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Apple A12X
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
 | |
| General information | |
|---|---|
| Launched | A12X: October 30, 2018 A12Z: March 18, 2020 |
| Discontinued | A12X: March 18, 2020 A12Z: April 20, 2021 |
| Designed by | Apple Inc. |
| Common manufacturer | |
| Product code | APL1083[2] |
| Max. CPU clock rate | to 2.49[3] GHz |
| Cache | |
| L1 cache | 256 KB (per core):
|
| L2 cache | 8 MB |
| Architecture and classification | |
| Application | Mobile |
| Technology node | TSMC N7[4] |
| Microarchitecture | Vortex Tempest |
| Instruction set | A64 – ARMv8.3-A |
| Physical specifications | |
| Cores |
|
| GPUs | Apple-designed integrated graphics A12X: 7 core GPU |
| Products, models, variants | |
| Variant | |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Apple A10X |
| Successor | Apple M1 |
The Apple A12X Bionic is a 64-bit ARM system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc. and fabricated by TSMC. Part of the Apple silicon series, it first appeared in the iPad Pro (3rd generation), announced on October 30, 2018.[4] The A12X is an 8-core variant of the A12 (four big cores, four small cores) and Apple states that it has 35 percent faster single-core CPU performance and 90 percent faster overall CPU performance than its predecessor, the Apple A10X.[4] The Apple A12Z Bionic is an updated version of the A12X, adding an additional GPU core, and was unveiled on March 18, 2020, as part of the iPad Pro (4th generation).[5][6]
Design
[edit]The A12X and A12Z feature an Apple-designed 64-bit ARMv8.3-A octa-core CPU, with four high-performance cores called Vortex and four energy-efficient cores called Tempest.[4][1] The Vortex cores are a 7-wide decode out-of-order superscalar design, while the Tempest cores are a 3-wide decode out-of-order superscalar design. The Tempest cores are based on Apple's Swift cores from the Apple A6, and are similar in performance to ARM Cortex-A73 CPU cores.[7][8] It is Apple's first SoC with an octa core CPU.[1]
The A12X integrates an Apple-designed 7-core graphics processing unit (GPU), with twice the graphics performance of the A10X.[4] The A12Z has an 8-core GPU, one more core than the A12X, enabling better performance in 4K video editing, rendering, and augmented reality.[9][10] Embedded in the A12X and A12Z is the M12 motion coprocessor.[11] The A12Z additionally features tuned performance controllers and a better thermal architecture compared to the A12X, which potentially allows for higher clock speeds.[12] The A12X and A12Z include dedicated neural network hardware that Apple calls a "next-generation Neural Engine".[4] This neural network hardware, which is the same as found in the A12,[1] can perform up to 5 trillion operations per second.[4]
The A12X and A12Z are manufactured by TSMC using a 7 nm FinFET process, and it contains 10 billion transistors[1][4] vs. the 6.9 billion on the A12.[13] The A12X is paired with 4 GB of LPDDR4X memory in the third-generation 12.9" iPad Pro and the first-generation 11" iPad Pro, or 6 GB in the 1 TB storage configurations.[14][2] The A12Z is paired with 6 GB of LPDDR4X RAM in the fourth-generation 12.9" iPad Pro and the second-generation 11" iPad Pro.[15]
The A12X has video codec encoding support for HEVC and H.264. It has decoding support for HEVC, H.264, MPEG‑4, and Motion JPEG.[16]
Developer Transition Kit (2020)
[edit]At its 2020 Worldwide Developer's Conference, Apple introduced the Developer Transition Kit (2020), which uses the A12Z processor with 16 GB RAM in a Mac mini enclosure, hence being the first Macintosh computer to use the Apple silicon architecture.[17]
The A12Z would be used as the basis for the design of the M1, Apple's first in-house processor designed for use in Mac computers. In an interview shortly after the introduction of the DTK (2020), Apple's SVP of Software Engineering Craig Federighi commented:
“Even that DTK hardware, which is running on an existing iPad chip that we don’t intend to put in a Mac in the future – it’s just there for the transition – the Mac runs awfully nice on that system. It’s not a basis on which to judge future Macs ... but it gives you a sense of what our silicon team can do when they’re not even trying – and they’re going to be trying.”[18]
Products that include the Apple A12X and A12Z Bionic
[edit]See also
[edit]- Apple silicon, the range of ARM-based processors designed by Apple.
- Apple A12
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Frumusanu, Andrei (October 30, 2018). "Apple Announces New 11" and 12.9" iPad Pros with A12X SoC". AnandTech. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
- ^ a b "iPad Pro 11" Teardown". iFixit. November 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ^ "iPad8,8 – Geekbench Browser". Geekbench. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "New iPad Pro with all-screen design is most advanced, powerful iPad ever" (Press release). Cupertino, CA: Apple Inc. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
- ^ "Looking at the Apple A12Z Bionic System on Chip". TechInsights. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Miller, Chance (March 18, 2020). "Apple unveils new iPad Pro with backlit Magic Keyboard case, available to order today". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "The iPhone XS & XS Max Review: Unveiling the Silicon Secrets". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
- ^ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Apple iPhone XS Review Addendum: Small Core and NN Performance". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ^ Miller, Chance (March 26, 2020). "Report claims new iPad Pro's A12Z Bionic chip is just a 'renamed A12X with an enabled GPU core'". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Clover, Juli (April 13, 2020). "A12Z Chip in iPad Pro Confirmed to Be Same As A12X, But With Extra GPU Core Enabled". MacRumors. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ "iPad Pro Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
- ^ Shilov, Anton. "Apple Unveils New iPad Pro: A12Z Bionic, Camera w/ Depth Sensor for AR, Keyboard w/ Trackpad". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Summers, Nick (September 12, 2018). "Apple's A12 Bionic is the first 7-nanometer smartphone chip". Engadget. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- ^ Axon, Samuel (November 7, 2018). "2018 iPad Pro review: "What's a computer?"". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ^ Espósito, Felipe (March 18, 2020). "All 2020 iPad Pro models feature 6 GB of RAM, same U1 chip as iPhone 11". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ "iPad Pro 11-inch (1st generation) - Technical Specifications". support.apple.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
- ^ "Apple announces Mac transition to Apple silicon". Apple Newsroom. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Gruber, John (June 24, 2020). "The Talk Show Remote from WWDC 2020, With Craig Federighi and Greg Joswiak". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
Apple A12X
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
The Apple A12X Bionic is a high-performance, 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) developed by Apple Inc. and introduced on October 30, 2018, exclusively for the third-generation 12.9-inch iPad Pro and the first-generation 11-inch iPad Pro.[1] Built on a 7 nm manufacturing process by TSMC, it integrates over 10 billion transistors and powers demanding tasks such as augmented reality (AR), machine learning, and professional creative workflows.[2] The chip's architecture includes an 8-core CPU with four high-performance "Vortex" cores and four energy-efficient "Tempest" cores, enabling up to 35 percent faster single-core performance and up to 90 percent faster multi-core performance compared to its predecessor, the A10X Fusion.[1] A 7-core GPU provides up to twice the graphics performance of the prior generation, supporting console-quality gaming and advanced AR applications.[1]
At the heart of the A12X Bionic is an 8-core Neural Engine, a dedicated machine learning accelerator capable of performing up to 5 trillion operations per second, which enhances features like Face ID, computational photography, and real-time AR processing.[1] This Neural Engine marks a significant upgrade from the 600 billion operations per second of earlier models, enabling on-device AI tasks without relying on cloud processing. The SoC also supports up to 1 TB of storage and up to 6 GB of RAM (4 GB in base configurations) in its host devices, contributing to seamless multitasking and battery life of up to 10 hours for web browsing or video playback.[1] Overall, Apple positioned the A12X as outperforming 92 percent of portable PCs sold between June 2017 and June 2018, based on PC Mark benchmarks, making it a pivotal advancement in mobile computing for creative professionals.[1]
The A12X Bionic's design emphasized thermal efficiency and power management, with a new performance controller that dynamically allocates resources across its CPU and GPU cores to balance speed and battery conservation.[1] Fabricated by TSMC, it represented Apple's first widespread use of the 7 nm node for tablets, delivering a 35 percent increase in CPU efficiency over the A10X while maintaining compatibility with iPadOS updates and remaining supported as of November 2025.[3][4] Its integration into the iPad Pro lineup facilitated innovations like desktop-class apps from Adobe and support for the second-generation Apple Pencil, solidifying the device's role as a versatile productivity tool.[1]
Architecture
CPU
The Apple A12X features an 8-core central processing unit (CPU) consisting of four high-performance Vortex cores and four high-efficiency Tempest cores, enabling simultaneous operation of all cores for improved multitasking on iPad devices. The Vortex cores are clocked at up to 2.49 GHz, while the Tempest cores operate at 1.59 GHz, providing a balance between peak performance and power efficiency in a fanless design.[5][6] This CPU is based on the ARMv8.3-A 64-bit instruction set architecture, with custom Apple modifications including out-of-order execution and advanced branch prediction to enhance instruction throughput and reduce pipeline stalls. The design incorporates a custom performance controller that dynamically allocates tasks across the heterogeneous cores, optimizing for iPad-specific workloads such as professional applications and content creation. Additionally, the performance cores share an 8 MB L2 cache, which supports faster data access and contributes to sustained performance in demanding scenarios.[2][7] Compared to the A12 Bionic used in iPhones, the A12X delivers slightly higher single-core performance due to its ability to sustain higher clocks under iPad's thermal envelope and optimizations tailored for larger-screen multitasking, achieving approximately 4-5% better scores in benchmarks like Geekbench. Apple claimed the A12X offers 35% faster single-core and 90% faster multi-core performance over the preceding A10X Fusion in the 2017 iPad Pro, establishing desktop-class capabilities for mobile computing. Specific enhancements include improved integer units for faster general-purpose computations and doubled floating-point throughput in the Vortex cores compared to prior generations, enabling efficient handling of complex tasks like video editing and 3D rendering.[8][6][7]GPU
The graphics processing unit (GPU) in the Apple A12X Bionic is a custom seven-core design developed in-house by Apple, marking a significant advancement over previous generations by increasing the core count from the twelve in the A10X Fusion while enhancing per-core efficiency. This architecture supports the Metal 2 graphics and compute API, enabling advanced rendering techniques such as tessellation for detailed geometry generation and multi-layer rendering for complex scene composition.[9][10] The GPU operates at clock speeds up to approximately 1.13 GHz, allowing for high-throughput parallel processing tailored to mobile constraints.[11] A key aspect of the A12X GPU's design is its integration with Apple's unified memory architecture (UMA), which provides seamless access to up to 6 GB of shared LPDDR4X RAM between the CPU, GPU, and other components, eliminating the need for dedicated video memory and reducing latency in data transfers.[6] To optimize bandwidth within this shared pool, the GPU incorporates lossless memory compression, which dynamically compresses frame buffer data without quality loss, enabling more efficient handling of high-resolution textures and buffers during rendering.[12] Power management features, including fine-grained clock and power gating, allow individual cores to scale dynamically based on workload demands, balancing peak performance with thermal and battery efficiency in tablet form factors. In terms of capabilities, the A12X GPU delivers up to twice the graphics performance of the A10X Fusion GPU, facilitating desktop-class tasks such as professional video editing, augmented reality (AR) applications, and console-level gaming on iPad Pro devices. Compared to the four-core GPU in the A12 Bionic used in iPhones, the A12X variant provides roughly double the graphics compute power, thanks to the additional cores and architectural refinements, making it suitable for immersive AR experiences that leverage the device's Neural Engine for on-device processing.[6] This performance enables fluid handling of graphics-intensive workflows, positioning the A12X as a bridge between mobile and pro-level computing.Neural Engine
The Neural Engine in the Apple A12X Bionic is an 8-core dedicated neural processing unit (NPU) designed for accelerating machine learning inference tasks on the device.[5] It achieves a peak performance of 5 trillion operations per second (TOPS), enabling real-time processing for AI workloads such as facial recognition and computational photography. This marks the introduction of a dedicated Neural Engine to iPad processors, building on the architecture debuted in iPhone chips to offload specialized computations from the CPU and GPU. The Neural Engine supports the Core ML framework, Apple's machine learning platform, which facilitates on-device execution of models for applications including face detection, natural language processing, and image recognition without relying on cloud services. Compared to software-based implementations on prior CPU or GPU hardware, it delivers up to 9 times faster performance for Core ML tasks, significantly reducing computational overhead and enabling more efficient battery usage for AI features.[13] Architecturally, it employs 16-bit floating-point (FP16) precision for operations, alongside integer formats like INT8, and benefits from unified memory access shared across the SoC's components for low-latency data handling.[2] Additionally, integration with the Secure Enclave—a dedicated secure coprocessor—ensures privacy-focused AI processing by isolating sensitive neural computations and keys from the main system.[14] Optimizations in the A12X Neural Engine enhance ARKit for augmented reality experiences on iPad, supporting advanced features like people occlusion and motion capture through efficient on-device inference.[6] It also bolsters Siri by enabling faster, more responsive natural language understanding and personalization directly on the device, minimizing latency and preserving user privacy.Manufacturing and design
Process technology
The Apple A12X Bionic was fabricated using TSMC's 7 nm FinFET process, enabling greater transistor density and improved energy efficiency over prior nodes to support demanding tablet workloads. This advanced lithography allowed for more compact integration of components while maintaining thermal constraints suitable for fanless devices.[6] Announced on October 30, 2018, during the reveal of the third-generation iPad Pro, the A12X marked Apple's push toward higher-performance mobile silicon tailored for professional applications.[1] Its architecture stems from close collaboration between Apple and ARM Holdings, leveraging an ARMv8.3-A license to implement custom microarchitectural enhancements, such as optimized branch prediction and cache hierarchies, for superior instruction throughput.[6] The A12X evolved directly from the A12 Bionic SoC in the iPhone XS and XR, sharing the same foundational 7 nm process but scaled up with additional cores and larger caches to address the iPad's need for sustained multitasking and graphics-intensive tasks.[15] It also incorporates a dedicated Secure Enclave Processor, a coprocessor isolated from the main system for handling cryptographic operations and secure storage of biometric data, supporting features like Face ID authentication.[16]Physical characteristics
The Apple A12X Bionic system on chip (SoC) features a die size of 10.1 mm by 12.6 mm, resulting in an approximate area of 127 mm², which accommodates its extensive component layout including additional CPU and GPU cores compared to the standard A12.[17] This die integrates 10 billion transistors, enabling dense packing of processing elements on the 7 nm FinFET process.[18] Power delivery for the A12X supports a thermal design power (TDP) of up to 15 W, facilitated by advanced power management features that dynamically adjust clock speeds and voltage to mitigate thermal throttling during sustained workloads.[19] These mechanisms ensure efficient operation within the thermal constraints of tablet devices, balancing peak performance with longevity. The SoC incorporates a quad-channel memory controller compatible with LPDDR4X-4266 DRAM, delivering a theoretical bandwidth of 68.25 GB/s to support high-throughput tasks like graphics rendering and multitasking.[11] In implemented products, this supports configurations up to 6 GB of RAM, directly stacked in a package-on-package (PoP) arrangement above the SoC for compact integration. Additionally, the A12X includes the embedded M12 motion coprocessor, a dedicated subsystem for sensor fusion that processes data from accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other inputs to enable precise motion tracking and always-on functionality without taxing the main CPU.[20] This coprocessor acts as an embedded controller, managing low-power operations such as background sensor monitoring. The A12X is housed in a System-in-Package (SiP) configuration, which allows for modular integration of the modem, power management ICs, and non-volatile storage options within the overall device assembly, optimizing space and interconnect efficiency in tablet designs.[21]Performance
CPU and GPU benchmarks
The Apple A12X Bionic's CPU performance was evaluated using Geekbench 4, where it achieved a single-core score of approximately 5,000 and a multi-core score of up to 18,000.[22][8] These results demonstrated its capability to outperform contemporary laptop processors, such as the Intel Core i7-8565U, particularly in multi-core workloads where the A12X scored nearly 50% higher.[23] In real-world applications, this translated to the A12X being about 92% faster in multi-core tasks compared to the A12 Bionic in the iPhone XS, enabling smooth operation of professional software like Adobe Photoshop for iPad on the 2018 iPad Pro models.[15] For GPU benchmarks, the A12X's seven-core graphics unit delivered roughly twice the performance of the A10X Fusion's GPU in the prior iPad Pro generation, as measured in GFXBench and 3DMark tests.[6] Specific scores included 11,602 in 3DMark Wild Life and over 3,300 frames in GFXBench T-Rex offscreen, highlighting its strength in rendering complex scenes.[24] In Metal API workloads, it proved competitive with discrete GPUs like the NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050, often matching or exceeding frame rates in cross-platform graphics tests.[25] Overall system performance was captured in AnTuTu v7, yielding an average total score of around 558,000, which balanced contributions from the CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine to underscore the A12X's versatility across workloads.[5] Compared to 2018 laptop SoCs, such as the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845, the A12X surpassed it in sustained multi-core and graphics loads, with AnTuTu scores more than double and Geekbench multi-core results about 80% higher.[26][27]| Benchmark | A12X Score | Comparison |
|---|---|---|
| Geekbench 4 Single-Core | ~5,000 | 25% faster than A12 Bionic[22] |
| Geekbench 4 Multi-Core | ~18,000 | 92% faster than A12 Bionic; outperforms i7-8565U[15] |
| AnTuTu v7 Total | ~558,000 | 2x Snapdragon 845[5] |
| 3DMark Wild Life | 11,602 | 2x uplift over A10X GPU[6] |
Power efficiency
The Apple A12X Bionic utilizes a big.LITTLE architecture consisting of four high-performance Vortex cores and four high-efficiency Tempest cores, which activates the efficiency cores for light workloads to achieve up to twice the battery life compared to all-performance core designs by minimizing energy consumption during low-demand activities. This configuration, paired with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), enables adaptive power allocation by adjusting clock speeds and voltages in real time based on task requirements, optimizing overall energy use across mixed workloads.[6] Effective thermal design power (TDP) management sustains operation at 10-15 W without generating excessive heat, supporting prolonged performance in the fanless iPad Pro chassis while preventing thermal throttling.[5] Compared to the preceding A10X, the A12X graphics unit provides approximately twice the performance, further mitigating throttling in passive cooling scenarios.[28] Battery tests on the iPad Pro demonstrate up to 10 hours of continuous video playback or web browsing under Wi-Fi conditions, underscoring the SoC's efficiency in real-world usage.[20]Products and variants
iPad Pro (2018 models)
The iPad Pro (11-inch, 1st generation) and iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 3rd generation) were the first products to integrate the Apple A12X Bionic chip, debuting on November 7, 2018.[1][29] These models featured an all-screen design with slim bezels, enabling the A12X to power advanced display and connectivity capabilities tailored for mobile productivity. The A12X's integration allowed these iPads to support professional-grade tasks, positioning them as versatile tools for creators and professionals beyond traditional tablet use.[1] Storage configurations varied by model and capacity, with the 11-inch iPad Pro offering 64 GB, 256 GB, or 512 GB options paired with 4 GB of RAM, while the 1 TB variant included 6 GB of RAM. The 12.9-inch model followed a similar structure, providing 64 GB, 256 GB, or 512 GB with 4 GB of RAM, and 1 TB with 6 GB of RAM, ensuring sufficient memory bandwidth for the A12X's multi-core processing in demanding applications. Key features enabled by the A12X included the ProMotion technology for a 120 Hz refresh rate on the Liquid Retina displays, driven directly by the chip's 7-core GPU for smooth scrolling and responsiveness; desktop-class USB-C connectivity for external peripherals and fast data transfer; and Face ID authentication powered by the Secure Enclave within the A12X for secure biometric unlocking.[30][31][1][20] Apple marketed these iPad Pro models toward professionals in creative fields, emphasizing the A12X's ability to handle intensive workflows such as 4K video editing in apps like LumaFusion and multi-app multitasking with Stage Manager-like productivity setups. The chip's Neural Engine further enhanced on-device machine learning for features like real-time photo adjustments and augmented reality experiences, making the devices suitable for graphic design, video production, and collaborative work. Production of both models ended on March 18, 2020, coinciding with the launch of the fourth-generation iPad Pro.[1][32][33]A12Z Bionic variant
The A12Z Bionic is a variant of the A12X Bionic, introduced by Apple on March 18, 2020, as the primary processor for the fourth-generation iPad Pro models.[34] It shares the same core architecture as the A12X, including an 8-core CPU and 8-core Neural Processing Unit (NPU), but activates an eighth GPU core that was previously disabled in the A12X configuration.[17] This modification enhances graphics capabilities, delivering about 10% higher performance in GPU benchmarks such as Geekbench Metal compared to the A12X, which translates to noticeable improvements in professional applications such as video editing and augmented reality rendering.[35][36] Apple positioned the A12Z as making the iPad Pro "faster and more powerful than most PC laptops" at the time, emphasizing its suitability for demanding creative workflows.[34] Beyond the iPad Pro, the A12Z Bionic powered Apple's Developer Transition Kit (DTK), a Mac mini prototype released on June 22, 2020, to assist developers in porting macOS applications to Apple Silicon.[37] The DTK featured the A12Z SoC paired with 16 GB of unified RAM and a 512 GB SSD, configured in a compact desktop form factor to run macOS Big Sur betas and Xcode 12 for compatibility testing.[37] Developers could acquire the device for a $499 refundable deposit, with the requirement to return it upon program completion.[38] The program concluded by mid-2021, following the launch of M1-based Macs in late 2020, at which point Apple requested returns and offered an initial $200 credit toward new hardware purchases, later increased to $500 amid developer feedback.[39][40] Like the A12X, the A12Z is fabricated on TSMC's 7 nm process node, integrating around 10 billion transistors for high efficiency in mobile and prototype desktop use.[41] It retained the same fundamental die design as its iPad counterpart.[17] This shared manufacturing foundation ensured consistency in performance characteristics while enabling the variant's role in Apple's silicon transition strategy.[17]References
- https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/apple/ax/a12x