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26°06′46″N 119°15′54″E / 26.112846°N 119.264960°E / 26.112846; 119.264960

Rockchip (Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd.) is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company based in Fuzhou, Fujian province. It has offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Hong Kong.[4] It designs system on a chip (SoC) products, using the ARM architecture licensed from ARM Holdings for the majority of its projects.[5]

Key Information

Rockchip was one of the top 50 fabless IC suppliers in 2018.[6] The company established cooperation with Google,[7] Microsoft[8] and Intel. On 27 May 2014, Intel announced an agreement with Rockchip to adopt the Intel architecture for entry-level tablets.[3]

Rockchip is a supplier of SoCs to Chinese white-box tablet manufacturers[9][10][11] as well as supplying OEMs such as Asus,[12][13] HP,[14] Samsung[15] and Toshiba.[16][17] Rockchip has been providing SoC products for tablets & PCs, streaming media TV boxes, AI audio & vision, IoT hardware since founded in 2001.

Products

[edit]
Tronsmart MK908, a Rockchip-based quad-core Android "mini PC", with a microSD card next to it for a size comparison.
[edit]
RK3588

The RK3588 is Rockchip's current flagship SoC. It has feature-reduced versions, including RK3582 and RK3588S.

RK3399

The RK3399 is Rockchip's previous flagship SoC, and predecessor of the RK3588.

Dual Cortex-A72 and Quad Cortex-A53 and Mali-T860MP4 GPU, provide computing and multi-media performance, interfaces and peripherals. And software supports multiple APIs: OpenGL ES 3.2, Vulkan 1.0, OpenCL 1.1/1.2, OpenVX 1.0, AI interfaces support TensorFlow Lite/AndroidNN API.[18]

RK3399 Linux source code and hardware documents are on GitHub[19] and Wiki opensource website.[20]

RK3399 CPU GPU Memory Video

Decoder

Video Encoder Display Interface ISP Camera Sensor Interface USB Digital Audio Interface
Dual Cortex-A72 + Quad Cortex-A53, 64-bit CPU Mali-T860 GPU Dual channel DDR3-1866/ DDR3L-1866/LPDDR3-1866/LPDDR4, eMMC 5.1 Up to 4KP60 H.265/H.264/VP9 Up to 1080P30 H.264 HDMI2.0, 2 x MIPI DSI, eDP 13M Dual channel MIPI CSI-2 receive interface Dual USB 3.0 with type-C supported 1× I²S/PCM(2ch)
2× I²S(8ch), S/PDIF
RK3566

RK3566 is a successor to the RK3288 and outperforms it significantly, with quad core Arm A55 CPUs and an Arm Mali G52 GPU. Boards based on it are expected to be on sale in early 2021 from manufacturers like Pine64, Boardcon.

RK3566 CPU GPU External Memory Interface Video Decoder Video Encoder Display Interface ISP Camera Sensor Interface USB Digital Audio Interface
Quad-core ARM Cortex-A55, Neon and FPU, 22 nm process, up to 2.0 GHz Mali-G52 DDR4/DDR3L/LP4/LP4x/LP3 4KP60 H.264/H.265/VP9 1080P60 H.264, H.265 LVDS/MIPI DSI, HDMI 2.0, eDp, Eink 8M with HDR MIPI-CSI2, 1x4-lane/2×2-lane USB 2.0 HOST, USB2.0 OTG
1× USB 3.0 HOST 		8ch PDM

SPDIF OUT

RK3288 is a high performance IoT platform, Quad-core Cortex-A17 CPU and Mali-T760MP4 GPU, 4K video decoding and 4K display out. It is applied to products of various industries including Vending Machine, Commercial Display, Medical Equipment, Gaming, Intelligent POS, Interactive Printer, Robot and Industrial Computer.[21]

RK3288 Linux source code and hardware documents are on GitHub[19] and Wiki opensource website.[20]

RK3288 CPU GPU External Memory Interface Video Decoder Video Encoder Display Interface ISP Camera Sensor Interface USB Digital Audio Interface
Quad-Core Cortex-A17 Mali-T760MP4 GPU Dual-channel DDR3/DDR3L/LPDDR2/LPDDR3,

SLC/MLC/TLC Nand Flash, eMMC4.5

Up to 4KP60 H.265/H.264/VP9 Up to 1080P30 H.264 HDMI2.0, 2× MIPI DSI, LVDS, eDP, Parallel RGB 13M Parallel CIF, MIPI CSI-2 1× USB 2.0 OTG,
2× USB 2.0 HOST 		1× I2S(8ch),

S/PDIF

PX30

RK3326 and PX30 were announced in 2018, marketed for AI.[22] PX30 is a variant of RK3326 targeting IoT market, supporting dual VOP. They use Arm's CPU Cortex-A35 and GPU G31.

Feature CPU GPU External Memory Interface Video Decoder Video Encoder Display Interface ISP Camera Sensor

Interface

USB Digital Audio Interface
PX30 Quad-Core Cortex-A35 Mali-G31 GPU 32Bit DDR4-1600/DDR3/L-1600/

LPDDR3-1600/LPDDR2-1066,
MLC NAND, Nor FLASH, eMMC 4.5

1080P60 H.264/H.265 1080P30 H.264 MIPI DSI, Parallel RGB, LVDS,

*Support dual VOP

8M MIPI CSI and

DVP Sensor interface

USB2.0 HOST&OTG 2× I2S/PCM(2ch)
1× I2S/TDM(8ch)
1× PDM(8ch)
RK3326 Quad-Core Cortex-A35 Mali-G31 GPU 32Bit DDR4-1600/DDR3/L-1600/

LPDDR3-1600/LPDDR2-1066,

MLC NAND, Nor FLASH, eMMC 4.5

1080P60 H.264/H.265 1080P30 H.264 MIPI DSI, Parallel RGB, LVDS 8M MIPI CSI and

DVP Sensor interface

USB2.0 OTG 2× I2S/PCM(2ch)
1× I2S/TDM(8ch)
1 x PDM(8ch)

RK3308 is an entry-level product line for mainstream devices. The chip has multiple audio input interfaces, and greater energy efficiency,[23] featuring embedded voice activation detection).

RK3308 CPU Audio Memory Connectivity
Quad-Core Cortex-A35 Embedded Audio CODEC with 8xADC,2xDAC 16bits DDR3-1066/DDR3L-1066/DDR2-1066/LPDDR2-1066 Support SLC NAND, eMMC 4.51, Serial Nor FLASH Support 2x8ch I2S/TDM, 1x8ch PDM, 1x2ch I2S/PCM Support SPDIF IN/OUT, HDMI ARC SDIO3.0, USB2.0 OTG, USB2.0 HOST, I2C, UART, SPI, I2S

The announcement of RV1108 indicated Rockchip's move to AI/computer vision territory.

With CEVA DSP embedded, RV1108 powers smart cameras including 360° Video Camera,[24] IPC, Drone, Car Camcoder, Sport DV, VR, etc.[25] It also has been deployed for new retail and intelligent marketing applications with integrated algorithms.[26]

RV1108 CPU DSP External Memory Interface Video Decoder Video Encoder Display Interface ISP Camera Sensor Interface USB Digital Audio Interface
Cortex-A7 CEVA XM4 DSP 16Bit DDR3/DDR3L,

SPI NOR FLASH, SLC NAND, eMMC

1440P30 H.264 1440P30 H.264 HDMI1.4, MIPI DSI,

Parallel RGB, CVBS OUT

8M with WDR MIPI CSI-2, CVBS IN 1 x USB 2.0 OTG

1 x USB 2.0 HOST

2 x I2S/PCM(2ch)

1 x I2S(8ch)

Early Products

[edit]

RK26xx series - Released 2006.

RK27xx series - Rockchip was first known for their RK27xx series that was very efficient at MP3/MP4 decoding and was integrated in many low-cost personal media player (PMP) products.

RK28xx series

The RK2806 was targeted at PMPs.

The RK2808A is an ARM926EJ-S derivative. Along with the ARM core a DSP coprocessor is included. The native clock speed is 560 MHz. ARM rates the performance of the ARM926EJ-S at 1.1 DMIPS/MHz the performance of the Rockchip 2808 when executing ARM instructions is therefore 660 DMIPS roughly 26% the speed of Apple's A4 processor. The DSP coprocessor can support the real-time decoding of 720p video files at bitrates of up to 2.5 Mbit/s. This chip was the core of many Android and Windows Mobile-based mobile internet devices.[citation needed]

The RK2816 was targeted at PMP devices, and MIDs. It has the same specifications as the RK2806 but also includes HDMI output, Android support, and up to 720p hardware video acceleration.

RK29xx series

The Rockchip RK291x is a family of SoCs based on the ARM Cortex-A8 CPU core. They were presented for the first time at CES 2011. The RK292x are single core SoCs based on ARM Cortex-A9 and were first introduced in 2012.

The RK2918[27] was the first chip to decode Google WebM VP8 in hardware. It uses a dynamically configurable companion core to process various codecs. It encodes and decodes H.264 at 1080p, and can decode many standard video formats including Xvid, H.263, AVS, MPEG4, RV, and WMV. It includes a Vivante GC800 GPU that is compatible with OpenGL ES 2.0 and OpenVG. The RK2918 is compatible with Android Froyo (2.2), Gingerbread (2.3), HoneyComb (3.x) and Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0).[28] Unofficial support for Ubuntu and other Linux flavours exists. As of 2013, it was targeted at E-readers.[29]

The RK2906 is basically a cost-reduced version of the RK2918, also targeted at E-readers as of 2013.[29]

The Rockchip RK2926 and RK2928[30] feature a single core ARM Cortex A9 running at a speed up to 1.0 GHz. It replaces the Vivante GC800 GPU of the older RK291x series with an ARM Mali-400 GPU. As of 2013, the RK2926 was targeted at tablets, while the RK2928 was targeted at tablets and Android TV dongles and boxes.[29]

The RK3066 is a high performance dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 mobile processor similar to the Samsung Exynos 4 Dual Core chip. In terms of performance, the RK3066 is between the Samsung Exynos 4210 and the Samsung Exynos 4212.[31][32][33][34][35] As of 2013, it was targeted at tablets and Android TV dongles and boxes.[29] It has been a popular choice for both tablets and other devices since 2012.

The RK3068 is a version of the RK3066 specifically targeted at Android TV dongles and boxes. Its package is much smaller than the RK3066.[29]

The RK3028 is a low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-A9-based processor clocked at 1.0 GHz with ARM Mali-400 GPU. It is pin-compatible with the RK2928. It is used in a few kids tablets and low-cost Android HDMI TV dongles.[36]

The RK3026 is an updated ultra-low-end dual-core ARM Cortex-A9-based tablet processor clocked at 1.0 GHz with ARM Mali-400 MP2 GPU. Manufactured at 40 nm, it is pin-compatible with the RK2926. It features 1080p H.264 video encoding and 1080p decoding in multiple formats.[37] Supporting Android 4.4,[38] it has been adopted for low-end tablets in 2014.

The RK3036 is a low-cost dual-core ARM Cortex-A7-based processor released in Q4 2014 for smart set-top boxes with support for H.265 video decoding.[39]

RK31xx series

[edit]
RK3188

The RK3188 was the first product in the RK31xx series, announced for production in the 2nd quarter of 2013. The RK3188 features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 clocked up to 1.6 GHz frequency.[40][41] It is targeted at tablets and Android TV dongles and boxes,[29] and has been a popular choice for both tablets and other devices requiring good performance.

The RK3188T is a lower-clocked version of the RK3188, with the CPU cores running at a maximum speed of 1.4 GHz instead of 1.6 GHz. The Mali-400MP4 GPU is also clocked at a lower speed. As of early 2014, many devices advertised as using a RK3188 with a maximum clock speed of 1.6 GHz actually have a RK3188T with clock speed limited to 1.4 GHz. Operating system ROMs specifically made for the RK3188 may not work correctly with a RK3188T.

The RK3168, first shown in April 2013, is a dual-core Cortex A9-based CPU, also manufactured using the 28 nm process.[44][45] It is targeted at low-end tablets.[29] The chip has seen only limited use as of May 2014.

The RK3126 is an entry-level tablet processor introduced in Q4 2014. Manufactured using a 40 nm process, it features a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU up to 1.3 GHz and a Mali-400 MP2 GPU. It is pin-compatible with RK3026 and RK2926.[46]

  • 40 nm process
  • Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7, up to 1.3 GHz
  • Mali-400 MP2 GPU
  • High performance dedicated 2D processor
  • DDR3, DDR3L memory interface
  • 1080p multi-format video decoding and 1080p video encoding for H.264

The RK3128 is a higher-end variant of RK3126, also to be introduced in Q4 2014, that features more integrated external interfaces, including CVBS, HDMI, Ethernet MAC, S/PDIF, Audio DAC, and USB. It targets more fully featured tablets and set-top boxes.[47]

RK32xx series

[edit]
An RK3288 installed on an Asus Tinker Board.

Rockchip has announced the RK3288 for production in the second quarter of 2014.[48] Recent information suggests that the chip uses a quad-core ARM Cortex-A17 CPU, although technically ARM Cortex-A12,[49] which as of October 1, 2014, ARM has decided to also refer to as Cortex-A17 because the latest production version of Cortex-A12 performs at a similar performance level as Cortex-A17.[50]

  • 28 nm HKMG process.
  • Quad-core ARM Cortex-A17, up to 1.8 GHz
  • Quad-core ARM Mali-T760 MP4 (also incorrectly called Mali-T764) GPU clocked at 600 MHz[43] supporting OpenGL ES 1.1/2.0/3.0/3.1, OpenCL 1.1, Renderscript, Direct3D 11.1[51]
  • High performance dedicated 2D processor
  • 1080P video encoding for H.264 and VP8, MVC
  • 4K H.264 and 10 bits H.265 video decode, 1080p multi-video decode
  • Supports 4Kx2K H.265 resolution
  • Dual-channel DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR2, LPDDR3
  • Up to 3840×2160 display output, HDMI 2.0

RK3288 controversy

[edit]

Early reports including Rockchip first suggested in summer 2013 that the RK3288 was originally designed using a quad-core ARM Cortex-A12 configuration. Rockchip's primary foundry partner GlobalFoundries announced a partnership with ARM to optimize the ARM Cortex-A12 for their 28 nm-SLP process.[52] This is the same process used for earlier Rockchip chips such as the RK3188, and matches the choice of Cortex-A12 cores in the design of the RK3288.

In January 2014, official marketing materials listed the CPU cores as ARM Cortex-A17. At the CES electronics show in January 2014, someone apparently corrected the CPU specification as being ARM Cortex-A12 instead of Cortex-A17 on one of the panels of their show booth.[53] However, since then, official specifications from Rockchip's website and marketing materials as well specifications used by device manufacturers have continued to describe the CPU as a quad-core ARM Cortex-A17.

Recent testing of early RK3288-based TV boxes (August/September 2014) provided evidence that the RK3288 technically contains Cortex-A12 cores, since the "ARM 0xc0d" CPU architecture reported by CPU-Z for Android is the reference for Cortex-A12, while the original Cortex-A17 is referred to as "ARM 0xc0e".[49]

However, on the ARM community website, ARM clarified the situation on October 1, 2014, saying that Cortex-A12, for which Rockchip is one of the few known customers, will be called Cortex-A17 from now on, and that all references to Cortex-A12 have been removed from ARM's website.[50] ARM explained that the latest production revision of Cortex-A12 now performs close to the level of Cortex-A17 because the improvements of the Cortex-A17 now also have been applied to the latest version of Cortex-A12. In this way, Rockchip now gets the official blessing from ARM for listing the cores inside the RK3288 as Cortex-A17.

The first Android TV stick based on RK3288 was launched in November 2014 ("ZERO Devices Z5C Thinko").

RK33xx series

[edit]

Rockchip announced RK3368, the first member of the RK33xx family, at the CES show in January 2015. The RK3368 is a SoC targeting tablets and media boxes featuring a 64-bit octa-core Cortex-A53 CPU and an OpenGL ES 3.1-class GPU.[54]

  • 64bits Octa-Core Cortex-A53, up to 1.5 GHz
  • High-performance PowerVR SGX6110 GPU with support for OpenGL 3.1 and OpenGL ES 3.0
  • 4Kx2K H.264/H.265 real-time video playback
  • HDMI 2.0 with 4Kx2K @ 60 fps display output

The RK3399, also known as OP1[15] announced by ARM at Mobile World Congress in February 2016, features six 64 bit CPUs, including 2 Cortex-A72 and 4 Cortex-A53.[55] The RK3399 is used for the development of the open source Panfrost driver for ARM Mali GPU Midgard series.[56][57]

Consumer devices include Asus Chromebook Flip C101PA-DB02, Asus Chromebook Tablet CT100, Samsung Chromebook Plus, and Pine64 Pinebook Pro.

SBCs include 96Boards RK1808, Boardcon EM3399, Firefly RK3399, Khadas Edge, Lenovo Leez LP710, NanoPi M4B, Rock Pi 4, Pine64 RockPro64, Orange Pi 4, and Zidoo M9.

SOMs include BeiQi RK3399Pro AIoT (Compatible 96boards), Boardcon PICO3399 SO-DIMM, and Geniatech SOM3399 RK3399 (Compatible 96boards).

The RK3399Pro is a version of the RK3399 that includes a 2.4 TOPS NPU.[58]

SBCs include Rock Pi N10, Toybrick RK3399Pro, and VMARC RK3399Pro SoM Ficus2 Evaluation Board. SOM example is VMARC RK3399Pro SoM.

RK35xx series

[edit]

The RK3566 is expected to be available in Q2 2020, with the following specifications:[59]

  • CPU – Quad-core Arm Cortex-A55 @ 1.8 GHz
  • GPU – Arm Mali-G52 2EE
  • NPU – 1 TOPS with support for INT8/ INT16
  • Multi-Media
    • 8M ISP 2.0 with 3F HDR (Line-based/Frame-based/DCG)
    • Support MIPI-CSI2,4-lane
    • 1080p60 H.265, H.264 encoding
    • 4K H.264/H.265/VP9 60 fps video decoder
    • DVP interface with BT.656/BT.1120
  • Memory – 32-bit DDR3L/LPDDR3/DDR4/LPDDR4/LPDDR4X
  • Storage – eMMC 4.51, NAND Flash, SFC NOR flash, SATA 3.0, SD card via SDIO
  • Display
    • Support Dual Display
    • MIPI-DSI/RGB interface
    • LVDS/eDP/DP
    • HDMI 2.0
  • Audio – 2 × 8-ch I2S, 2 × 2-ch I2S, PDM, TDM, SPDIF
  • Networking – 2 × RGMII interfaces (Gigabit Ethernet) with TSO (TCP segmentation offload ) network acceleration
  • USB – USB 2.0 OTG and USB 2.0 host; USB3.0 HOST
  • Other peripherals
    • PCIe
    • 3 × SDIO 3.0 interface for Wi-Fi and SD card
    • 6 × I2C, 10 × UART, 4 × SPI, 8 × PWM, 2 × CAN interface

RK3566-based SBC example are Pine64 Quartz64,[60] Boardcon EM3566 SBC,[61] Compact3566.[62] and SoM example are Boardcon CM3566,[63] PICO3566.[64]

RK3568-based SBC example are Firefly Station P2, Boardcon EM3568, and SOM example are Core-3568J AI Core Board, CM3568 SOM.[65]

The RK3588 succeeds the RK3399Pro as flagship SoC. It's expected to be available in Q3/Q4 2020.[59]

  • CPU – 4 × Cortex-A76 and 4 × Cortex-A55 cores in dynamIQ configuration
  • GPU – ARM Mali-G610 MP4 GPU
  • NPU (Neural Processing Unit) - 6 TOPS
  • Multimedia – 8K video decoding support, 4K encoding support
  • Display – 4K video output, dual-display support
  • Process – 8 nm LP

RK3588-based SBC example is Boardcon Idea3588,[66] and SOM example is CM3588 SOM.[67]

Open-source commitment

[edit]

Rockchip provides open source software on GitHub[19] and maintains a wiki Linux SDK website[20] to offer free downloads of SoC hardware documents and software development resources as well as third-party development kits info. The chipsets available are RK3399, RK3288, RK3328 and RK3036.

Markets and competition

[edit]

In the market for SoCs for tablets, Rockchip faces competition with Allwinner Technology,[68] MediaTek,[10] Intel,[69] Actions Semiconductor,[70] Spreadtrum,[71] Leadcore Technology,[72] Samsung Semiconductor, Qualcomm, Broadcom, VIA Technologies[68] and Amlogic.[68]

After establishing a position early in the developing Chinese tablet SoC market, in 2012 it faced a challenge by Allwinner.[2] In 2012, Rockchip shipped 10.5 million tablet processors, compared to 27.5 million for Allwinner.[68] However, for Q3 2013, Rockchip was forecast to ship 6 million tablet-use application processors in China, compared to 7 million for Allwinner who mainly shipped single-core products.[73] Rockchip was reported to be the number one supplier of tablet-use application processors in China in Q4 2013, Q1 2014 and Q2 2014.[9][11]

Chinese SoC suppliers that do not have cellular baseband technology are at a disadvantage compared to companies such as MediaTek that also supply the smartphone market as white-box tablet makers increasingly add phone or cellular data functionality to their products.[74]

Intel Corporation made investments into the tablet processor market, and was heavily subsidizing its entry into the low-cost tablet market as of 2014.[69]

Cooperation with Intel

[edit]

In May 2014, Intel announced an agreement with Rockchip to jointly deliver an Intel-branded mobile SoC platform based on Intel's Atom processor and 3G modem technology.[3] Under the terms of the agreement, the two companies will deliver an Intel-branded mobile SoC platform. The quad-core platform will be based on an Intel Atom processor core integrated with Intel's 3G modem technology, and is expected to be available in the first half of 2015.[3] Both Intel and Rockchip will sell the new part to OEMs and ODMs, primarily into each company's existing customer base.[3]

As of October 2014, Rockchip was already offering Intel's XMM 6321, for low-end smartphones.[75] It has two chips: a dual-core application processor (either with Intel processor cores or ARM Cortex-A5 cores) with integrated modem (XG632) and an integrated RF chip (AG620) that originates from the cellular chip division of Infineon Technologies (which Intel acquired some time ago). The application processor may also originate from Infineon or Intel.

List of Rockchip SoCs

[edit]

ARMv7-A processors

[edit]
Model Number Fab CPU GPU Memory Technology Sampl. Avail-
ability 		Utilizing Devices
ISA μarch Cores Freq. (GHz) L2 cache (KB) μarch Freq. (MHz) GFlops Type Bus width BW (GB/s)
RK2918[27] 55 nm ARMv7-A ARM Cortex-A8 1 1 – 1.2 512 Vivante GC800 575[43] 4.6[43] DDR, DDR2, DDR3 ? ? 2011
List
  • Cube U9GT2, CUBE U15GT, Teclast A15, Wopad i8, Orange TB9900, list of Jelly Bean upgradeable RK2918 tablets[76] Videocon VT71, Innovel I703W, Odys Neo X7 / X8, Huawei MediaPad 7 Lite
RK2926[29] ARM Cortex-A9 1.0 128 Mali-400 MP 400[43] 3.6[43] ? 32-bit ? ?
List
  • Avoca 7" Tablet STB7012[77]
RK2928[29][30] ? DDR3, DDR3L ? 2012
List
  • Cube U25GT, Double Power(Dopo) M-975, Touchmate TM-MID720, Denver TAC-70072
RK3066[29][45] 40 nm 2 1.6 512 Mali-400 MP4 266[43] 9.6[43] LPDDR-400, LPDDR2-800, DDR3-800, LVDDR3-800, up to 2 GiB[78] 3.2 2012
List
  • Boardcon MINI3066,[79] Monster M7 tablet, HP Slate 7,[14] Inar إينار, i.onik TP 10.1-1500DC-KB, Colorovo CityTab Vision 10.1", Teclast P76e Dual-core, Teclast P76t, Teclast P98, Teclast P85, Window (YuanDao) N70S, Window (YuanDao) N101 I, Cube U9GT3, Cube U9GT4, Cube U21GT, PIPO S2, Cube U30GT, Cube U9GT V, Cube U18GT Elite Dual Core, BlueBerry NetCat M-12, CHUWI V8 Dual-core, CHUWI V99, Aoson M11, Pipo S1, Ployer Momo7 IPS, Ployer Momo8, Ployer Momo11, Ployer Momo12, FNF ifive X, FNF ifive mini, Prestigio 7.0 Pro Duo (5570C), Probox2 Ultimate, Minix Neo G4, Minix Neo X5, Minix Neo X5 mini, Minix Neo X3,[80] ICOO D70PROII, Ampe A78, Imito MX1, Imito MX2, Rikomagic MK802 III, Rikomagic MK802 IIIs, Tronsmart MK808, Tronsmart MK808B, JMI Tab T970, Joyplus DR-7, Cozyswan MK809, Cozyswan MK809 II, Ugoos UG802, Ugoos UG802II, Ugoos UG007, Ugoos UG008,[81] Measy U2A,[82] Measy U2C,[83] iball Slide i9702, Kilwa V73, Tomato V8,[84] Innovel I801B, DNS AirTab M76r, Danew Dslide972, Noblex NB8012, (Nexoc) Captiva Pad 10.1, Hisense Sero 7 LT,[85] teXet TM-7047HD, teXet TM-9747, teXet TM-9747BT, teXet TM-9748
RK3026 1.0 ? Mali-400 MP2 500[43] 9.0[43] DDR3, DDR3L ? Q3 2013
List
  • Blow WhiteTAB 7.2 Multimedia tablet, Odys Bravio
RK3036[39] ARM Cortex-A7 1.0 ? Mali-400 MP 500[43] 9.0[43] DDR3-1066, DDR3L-1066 16-bit ? Q4 2014
RK3126[46] 4 1.2 256 Mali-400 MP2 600[43] 10.8[43] ? Q4 2014
RK3128[47] DDR3-1066, DDR3L-1066, LPDDR2-1066 32-bit ? Q4 2014
List
  • Boardcon Compact3128 [86]
RK3168[29][45] 28 nm

HKMG

ARM Cortex-A9 2 1.2 PowerVR SGX540 600[43] 9.6[43] ? 2013
List
  • RCA RCT6378W2,[87] Toshiba Excite 7c[17]Jazz UltraTab C855
RK3188[29][41] 4 1.6 512 Mali-400 MP4 533[43] 19.2[43] Up to 800 MHz LPDDR2, DDR3/3L, up to 2 GiB 6.4 2013
List
  • Boardcon EM3188 SBC,[88] Asus MemoPad 8,[12] Asus MemoPad 10,[13] Toshiba Excite 7, Minix Neo X7/Neo X7 mini,[89] GoTab GTQ97,[90] Cube Pea II,[91] Cube U30GT2, CloudnetGo CR9, iMito QX1,[92] PIPO M8pro,[93] PIPO M9, PIPO M7 PRO, Rikomagic MK802 IV, Ugoos UG802B, Ugoos UG007B, Ugoos MK809 III,[94] Ugoos QC802,[95] Measy U4B, Tronsmart MK908, Tronsmart T428, Measy U4B, Freelander PD800, FNF iFive x2[96] Vido Mini One, JXD S7800b,[97] Tesco Hudl,[98] SteelCore10III, teXet TM-9750HD, teXet TM-9757, teXet TM-9758, teXet TM-9767, teXet TM-9768H, Radxa Rock,[99] Loosen RAM use Greenify,[100] GoClever ORION 100,[101] Medion LifeTab S7852,[102]
RK3188T 1.4 +-400 14.4 ? 2013
RK3229 ARM Cortex-A7 1.5 256 Mali-400 MP2 600 10.8[43] LPDDR2/3, DDR3/3L, up to 2 GiB
RK3288[48] ARM Cortex-A17 1.8 1024[103] Mali-T760 MP4 600[43] 67.2 DDR3/3L-1333, LPDDR2/3-1066, up to 4 GiB 32-bit dual channel ? Q3 2014
List
  • Boardcon EM3288 SBC,[104] Pipo P1,[105] Pipo P8,[106] Teclast P90HD,[107] Tronsmart Orion R28,[108] FNF iFive Mini 4[109] Insignia - Flex Elite 7.85",[110] Asus Chromebook C201, Chromebit CS10 and Chromebook Flip C100P, Lenovo MiniStation, Asus Tinkerboard

ARMv8-A processors

[edit]
Model Number Fab CPU GPU Memory Technology Sampl. Avail-
ability 		Utilizing Devices
ISA μarch Cores Freq. (GHz) L2 cache (KB) μarch Freq. (MHz) GFlops Type Bus width BW (GB/s)
RK1808 ? ARMv8‑A ARM Cortex-A35 2 1.6 ? - - - 2 MB SRAM
LPDDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3, DDR4 		32-bit ? ? ?
RK3308 ? 4 1.3 ? - - - LPDDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3 16-bit ? ? ?
RK3326
PX30 		40 nm 1.5 ? Mali-G31MP2 ? ? LPDDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3, DDR4 32-bit ? 2018 ?
RK3328 28 nm

HKMG

ARM Cortex-A53 256 Mali-450 MP2 ? ? DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3, DDR4 32-bit ? Q1 2017
List
RK3368[54][113]
PX5 		ARM Cortex-A53 (big.LITTLE)[114] 4+4[114] 512 (Big cluster),
256 (Little cluster)[114] 		PowerVR G6110 600[43] 38.4[43] LPDDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3 32-bit ? Q1 2015
List
RK3399[117]
RK3399Pro
PX6 		ARM Cortex-A72 & ARM Cortex-A53

(big.LITTLE with GTS)

2+4 2.0 (A72)

1.5 (A53)

1024 (Big cluster),

512 (Little cluster)

Mali-T860 MP4 600[43] 67.2 LPDDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, LPDDR3, LPDDR4 2 channels,

each 16-bit or 32-bit,

up to 4 GB

? Q2 2016[118]
List
  • iFive 2-in-1, Techvision 2-in-1, FenMi TV box,[119] Boardcon EM3399 SBC,[120] Ugoos UT5 TV box, Samsung Chromebook Plus OP1,[121] PiPo V5 Android VR Headset[122]
RK3566 RK3568 RK3568J 22 nm ARMv8.2‑A ARM Cortex-A55 4 1.8

2.0 (RK3568)

128 x4 Mali-G52 2EE ? ? DDR3[123], DDR3L, LPDDR3, DDR4, DDR4 with ECC (RK3568)[123], LPDDR4, LPDDR4X 32-bit ? Q2 2020
RK3582 8 nm LP ARM Cortex-A76 & ARM Cortex-A55 4+2+ [124] 2.6 (A76)

1.8 (A55)

512 x2[124] (A76)

128 x4 (A55)

-[124] -[124] -[124] LPDDR4, LPDDR4x, LPDDR5 64bit ? ?
RK3588

RK3588S RK3588S2 RK3588C

4+4 2.6 (A76)

1.8 (A55)[125]

512 x4 (A76)

128 x4 (A55)

Mali-G610 MP4 1000[126] 450[127] LPDDR4, LPDDR4x, LPDDR5 64bit ? Q3/Q4 2020

Tablet processors with integrated modem

[edit]
Model number Fab CPU GPU Memory technology Integrated wireless technology Sampl. avail-ability Utilizing devices
ISA μarch Cores Freq. (GHz) L2 cache (KB) μarch Freq. (MHz) GFlops Type Bus width BW (GB/s)
x3-C3130[128][129] 28 nm x86-64[3] Intel Atom SoFIA 3G[3] 2[3] 1.0 512 Mali-400 MP2 480 8.64 1x32bit LPDDR2 800, up to 1 GB 32-bit 3.2 HSPA+ 21/5.8, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.0 LE, GPS, GLONASS, FM[3] Q1'15
x3-C3200RK[128][130] Intel Atom SoFIA 3G-R 4[3] 1.1 1024 Mali-450 MP4 600 35.8 1x32bit LPDDR2/3 1066, 2x16bit DDR3L 1333, up to 2 GB 4.2 Wi-Fi[3]
x3-C3205RK[131] 1.2 Q4'16
x3-C3230RK[132] 1.1 HSPA+ 21/5.8, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.0 LE, GPS, GLONASS, FM[3] Q'15
x3-C3235RK[133] 1.2 HSPA+ 21/5.8, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.0 LE, GPS, GLONASS, FM[3] Q4'15
x3-C3265RK[134] 1.1 HSPA+ 21/5.8, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.0 LE, GPS, GLONASS, FM[3] Q4'16
x3-C3295RK[135] HSPA+ 21/5.8, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.0 LE, GPS, GLONASS, FM[3]
x3-C3440[136][137] Intel Atom SoFIA LTE 1.4 Mali-T720 MP2 24 1 × LPDDR2/3 1066, 2 × 16-bit DDR3/DDR3L 1066 LTE FDD/TDD up to Cat 6, DC-HSPA+ 42/11, TD-SCDMA, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.1 LE, GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, FM, NFC[3] Q1'15
x3-C3405[138] 456 18.2 1 × LPDDR2/3 1066 Wi-Fi[3]
x3-C3445[139] LTE FDD/TDD up to Cat 6, DC-HSPA+ 42/11, TD-SCDMA, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, DSDS, Wi-Fi, BT 4.1 LE, GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, FM, NFC[3]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rockchip.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Rockchip

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Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd. is a Chinese fabless company founded in 2001 and headquartered in , Province, specializing in the design and development of system-on-chip (SoC) integrated circuits for applications in mobile internet devices, , (AIoT), and automotive systems. The company, listed on the under code 603893 since 2020, operates branches in , , , , and , and has grown into a leading provider of intelligent IoT processors, with expertise in processor architecture, processing, and image algorithms. Rockchip's product portfolio includes notable SoC series such as the RK35 series for high-performance tablets and notebooks, the RK33 series for devices like Chromebooks and e-readers, and advanced AI-focused chips like the RK3588, which features an octa-core Cortex-A76/A55 configuration, 8K video decoding support, and a 6 neural processing unit (NPU) for edge AI computing in single-board computers and industrial applications, as well as the RK3668, a 10-core Cortex-A730/A530 SoC with a 16 NPU for high-end AIoT and applications. Other key offerings encompass the RK3566 and RK3576 for IoT gateways and vision systems, as well as visual processors like the RV1108 and RV1126 for smart cameras and . Rockchip has earned recognition for its innovations, including 10 Chip Awards and the 2024 Automotive Chip Innovation Achievement Award, underscoring its contributions to domestic advancements in AIoT platforms and high-end intelligent terminals.

Company Overview

Founding and Headquarters

Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd., commonly known as Rockchip, was founded on November 25, 2001, by a group of engineers in , Province, . The company emerged during a period of rapid growth in 's , aiming to address the demand for affordable integrated circuits in emerging digital markets. From its inception, Rockchip focused on the design of mobile internet platform integrated circuits (ICs) and digital multimedia chips, positioning itself as an innovator in system-on-chip (SoC) solutions for consumer electronics. Headquartered in Fuzhou at Building 18, No. 89 Software Avenue, the company established its primary operations in this coastal city known for its technology parks. To support its expanding research and development efforts, Rockchip opened additional R&D centers and branches in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, and Hong Kong, leveraging these hubs' proximity to manufacturing ecosystems and talent pools. Over the years, Rockchip evolved from a modest startup into a prominent fabless company, manufacturing while specializing in SoC design for applications like tablets, smart devices, and IoT hardware. This growth culminated in its public listing on the under the ticker 603893.SS in 2020, marking its transition to a more established player in the global chip market.

Business Model and Expertise

Rockchip operates on a fabless model, concentrating on the , development, and creation for integrated circuits while fabrication to specialized such as and SMIC. This approach allows the company to leverage advanced processes without the capital-intensive burden of owning production facilities, enabling rapid iteration and focus on innovation in chip architecture. The company's core expertise centers on ARM-based System-on-Chip (SoC) solutions engineered for low-power, high-performance applications within consumer electronics, balancing energy efficiency with computational demands for devices like tablets and smart displays. A hallmark of this specialization is the seamless integration of CPUs, GPUs, NPUs, and multimedia processing units into compact single-chip designs, which facilitates efficient execution of tasks such as real-time AI processing and high-resolution video handling. Rockchip emphasizes cost-effective SoC offerings tailored for emerging markets, prioritizing scalability to accommodate diverse deployment scales and customization to meet specific client needs in volume-sensitive segments. In recent years, this strategy has supported the company's growth into AIoT and automotive sectors.

Historical Development

Early Years (2001–2010)

Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd. was established in 2001 in , Province, , as a fabless company specializing in the design of system-on-chip (SoC) solutions for and mobile applications. Initially operating with limited resources in 's nascent , the company concentrated on to create basic processing chips, navigating a landscape dominated by international giants and facing hurdles in talent acquisition and technology access typical of early 2000s Chinese tech startups. The firm's first breakthrough came in 2006 with the release of its RK26xx series, the inaugural video MP3 chip that ushered in the era of portable audio-visual products by enabling efficient decoding for emerging consumer devices. Building on this foundation, Rockchip introduced the RK27xx series in , which featured enhanced capabilities, including support for , , , WMA, and RMVB formats, along with improved video playback up to 800x480 resolution by 2010; these chips were particularly noted for their low-power efficiency in and MP4 decoding, targeting portable media players amid growing demand in the Asian market. To bolster its intellectual property portfolio, the company invested heavily in proprietary algorithms and circuit designs, essential for competing against established players like and Allwinner in the budget segment. In 2008, Rockchip launched the RK2808 SoC, its first major ARM9-based processor running at up to 600 MHz, optimized for portable media players and early low-cost Android devices with integrated support for 2D graphics and acceleration. By 2010, the company entered the burgeoning tablet market with the RK2918, an design clocked at 1.2 GHz, which supported capacitive touchscreens and higher-resolution displays, powering reference designs for affordable Android tablets showcased at industry fairs. These developments highlighted Rockchip's strategic shift toward mobile internet platforms while contending with constraints and the need to license architectures to expand beyond basic applications.

Expansion and Milestones (2011–2020)

In the early 2010s, Rockchip expanded its product portfolio with the launch of the RK30xx series, beginning with the RK3066 SoC in the first quarter of 2012. This dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 processor, fabricated on a 40 nm process, targeted low-cost Android tablets and enabled broader market adoption by providing cost-effective multimedia capabilities, including support for 1080p video playback and integration with Mali-400 GPUs. The series contributed to Rockchip's growing presence in the emerging tablet sector, where demand for affordable devices surged in China and emerging markets. A pivotal milestone came in 2014 when Rockchip entered a with to co-develop the SoFIA platform, announced on May 27. This collaboration integrated 's x86 Atom processor cores with ARM-based elements and modems, aiming to produce low-cost mobile SoCs for entry-level smartphones and tablets. The SoFIA family, including quad-core variants with connectivity, leveraged Rockchip's manufacturing expertise and 's fabrication capacity at 22 nm and 14 nm nodes, marking Rockchip's entry into hybrid architectures for global low-end mobile devices. However, discontinued the SoFIA program in 2016, limiting the partnership's long-term impact. That same year, Rockchip introduced the RK3288 SoC in , a quad-core processor clocked up to 1.8 GHz, which significantly boosted performance for multimedia applications. Featuring a Mali-T760 MP4 GPU and support for 4K video decoding, the chip powered devices such as Chromebooks, smart TVs, and high-resolution tablets, enhancing Rockchip's competitiveness in set-top boxes and portable media players. By 2016, Rockchip advanced further with the release of the RK3399 on April 14, its first hexa-core big.LITTLE SoC combining dual cores at up to 2.0 GHz with quad Cortex-A53 cores. Built on a 28 nm process with a Mali-T860 MP4 GPU, the RK3399 targeted high-end tablets, single-board computers, and smart displays, offering improved efficiency for AI-accelerated tasks and 4K Ultra HD output. Throughout the decade, Rockchip experienced substantial revenue growth fueled by surging demand in the tablet and TV box markets, with shipments of its SoCs contributing to the company's expansion from niche supplier to major player. This financial momentum supported preparations for an , including a 2018 filing attempt with Chinese regulators that laid groundwork for eventual listing.

Recent Growth (2021–2025)

From to 2023, Rockchip experienced accelerated development in the AIoT sector, particularly through the introduction of the RK356x series, which targeted high-performance applications in intelligent devices and , and the RK3576 in 2023 for IoT gateways and vision systems. The RK3566, launched in early , featured a quad-core processor with integrated NPU capabilities, enabling efficient AI processing for IoT hardware. Despite global semiconductor disruptions caused by the and raw material shortages, Rockchip achieved revenue growth from 2.701 billion yuan in to 2.13 billion yuan in 2023, following a dip to 2.016 billion yuan in 2022 amid the ongoing that affected fabless designers worldwide. In 2024, Rockchip reported record annual revenue of 3.136 billion yuan, marking a 46.94% increase year-over-year, primarily driven by demand in automotive electronics and smart devices leveraging its AIoT platforms. For the first half of 2025, Rockchip's net profit surged 190.6% year-over-year, fueled by expanding applications in AI, IoT, and automotive sectors. As of October 2025, the company forecasted a 116–127% year-over-year increase in attributable profit for January to September 2025, reaching 760–800 million yuan. In July 2025, the company announced the RK3668 SoC at its Developer Conference, highlighting Armv9 architecture with a 10-core CPU configuration and a 16 TOPS NPU optimized for edge AI workloads, alongside the higher-end RK3688 with 12 cores and 32 TOPS NPU. Rockchip's public listing on the Shanghai Stock Exchange since 2020 has provided sustained access to capital, supporting intensified R&D investments during this period. The firm has also maintained open-source software support for its recent SoCs to foster developer ecosystems.

Products

Rockchip's early system-on-chips (SoCs) marked the company's entry into the multimedia and mobile device markets, beginning with basic ARM9-based processors designed for portable media players and initial Android implementations. The RK2808, introduced in 2009, featured an ARM926EJ-S core clocked at 600 MHz alongside a dedicated DSP at 550 MHz, enabling hardware-accelerated decoding for formats like H.264 video, which positioned it as a cost-effective solution for media playback devices such as early Android tablets like the 7 Home Tablet. This SoC represented Rockchip's first significant commercial success by powering affordable multimedia gadgets in an era dominated by higher-cost alternatives from established vendors. Building on this foundation, the RK2918, launched in 2012, transitioned Rockchip to ARMv7 architecture with a single-core Cortex-A8 processor running at up to 1.2 GHz and an integrated Vivante GC800 GPU, supporting 2.0 for enhanced graphics rendering. It included hardware support for Full HD () VP8 video decoding and encoding, making it suitable for budget Android 4.0 () tablets and smartphones, thereby democratizing access to touch-based in emerging markets. Devices powered by the RK2918, such as low-cost set-top boxes and laptops, achieved BOM costs around $50, underscoring its role in driving mass adoption of Android ecosystems beyond premium hardware. Among Rockchip's standout products, the RK3399 emerged as a flagship SoC, adopting a big.LITTLE configuration with dual high-performance Cortex-A72 cores at up to 2.0 GHz paired with quad efficiency-focused Cortex-A53 cores, complemented by a Mali-T860 MP4 GPU capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.0 support. This architecture delivered robust multimedia capabilities, including 4K video decoding and dual-display output up to 4096x2160 resolution, powering single-board computers like the Pinebook and various development boards for and embedded applications. The RK3399's integration of advanced features, such as 192 KB of internal SRAM and support for LPDDR4 memory, established it as a versatile platform for high-end mobile and IoT devices. In 2017, Rockchip introduced the RK3326 and its variant PX30, both quad-core Cortex-A35 SoCs optimized for low-power operation with a thermal design power under 5W, targeting Internet of Things (IoT) and smart AI applications through efficient video processing and dual Video Output Path (VOP) support. The PX30, in particular, emphasized energy efficiency with modes like self-refresh for SDRAM and fast boot times under 250 ms in related ecosystems, enabling deployments in car infotainment systems, smart home panels, and industrial modules running Android 8.1 or Linux. These SoCs exemplified Rockchip's shift from foundational multimedia processors to sophisticated, power-conscious designs that facilitated multimedia-rich experiences in connected devices.

RK31xx Series

The RK31xx series, introduced in the early , represented Rockchip's push into system-on-chips (SoCs) optimized for tablets and media devices, emphasizing cost-effective performance for applications. These SoCs were fabricated on a 40 nm for the initial models, transitioning to 28 nm in later variants to enhance power efficiency while supporting Android ecosystems in budget-oriented hardware. The RK3066, released in 2012, featured a dual-core processor clocked up to 1.6 GHz paired with a Mali-400 MP4 GPU, enabling video decoding for formats including H.264, , and MVC. It included integrated 1.4a output for 3D display support and USB 2.0 interfaces, making it suitable for entry-level tablets like the Cube U30GT. Targeted at budget tablets, the RK3066 delivered affordable multimedia playback and basic computing in emerging markets. Succeeding it, the RK3188 launched in 2013 with a quad-core configuration reaching up to 1.8 GHz, retaining the Mali-400 MP4 GPU and adding an improved image signal processor (ISP) capable of handling up to 5-megapixel camera inputs with YUV422 support and enhancement features. Built on a 28 nm process, it supported @60fps video decoding and encoding, integrated 1.4 for high-definition output, and USB 2.0 host/OTG connectivity. Commonly deployed in e-readers, set-top boxes, and embedded systems such as the Olimex RK3188-SOM, the chip excelled in low-power scenarios for . Overall, the RK31xx series played a pivotal role in dominating low-cost Android devices in and emerging markets, powering millions of affordable tablets and media players through its balance of capabilities and energy efficiency. It built briefly on the of predecessors like the RK29xx dual-core line, refining integration for broader adoption.

RK32xx Series

The RK32xx series marked a pivotal advancement in Rockchip's system-on-chip (SoC) portfolio, shifting toward higher-performance ARMv7 architectures with enhanced multimedia processing and power efficiency over the preceding RK31xx lineup, which relied on Cortex-A9 cores at lower clock speeds. Introduced between 2013 and 2014, these SoCs emphasized scalability for consumer electronics, featuring improved GPU capabilities and display support to enable richer user experiences in budget devices. The series bridged entry-level applications with mid-range performance, setting the stage for more complex heterogeneous computing in later generations. Entry-level variants such as the RK3026 and RK312x, launched in 2013–2014, utilized hybrid configurations blending and A9 cores in quad-core setups, operating at up to 1.2 GHz with Mali-400 MP2 GPUs for basic graphics acceleration. These chips targeted cost-sensitive segments like wearables, educational toys, and low-end media players, supporting video playback and efficient suitable for battery-constrained environments. For instance, the RK3128 variant integrated hardware decoding for H.264 and H.265 formats, enabling compact devices with minimal thermal demands. The standout RK3288, released in 2014, elevated the series with a quad-core processor clocked up to 1.8 GHz and a Mali-T760 MP4 GPU, delivering superior computational throughput for multitasking and graphics-intensive tasks. Fabricated on a 28 nm HKMG process by , it supported 4K UHD video decoding and encoding for H.265/H.264, making it ideal for streaming and display applications. Key features included advanced display interfaces like 2.0 for 4K@60Hz output and MIPI DSI for high-resolution panels, alongside dual-channel DDR3/LPDDR3 memory support up to 8 GB. The RK3288 gained widespread adoption in Chromebooks from manufacturers like Acer and ASUS, as well as Amazon's Fire TV Stick, powering affordable ARM-based computing and media devices. A notable controversy surrounded the RK3288's development, as initial announcements in 2013 positioned it around the then-upcoming Cortex-A12 cores, but ARM's cancellation of the A12 design prompted a last-minute switch to the Cortex-A17, sparking debates on performance expectations and redesign impacts within the industry. This shift, resolved by mid-2014, ultimately enhanced the chip's capabilities but highlighted supply chain vulnerabilities in ecosystem planning. The RK32xx series' focus on ARMv7-A17 architectures laid foundational groundwork for the big.LITTLE heterogeneous designs introduced in the RK33xx lineup.

RK33xx Series

The RK33xx series represents Rockchip's initial foray into 64-bit ARMv8-A architecture, marking a significant shift from the 32-bit ARMv7 designs of prior generations and emphasizing enhanced multimedia processing for consumer electronics. Introduced starting in 2016, these SoCs prioritize high-resolution video capabilities and heterogeneous computing to support emerging applications in streaming and interactive displays, while maintaining compatibility with Android and Linux ecosystems. The series laid foundational advancements in power-efficient performance, influencing subsequent AI-oriented enhancements in later Rockchip products like the RK35xx family. The RK3328, launched in 2017, features a quad-core processor clocked up to 1.5 GHz, paired with a Mali-450 MP2 GPU, and is fabricated on a 28 nm process. Designed primarily for smart set-top boxes (STBs) handling OTT, IPTV, and content, it supports 4K UHD video decoding at 60 fps for H.264 and H.265 formats, along with HDMI 2.0a output and dual-channel DDR3/LPDDR3/DDR4 memory up to 4 GB. This SoC excels in media-centric devices such as boxes and entry-level single-board computers (SBCs), enabling compact solutions for home entertainment with integrated and interfaces. In contrast, the RK3399, announced in 2016 and entering shortly thereafter, introduces Rockchip's first implementation of the heterogeneous architecture with a dual-core Cortex-A72 cluster at up to 2.0 GHz for high-performance tasks and a quad-core Cortex-A53 cluster at up to 1.4 GHz for efficiency, all on a 28 nm process. Its Mali-T860 MP4 GPU delivers robust graphics rendering, while the integrated video processing unit (VPU) handles 4K@60fps decoding and encoding for H.264, H.265, and codecs, including 10-bit support. Lacking a dedicated neural processing unit (NPU) in its base configuration, the RK3399 serves as a computational precursor for AI workloads through its scalable core design, with variants like the RK3399Pro adding a 3 NPU for edge . Applications of the RK33xx series span multimedia and computing devices, including SBCs such as the RockPro64 and Libre Computer Renegade for RK3328, and more demanding platforms like the Pinebook Pro laptop and Rock Pi 4 for RK3399, which leverage the SoC's capabilities for 4K video playback, lightweight desktops, and early AI vision processing in IoT gateways. These SoCs power diverse ecosystems, from players to portable ARM-based laptops, underscoring Rockchip's focus on versatile, cost-effective silicon for communities.

RK35xx Series

The RK35xx series represents Rockchip's mid-to-high-end system-on-chip (SoC) lineup introduced in the early 2020s, targeting (AIoT) applications with enhanced neural processing units (NPUs) and capabilities. These processors build on ARMv8-A architecture, emphasizing for , industrial devices, and gateways, while supporting advanced features like high-resolution and peripheral interfaces. Manufactured primarily on 22nm and 8nm nodes, the series prioritizes power and integration for cost-sensitive deployments. The RK3566, launched in 2020, serves as an entry-level option in the series with a quad-core CPU clocked up to 2.0 GHz, paired with an ARM Mali-G52 MP2 GPU for graphics acceleration. It includes a 0.8 TOPS NPU for basic AI tasks, making it suitable for low-cost IoT gateways and embedded systems requiring modest computational power. Built on a 22nm process, the RK3566 supports DDR4/LPDDR4 memory up to 8 GB and features PCIe 2.1 x1 interface for peripheral expansion, alongside 4K@60fps video decoding via its integrated VPU. This configuration enables reliable performance in resource-constrained environments like smart home devices and industrial sensors. Following in 2021, the RK3568 extends the series with similar quad-core Cortex-A55 cores at up to 2.0 GHz and Mali-G52 GPU, but upgrades the NPU to 1 for improved AI inference. Also on a 22nm node, it supports DDR4/LPDDR4 memory and PCIe 2.1 x2 for faster connectivity, while enabling 4K@60fps video decoding and 1080p encoding, ideal for industrial control panels and . Its enhanced multimedia pipeline and dual support position it for applications demanding higher bandwidth, such as HMI displays in . The flagship RK3588, released in 2022, elevates the series to octa-core configuration with quad Cortex-A76 cores at 2.4 GHz and quad Cortex-A55 cores at 1.8 GHz, integrated with a more powerful Mali-G610 MP4 GPU. Featuring a 6 NPU and fabricated on an 8nm process for superior efficiency, it handles complex edge AI workloads like real-time . The chip supports DDR4/LPDDR4 up to 32 GB, PCIe 3.0 x4 for high-speed storage and networking, and 8K@60fps decoding/encoding, making it a cornerstone for AI-enabled devices such as smart cameras and . Common to the RK35xx series are robust connectivity options including , , and MIPI CSI for cameras, alongside support for Android and operating systems. Linux mainline support for these SoCs has seen notable improvements in 2024–2025, particularly for display and peripheral drivers on the RK3588.
SoCCPU ConfigurationGPUNPUProcess NodeKey Video SupportPCIe Support
RK3566Quad A55 @ 2.0 GHzMali-G52 MP20.8 TOPS22 nm4K@60fps decode2.1 x1
RK3568Quad A55 @ 2.0 GHzMali-G521 TOPS22 nm4K@60fps decode, 1080p encode2.1 x2
RK3588Quad A76 @ 2.4 GHz + Quad A55 @ 1.8 GHzMali-G610 MP46 TOPS8 nm8K@60fps decode/encode3.0 x4

RK36xx Series

The RK36xx series marks Rockchip's transition to architecture, emphasizing high-performance AI acceleration and multi-core processing for edge devices, with initial announcements in mid-2025. The RK3668, unveiled at the Rockchip Developer Conference in July 2025, features a 10-core CPU cluster comprising 4× Cortex-A730 performance cores and 6× Cortex-A530 efficiency cores, achieving approximately 200K DMIPS in total performance while complying with specifications. It integrates an Magni GPU capable of 1–1.5 TFLOPS for graphics and compute tasks, paired with a 16 RKNN-P3 neural processing unit optimized for AI workloads. support includes LPDDR6 at up to 100 GB/s bandwidth, and the SoC is built on a 5–6 nm process node, enabling efficient power usage in compact form factors. A key innovation in the RK3668 is the integrated RK182X co-processor, which handles large language models and vision-language models up to 7 billion parameters on-device, enhancing local AI without cloud dependency. This series builds on the NPU advancements from the RK35xx lineup by introducing scalable, higher-throughput AI pipelines. The RK3688, teased later in 2025 as a flagship variant, adopts an 8+4 core configuration (totaling 12 ARMv9.3 cores) for superior multi-threaded performance, an upgraded GPU exceeding 2 TFLOPS, and a doubled 32 NPU for intensive neural tasks. It supports 16K video decoding tailored for automotive AI applications, such as advanced driver-assistance systems, and is rumored to leverage a for further density and efficiency gains. Overall, the RK36xx family targets high-end and intelligent vehicles, prioritizing on-device processing to meet demands for real-time AI in resource-constrained environments.

Software Support

Proprietary Ecosystems

Rockchip's proprietary software development kit (SDK) serves as the core of its closed-source ecosystem, delivering a board support package (BSP) optimized for Android and Linux environments on its system-on-chips (SoCs). The SDK encompasses proprietary drivers essential for leveraging the full capabilities of integrated components, including the Mali GPU for graphics acceleration, the video processing unit (VPU) for high-resolution video encoding and decoding, and the neural processing unit (NPU) for on-device AI computations. These drivers enable seamless hardware-software integration, allowing developers to build tailored applications without relying on upstream open-source alternatives. Central to AI development within this ecosystem is the RKNN toolkit, a suite designed for model conversion, inference, and performance evaluation specifically on Rockchip NPUs. Supporting frameworks such as , , and ONNX, the toolkit converts trained models into the RKNN format for efficient deployment, achieving low-latency inference on edge devices. It includes both PC-side tools for and board-side runtime libraries, ensuring compatibility across SoCs with NPU hardware. This closed-source approach prioritizes rapid prototyping and deployment for AI applications like and . Development is further streamlined by tools like RKDevTool, a Windows-based utility for flashing via USB in MaskROM and Loader modes, which simplifies device provisioning and debugging during the product lifecycle. For Android deployments, Rockchip's BSP incorporates Generic Kernel Image (GKI)-compliant kernels from onward, aligning with Google's vendor module architecture to maintain long-term stability and security updates while accommodating extensions. Additionally, the ecosystem extends support to build systems through forks and guides for Yocto and , enabling customized embedded distributions with Rockchip-specific optimizations. These stacks provide distinct advantages in performance-critical scenarios, particularly for multimedia and AI workloads on advanced SoCs like the RK3588, where integrated drivers and toolkits deliver superior efficiency in 8K and up to 6 of NPU-accelerated compared to generic implementations. By maintaining control over the software-hardware interface, Rockchip ensures maximal utilization of IP blocks, though this contrasts with the flexibility of emerging open-source alternatives.

Open-Source Initiatives

Rockchip has demonstrated a commitment to since the 2010s, particularly through contributions to and kernel projects supporting its system-on-chip (SoC) designs. Beginning with the RK3288 SoC in the mid-2010s, the company has provided mainline patches for U-Boot, enabling community-driven booting mechanisms across various Rockchip platforms. These efforts extended to integration, with initial upstreaming of device tree bindings and drivers for RK3288 and subsequent SoCs, fostering broader hardware compatibility in embedded distributions. Additionally, open-source communities have developed Debian- and Ubuntu-based system images for Rockchip SoCs such as the RK3566. These images are typically built by installing deb packages using tools such as debootstrap or Armbian build scripts to construct the root filesystem. The deb package format contains control information and file data, including ELF executable binaries. During the image building process, deb packages are installed, decompressing executables to directories such as /bin and /usr/bin to form the runnable system filesystem. In summary, deb packages provide the executables and other content that constitute the image filesystem after installation. In 2024 and 2025, significant progress was made in mainline support for the RK3588 SoC, achieving comprehensive functionality for key subsystems. Full upstream integration now includes GPU acceleration via the Panfrost driver for the Mali-G610 and emerging support through PanVK, alongside NPU capabilities for AI workloads. The RKNN NPU driver, handling neural processing tasks, was fully upstreamed into the by mid-2025, allowing efficient utilization of the SoC's three NPU cores for inference operations. A notable advancement in this period is the "" open-source driver for Rockchip's NPU hardware, which provides AI acceleration in both kernel and user-space environments. This reverse-engineered driver was merged into the 6.18 kernel as part of the accelerator subsystem and into Mesa 25.3 for graphics integration, enabling Lite delegate support and broader applications on compatible SoCs like the RK3588. Rockchip's open-source initiatives have involved key collaborations, including partnerships with engineering firms like to accelerate upstreaming efforts for SoCs such as the RK3588 and RK3576. In November 2025, demonstrated machine learning-based analytics using on the RK3588 platform at AGRITECHNICA 2025, highlighting efficient on-device AI capabilities. The company maintains public repositories, such as rockchip-linux/rkbin, which host binaries, tools, and build resources essential for and kernel development, promoting transparency and community contributions. Despite these gains, challenges persist in achieving complete open-source support for newer neural processing units, particularly with delays in full driver maturation for advanced AI features. However, support is steadily improving for ARMv9-based chips, with ongoing upstream work addressing integration hurdles in recent SoCs.

Markets and Partnerships

Target Markets and Applications

Rockchip SoCs have found widespread adoption in consumer electronics, particularly in portable and multimedia devices. These processors power a range of tablets and Chromebooks, where their efficient ARM-based architectures enable smooth performance for web browsing, media consumption, and light productivity tasks. For instance, the RK3588 SoC supports high-resolution displays and multitasking in consumer tablets and Chromebooks, contributing to their popularity in budget-friendly education and entertainment segments. Additionally, Rockchip chips are commonly integrated into streaming media TV boxes, such as those utilizing the RK3528 for 4K video decoding and Android-based interfaces, enhancing home entertainment experiences with features like HDR support and fast boot times. In the AIoT and smart home sectors, Rockchip SoCs facilitate and connectivity in various audio and vision-enabled devices. The RK356x series, including models like the RK3566 and RK3568, is optimized for low-power applications such as smart speakers, security cameras, and hubs, where their integrated NPUs handle real-time AI tasks like voice recognition and image . These processors also serve as gateways in smart home ecosystems, managing data from sensors and appliances while supporting protocols for seamless integration, thereby enabling efficient to reduce latency and dependency. Rockchip has expanded into the , targeting systems and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) with high-performance SoCs. The RK3588 and its automotive-grade variant, RK3588M, support multi-display setups up to for in-vehicle entertainment and , while enabling camera inputs for features like surround-view monitoring and driver monitoring systems. Similarly, the RK3668, with its enhanced NPU capabilities, is positioned for AI-driven ADAS applications, processing multiple video streams for and safety alerts in real time. For industrial and IoT applications, Rockchip SoCs are deployed in rugged devices like control panels, embedded systems, and platforms, leveraging their reliability in harsh environments. These chips power human-machine interfaces (HMIs) and industrial gateways, supporting extended temperature ranges and interfaces for integration in manufacturing automation. In , they enable and vision processing for tasks such as operations. The sector's growth has notably boosted Rockchip's finances, with contributing to a net profit increase of 190.61% in the first half of 2025, reaching CNY 531 million (approximately $73 million), driven by demand in AIoT and vehicle-related IoT solutions. Rockchip maintains a strong presence in its home market of , where it dominates segments like consumer gadgets and industrial hardware, while expanding globally through single-board computers (SBCs). Partnerships with manufacturers like Radxa have facilitated entry into and via SBC products based on Rockchip SoCs, such as the ROCK series, which appeal to hobbyists and developers for prototyping IoT and edge AI projects. This outreach has broadened Rockchip's footprint beyond , supporting diverse applications in international markets.

Competition and Positioning

Rockchip primarily competes with Allwinner in the low-cost (IoT) segment, where Allwinner emphasizes affordable entry-level processors for basic smart devices. In media players and set-top boxes, poses a key rival, offering integrated solutions tailored for streaming and entertainment hardware. challenges Rockchip in mid-range mobile devices, providing balanced performance for budget smartphones and tablets in emerging economies. At the premium end, particularly in AI-enabled applications, dominates with high-performance chips featuring advanced neural processing units (NPUs) for flagship devices. As a cost leader in ARM-based system-on-chip (SoC) designs, Rockchip targets emerging markets, with growth driven by demand in Asia-Pacific regions. In 2025, its positioning sharpened around AIoT applications, differentiating through NPUs delivering up to 16 TOPS at competitive price points, such as in the RK3588 and RK3688 series, enabling affordable edge AI deployment. This focus supports high-margin expansion in China's AIoT market, projected to grow at a 20% CAGR through 2030. Rockchip's strengths include rapid product iteration, exemplified by its early adoption of the ARMv9 architecture in SoCs like the RK3688, which integrates Cortex-A7xx cores for enhanced AI and performance. The company also excels in customization for Chinese original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), offering tailored SoC solutions for tablets, smart displays, and industrial devices through a comprehensive product matrix. However, Rockchip faces challenges in penetrating the premium smartphone segment, where it trails competitors like and due to limited high-end ecosystem integration. Additionally, its heavy reliance on ARM licensing for core IP exposes it to potential shifts in royalty structures and geopolitical tensions affecting access. intensifies in sectors like , where global players demand stricter reliability standards.

Key Collaborations

Rockchip's collaboration with , initiated in 2014, focused on the development of the SoFIA platform, which integrated Intel's Atom processor cores with 3G connectivity to target sub-$100 Android tablets and smartphones. This joint effort enabled the creation of a quad-core SoC with 3G capabilities, aimed at the mass Chinese market and low-cost devices. The partnership, spanning 2014 to 2015, provided Rockchip access to Intel's 22nm and 14nm fabrication processes while accelerating Intel's expansion in . Beyond Intel, Rockchip has maintained a longstanding relationship with Arm, licensing a broad portfolio of intellectual property including Cortex-A9 and later cores to power its ARM-based SoCs. For fabrication, Rockchip partnered with Samsung Foundry to produce the RK3588 SoC on its 8nm low-power plus (8LPP) process, enabling higher efficiency in multimedia and AI applications. Additionally, the RK3288 SoC achieved Google certification for Chrome OS, supporting devices such as the Hisense Chromebook and expanding Rockchip's presence in the education and consumer laptop markets. In 2025, Rockchip advanced its AI capabilities through the integration of the RK182X co-processor alongside its SoCs, such as the RK3668, to optimize neural processing units (NPUs) for large language models up to 7 billion parameters. This development supports up to 16 of AI performance, facilitating in IoT and multimedia devices. These efforts have fostered hybrid architectures, briefly bridging x86 and ecosystems via the tie-up while enhancing Rockchip's adaptability in open-source integrations for AI workloads.

List of SoCs

ARMv7-A Processors

Rockchip's ARMv7-A processors primarily targeted early mobile and embedded devices, such as tablets and media players, emphasizing cost-effective performance for Android ecosystems.
ModelYearCPU Cores/ClockGPUProcess NodeKey Features
RK291820121x Cortex-A8 @1.2 GHzVivante GC80055 nmBasic Android support, hardware H.264 decoding up to , SIMD extension.
RK306620122x Cortex-A9 @1.6 GHzMali-400 MP440 nm video decode/encode, 2.0 support, dual-channel DDR3 memory interface.
RK318820134x Cortex-A9 @1.8 GHzMali-400 MP428 nmIntegrated camera ISP for processing, 1.4 output, DDR3/LPDDR3 support up to 2 GB.
RK312820144x Cortex-A7 @1.2 GHzMali-400 MP240 nmLow-power design for TV boxes, playback, dedicated 2D accelerator.
RK328820144x Cortex-A17 @1.8 GHzMali-T760 MP428 nm4K video decode/encode, 3.1 support, up to 3 GB LPDDR3/DDR3 memory.
Rockchip's dominance with ARMv7-A SoCs largely concluded by 2015.

ARMv8-A Processors

Rockchip's ARMv8-A processors represent a shift to 64-bit , enabling enhanced performance for multimedia, IoT, and applications while supporting 64-bit variants of Android and operating systems. These SoCs incorporate big.LITTLE configurations in higher-end models for efficient and integrate GPUs from ARM's series for graphics acceleration. Later iterations added dedicated neural processing units (NPUs) to handle AI workloads, with process nodes shrinking from 28nm to 8nm for improved efficiency. The following table summarizes key ARMv8-A SoCs from Rockchip, highlighting their core specifications:
ModelYearCPUGPUNPU (TOPS)NodeFeatures
RK33262017Quad-core Cortex-A35 @ 1.5 GHzMali-G31 MP2028nmIoT-focused, 1080p video decode
RK33992016Dual-core Cortex-A72 @ 2.0 GHz + Quad-core Cortex-A53 @ 1.5 GHzMali-T860 MP4028nm4K video decode, big.LITTLE design
RK35662020Quad-core Cortex-A55 @ 2.0 GHzMali-G52 MP20.822nm4K video support, AI acceleration
RK35682021Quad-core Cortex-A55 @ 2.0 GHzMali-G520.822nmEnhanced connectivity, 4K multimedia
RK35882022Quad-core Cortex-A76 @ 2.4 GHz + Quad-core Cortex-A55 @ 1.8 GHzMali-G610 MP468nm8K video decode, high-performance AI
These processors laid the groundwork for Rockchip's transition to ARMv9-A architectures by optimizing 64-bit execution and integrating advanced peripherals.

ARMv9-A Processors

Rockchip entered the ARMv9-A architecture era in 2025 with the introduction of its RK36xx series SoCs, marking the company's first adoption of the ARMv9.3 instruction set for enhanced performance in AIoT and edge computing applications. These processors build on the NPU foundations of prior ARMv8-A designs, scaling AI capabilities while maintaining backward compatibility with ARMv8 software ecosystems. The focus is on scalable AI acceleration, supporting large language models and vision tasks through integrated neural processing units. The RK3668, unveiled in July 2025, features a 10-core CPU configuration with four high-performance cores and six efficiency-oriented cores, clocked up to 3 GHz for approximately 200K DMIPS of processing power. It integrates an Magni GPU delivering up to 1.5 TFLOPS for graphics and compute tasks, paired with a 16 TOPS RKNN-P3 NPU optimized for INT8 operations in AI . Fabricated on a 5-6 nm process node, the SoC supports LPDDR6 memory at up to 100 GB/s bandwidth and enables 8K@60 FPS video decoding and output via 2.1. The RK3688, teased in early 2025 as a flagship variant, advances to a 12-core setup with eight Cortex-A730 cores and four Cortex-A530 cores, targeting up to 250K DMIPS for demanding workloads. Its GPU exceeds 2 TFLOPS in performance, while the upgraded NPU reaches 32 TOPS to handle complex scalable AI models, including automotive applications with RISC-V co-processor integration. Built on an 8 nm node, it incorporates LPDDR6 support at 200 GB/s and 16K video decoding capabilities.
ModelYearCPU Cores/ArchGPU (TFLOPS)NPU (TOPS)NodeFeatures
RK366820254x A730 + 6x A530 @3GHz, ARMv9.3Arm Magni, 1.516 (RKNN-P3)5-6 nmLPDDR6 (100 GB/s), 8K@60 video, UFS 4.0, , RK182X co-processor for LLM/VLM
RK368820258x A730 + 4x A530, ARMv9.3Advanced, >232 (RKNN-P3)8 nmLPDDR6 (200 GB/s), 16K video, co-processor for automotive AI

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  121. https://www.icgoodfind.com/cms/Article/get/article_id/15970
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