequences to resolve longstanding taxonomic uncertainties. Subtribes are primarily distinguished by morphological diagnostic features, such as receptacle structure, anther appendages, and cypsela traits. For instance, Anthemidinae is characterized by epaleate receptacles and coroniform anther appendages, while other subtribes exhibit variations like paleate receptacles in Achilleinae or disciform capitula in Inulantherinae (added in later updates). These features, combined with molecular data, facilitated reassignments, including the transfer of genera such as Hulteniella, Lepidolopha, Opisthopappus, and Tridactylina into Artemisiinae. A update refined this system based on expanded gene-tree and species-tree reconstructions from nuclear ribosomal and low-copy nuclear markers, recognizing 19 subtribes arranged in three main evolutionary grades: the Eurasian grade (encompassing Anthemidinae and Artemisiinae), the Asian-Southern African grade (including Glebionidinae and Handeliinae), and the American grade (featuring Leucantheminae and Leucanthemopsidinae). This revision incorporated additional generic transfers, such as prioritizing Otoglyphis over Aaronsohnia and reassigning paleaceum to Xylanthemum, to better reflect phylogenetic relationships. Ongoing debates persist regarding the monophyly of certain subtribes, particularly Artemisiinae, which requires revision due to incongruent phylogenetic signals from nuclear and plastid data, compounded by evidence of hybridization and polyploidy in groups like Chrysanthemum. Recent phylogenomic analyses continue to test subtribal boundaries, highlighting the need for integrated morphological and genomic approaches to resolve these issues.

Description

Morphological Characteristics

Members of the Anthemideae tribe are predominantly herbaceous, encompassing annuals, biennials, and perennials, though subshrubs and shrubs also occur._from%20Compositae_5.pdf) These plants are characteristically aromatic, owing to the presence of essential oils stored in glandular trichomes, which are typically short and biseriate._from%20Compositae_5.pdf) The leaves are generally alternate, occasionally opposite, and range from entire to deeply 3–4-pinnatisect or dissected, often appearing dentate or ericoid in certain genera._from%20Compositae_5.pdf) Stipules are reduced or absent. Stems in Anthemideae exhibit variability, being erect, prostrate, or rhizomatous, and may be thick and basally villous in some subtribes such as Handeliinae._from%20Compositae_5.pdf) systems commonly consist of taproots, particularly in species adapted to arid environments, supporting their survival in dry habitats._from%20Compositae_5.pdf) Notable variations include a woody in several southern African genera, such as Athanasia, Osmitopsis, Pentzia, Eumorphia, Gymnopentzia, and Phymaspermum, which form shrubs or subshrubs. Unlike many other tribes that feature well-developed capillary pappi for wind dispersal, Anthemideae display a tendency toward pappus reduction or absence, with forms ranging from ecornate to scaled or coronate structures.

Inflorescence and Flowers

The of Anthemideae consist of capitula that are either solitary or arranged in lax to dense corymbiform, paniculiform, racemiform, or spiciform arrays, sometimes in subcapitate clusters. Capitula are typically heterogamous and radiate or disciform, though homogamous and discoid forms occur, with diameters ranging from 1.5 to over 25 mm. The involucre comprises 1–5 (or more) series of phyllaries that are persistent or , unequal, and often scarious-margined, numbering 5–60 or more per head. The receptacle is flat to conic or columnar, epaleate (lacking paleae) in many subtribes or paleate with oblong to filiform, often paleae. Florets within the capitula include 0 or 1–2 series of outer ray florets, which are pistillate and usually fertile (rarely neuter or sterile), and inner disc florets that are typically bisexual and fertile (occasionally functionally staminate). Ray florets, when present, have corollas that are ligulate with 3–5 apical teeth and colored yellow, white, or reddish to cyanic. Disc florets possess bisexual corollas that are tubular and 4–5-lobed, similarly colored, though peripheral florets may lack corollas in some cases. Anthers are syngenesious with obtuse to sagittate bases (ecaudate or weakly tailed in some subtribes) and apical appendages that are ovate to coroniform. Styles feature abaxial glabrous or papillate surfaces, linear branches that are truncate to penicillate apically, and sweeping hairs that are obtuse, aiding in collection and presentation. Cypselae (fruits) are heteromorphic or monomorphic, often obovoid to prismatic, ribbed (with 2–10 ribs), papillose, or winged (1–3 wings), and terete to compressed, with pericarp thickness varying by subtribe. The pappus is usually absent but present as scales, setae, a corona, or bristles in certain subtribes.

Distribution and Ecology

Geographic Distribution

The tribe Anthemideae, comprising approximately 115 genera and around species, exhibits a primarily distribution, with the vast majority of its diversity concentrated in . This near-cosmopolitan tribe shows a strong extratropical bias, extending from temperate to subtropical regions but with limited presence in tropical zones. While some species have been introduced to the , native occurrences there are secondary and often disjunct, such as certain Artemisia taxa in western . Primary hotspots of diversity lie in the Mediterranean Basin, , and , reflecting biogeographic patterns tied to arid and semi-arid environments. The Mediterranean Basin hosts a significant portion of genera, including many in the Eurasian-Mediterranean such as those in subtribes Anthemidinae and Leucantheminae. serves as a key center, particularly for the genus Artemisia (with over 500 species), aligning with the Irano-Turanian floristic region. , especially the , represents another major concentration, with basal subtribes like Cotulinae and Ursiniinae contributing substantial endemic genera such as Ursinia (39 species). Biogeographic patterns reveal a southern hemisphere grade at the base of the phylogeny, linking with disjunct distributions in , , and oceanic islands via genera like Cotula. Northern expansions connect Asian-South African elements to Eurasian lineages, with some southward extensions into the Americas. Endemism is notably high in the , where multiple genera are restricted, and in the , underscoring these areas as evolutionary cradles for the .

Habitats and Adaptations

Members of the Anthemideae tribe predominantly inhabit arid and semi-arid steppes across , Mediterranean shrublands, and coastal dunes, with significant diversity also occurring in southern African ecosystems such as the . These environments are characterized by low precipitation, high temperatures, and nutrient-poor soils, allowing the tribe to exhibit wide environmental tolerance across the . Some species, particularly in the genus , extend into wetter niches like marshes and wet meadows, demonstrating the tribe's ecological versatility. Adaptations to these challenging habitats include drought tolerance mechanisms such as deep root systems in genera like Artemisia, which enable access to subsurface water in dry soils, and small, resinous leaves that reduce and provide protection against . Chemical defenses, primarily lactones and other terpenoids, deter herbivores and pathogens, enhancing survival in resource-limited steppes and shrublands. strategies vary, with many species relying on vectors in Mediterranean habitats, while wind predominates in arid Central Asian lineages, reflecting responses to sparse availability. In fire-prone southern African regions, certain genera exhibit resprouting abilities, facilitating post-fire recovery in shrublands. Contemporary threats to Anthemideae populations include habitat loss due to in the Mediterranean Basin, where conversion to croplands and vineyards fragments ecosystems. In introduced ranges, such as , species like display invasive potential, outcompeting natives in disturbed grasslands and meadows. Additionally, and erosion in exacerbate degradation for endemic genera like Marasmodes.

Diversity

Number of Genera and Species

The tribe Anthemideae encompasses approximately 111 genera and 1,800 species, as estimated in a comprehensive subtribal (Oberprieler et al., 2007). More recent phylogenetic analyses have refined this to 115 genera, with numbers at approximately 1,800, incorporating discoveries and reclassifications particularly within hyper-diverse groups like Artemisia, which now includes over 500 (Oberprieler et al., 2022; Hind et al., 2022; , 2024). Diversity within Anthemideae is markedly uneven, featuring around 10 monotypic genera alongside a few exceptionally species-rich ones, such as Artemisia with more than 500 species; this disparity highlights the tribe's evolutionary hotspots in arid and Mediterranean regions (Oberprieler et al., 2007). Since 2010, molecular phylogenetic studies have prompted the recognition of additional genera through taxonomic splits, increasing the total genus count by 5–10 and underscoring ongoing refinements in classification (Oberprieler et al., 2022).

Notable Genera

The genus Artemisia is the largest within Anthemideae, encompassing over 500 species of aromatic woody herbs and shrubs primarily distributed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the , with extensions into and parts of . These plants are characterized by their silvery-gray foliage, often covered in glandular trichomes that produce essential oils, and capitula typically featuring yellowish disk florets without ray florets in many species. Anthemis, the type genus of the tribe, includes approximately 130 of annual and herbs centered in the Mediterranean region, extending to parts of , , and . Distinguishing features include daisy-like inflorescences with white or yellow ray florets surrounding central disk florets, and leaves that are often pinnatisect or bipinnatisect, contributing to its role as a model for studying tribal diversity. Notable examples include A. nobilis, recognized for its compact and fragrant foliage. Achillea comprises more than 100 of rhizomatous herbs native to temperate zones of the , particularly and . These plants feature finely dissected leaves and flat-topped corymbs of small capitula with white to pink ray florets, adapting well to dry, open habitats. The genus Arctotheca consists of 6 of prostrate herbs endemic to southern Africa, including and . They are distinguished by their succulent leaves with toothed margins and solitary, radiate capitula borne on long peduncles, reflecting adaptations to coastal and sandy environments. Chrysanthemum includes over 30 species of perennial herbs mainly from , with a center of diversity in and extensions to and . Key traits encompass variable leaf shapes from entire to lobed and showy capitula with colorful ray florets, often in shades of yellow, pink, or white. The tribe's generic diversity also features monotypic genera such as Ismelia, which contains a single annual species (I. carinata) endemic to , characterized by its viscid stems and yellow-rayed capitula. Recent taxonomic revisions have led to splits from Artemisia, recognizing segregate genera like Seriphidium and Ajania based on phylogenetic evidence, enhancing understanding of evolutionary radiations within the subtribe Artemisiinae.

Economic Importance

Medicinal and Culinary Uses

Plants in the Anthemideae tribe have been utilized for centuries in , particularly for their , , and antimalarial properties, with several species serving as sources of bioactive compounds like and sesquiterpenes. , commonly known as , is widely employed in herbal teas for its effects, attributed to the flavonoid , which modulates inflammatory pathways and promotes relaxation. Extracts from this species have demonstrated efficacy in reducing symptoms of in clinical trials, where led to significant decreases in anxiety scores over 8 weeks, with a response rate comparable to conventional treatments. 's culinary application is prominent in infusions and beverages, where it aids digestion and provides mild sedative benefits without notable adverse effects in short-term use. Artemisia annua stands out for its role in modern pharmacotherapy, yielding , a that inhibits parasites responsible for , a discovery recognized with the 2015 Nobel Prize in or awarded to for extracting this compound from traditional Chinese herbal practices. This antimalarial has drastically reduced global mortality rates from the disease, forming the basis of artemisinin-based combination therapies recommended by the . Culinary uses of Artemisia species are limited due to bitterness, but some, like Artemisia dracunculus (), are incorporated as herbs for flavoring dishes, though primarily valued for potential digestive support rather than primary nutrition. Achillea millefolium, or yarrow, has traditional applications in wound healing, where its astringent and hemostatic properties accelerate tissue repair and reduce bleeding, supported by in vitro studies showing enhanced antibacterial activity against skin pathogens. Tanacetum species, such as Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) and Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), are used as digestive aids to alleviate stomach aches, ulcers, and gastrointestinal discomfort, with extracts exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects on the digestive tract. Essential oils from Santolina species demonstrate antimicrobial properties, inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth, which has led to their incorporation in traditional remedies for infections and as natural preservatives in culinary preparations. Safety considerations are crucial, as excessive consumption of certain species can pose risks; for instance, (wormwood) contains thujone, a that may cause convulsions, hallucinations, and renal issues with chronic high-dose intake, prompting regulatory limits in herbal products and . Overall, while Anthemideae plants offer valuable therapeutic potential, clinical validation and dosage guidelines are essential to mitigate toxicity.

Ornamental and Other Uses

Species in the Anthemideae tribe, particularly those in the genus Chrysanthemum, are extensively cultivated as ornamental , serving as popular and garden perennials worldwide. The global trade in chrysanthemums reached $837 million in 2023, supporting a significant portion of the broader cut flower industry valued at approximately $39 billion in 2024. These are prized for their diverse flower forms, colors, and long vase life, making them staples in floral arrangements for events and holidays. Genera such as Anthemis and Achillea are favored in rock gardens and xeriscapes due to their exceptional and ability to thrive in well-drained, poor soils under full sun conditions. In agricultural contexts, Anthemideae species contribute to and in arid environments. Artemisia tridentata, commonly known as big sagebrush, provides valuable winter for , comprising up to 30% of diets in regions of , which supports management while enhancing productivity. Beyond ornamentals and , Anthemideae have diverse industrial and historical applications. Essential oils extracted from species, such as , are employed in natural perfumery as middle notes, imparting herbaceous, woody aromas that blend well with , lavender, and sage oils. Historically, members like chrysanthemums have been used for their insecticidal properties, with pyrethrin compounds from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium serving as natural insecticides for centuries, while some species, including and , provided yellow dyes for textiles. However, certain Artemisia species, such as (), pose invasive management challenges in , where they form dense colonies that outcompete natives, requiring integrated control strategies like mechanical removal and application to mitigate spread in disturbed areas.

References

  1. https://bioone.org/journals/willdenowia/volume-52/issue-1/wi.52.52108/An-updated-subtribal-classification-of-Compositae-tribe-Anthemideae-based-on/10.3372/wi.52.52108.full
  2. https://www.bgbm.org/sites/default/files/documents/Chapter38(Anth)_from%20Compositae_5.pdf
  3. https://floranorthamerica.org/Asteraceae_tribe_Anthemideae
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10764535/
  5. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Anthemis
  6. https://floranorthamerica.org/Anthemis
  7. https://www.bgbm.org/sites/default/files/documents/Chapter38%28Anth%29_from%2520Compositae_5.pdf
  8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1223705
  9. https://repository.si.edu/bitstreams/f7fee0dd-ee1f-406c-aaf1-6b09cc4262e0/download
  10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345397805_Phylogenomics_of_the_Hyperdiverse_Daisy_Tribes_Anthemideae_Astereae_Calenduleae_Gnaphalieae_and_Senecioneae
  11. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1903871116
  12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268810031_Temporal_origins_and_diversification_of_Artemisia_and_allies_Anthemideae_Asteraceae
  13. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.13118
  14. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.37.37104
  15. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52108
  16. https://bioone.org/journals/willdenowia/volume-37/issue-1/wi.37.37104/A-new-subtribal-classification-of-the-tribe-Anthemideae-Compositae/10.3372/wi.37.37104.pdf
  17. https://www.compositae.org/downloads/oberprieler_anthemideae_talk_2021.pdf
  18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025462991600243X
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215671042_Taxonomic_significance_of_the_cypsela_morphology_in_the_tribe_Anthemideae_Asteraceae_from_Pakistan
  20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629916340546
  21. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12185
  22. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X0700200417
  23. https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_series/int/gtr/int_gtr200.pdf
  24. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07352689.2024.2307240
  25. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8187803/
  26. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.2636
  27. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001021-2
  28. https://plecevo.eu/article/24668/
  29. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10184459/
  30. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/42%28SI%29/PJB42%28SI%29069.pdf
  31. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11411556/
  32. https://bioone.org/journals/willdenowia/volume-46/issue-1/wi.46.46110/Chromosome-numbers-and-karyotypes-within-the-genus-Achillea-Asteraceae/10.3372/wi.46.46110.full
  33. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60457666-2
  34. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3486802/
  35. https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/2446622
  36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396318509_Global_phylogeny_and_taxonomy_of_Artemisia
  37. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2995283/
  38. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9611340/
  39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27912875/
  40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593179/
  41. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/tu/facts/
  42. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/press-release/
  43. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6994
  44. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10315885/
  45. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3232110/
  46. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3210009/
  47. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9866307/
  48. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5415143/
  49. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9854695/
  50. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7345338/
  51. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1475830/
  52. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/chrysanthemums
  53. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/cut-flowers-market-report
  54. https://www.bloomindesigns.com/anthemis/
  55. https://www.gardenia.net/plants/genera/achillea-yarrow
  56. https://www.hedgeplants-heijnen.co.uk/anthemis
  57. https://www.tsln.com/news/2024-forage-sagebrush-management-to-treat-or-not-to-treat/
  58. https://greatbasinseeds.com/product/mountain-big-sagebrush/
  59. https://www.edenbotanicals.com/yarrow-blue-3983.html
  60. https://essences-bulgaria.com/item/1862
  61. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4861543/
  62. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4c7b/68e5097be44d3318c8696033f6edf9328906.pdf
  63. https://nyis.info/species/mugwort/
  64. https://www.northcreeknurseries.com/Blog-Post/Mugwort-Unmasked
  65. https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/yardandgarden/mugwort-wormwood-by-either-name-a-real-problem/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.