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"Banq" and "banc" are alternative spellings used in company names to evade legal restrictions on the use of the word 'bank' while maintaining a similar pronunciation. This practice is common in the financial services industry, particularly in the United States.

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Origin and usage

[edit]

In the English language, banq and banc are alternative spellings pronounced identically to the word "bank". Both terms have been adopted by financial services companies and others to satisfy legal restrictions on the usage of the word bank.[1] The compound bancorp (banc/bank + corp[oration]) is often used in the names of bank holding companies. For example, a hypothetical chartered bank named Bank of Manhattan might form a holding company named "Manhattan Bancorp", and a sister insurance business named "Banc of Manhattan Insurance". One well-known past example was Bank of America's investment banking entity, named Banc of America Securities (now part of Bank of America Merrill Lynch).

[edit]

This practice originates from legal necessity: in the United States, the commerce departments of state governments generally prohibit or restrict the use of certain words in the names of corporations unless those corporations are legitimate chartered banks. For example, words prohibited by the state of Louisiana[2] include bank, banker, banking, savings, safe deposit, trust, trustee, and credit union.

Examples

[edit]

The evasive nature of the word does not necessarily indicate that an imposter is attempting to fraudulently impersonate a bank. One notable example is a company called Cachet Banq Inc.,[3] an automated clearing house processing service that performs automated banking transactions for payroll processing. The company does not claim to offer any banking services, such as deposits or loans, and would only be able to legally include the word "bank" in its name in its home state of California with the approval of the California Department of Financial Institutions.[4]

A similar example includes a company called Wine Banq,[5] whose name clearly suggests it has nothing to do with the banking industry.

Variations by jurisdiction

[edit]

Naming laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as well as their interpretations. Notable counter-examples include blood banks and sperm banks.

[edit]

The use of 'banq' or 'banc' in company names has legal implications. While it allows companies to evoke banking associations, it does not exempt them from financial regulations. Companies using these terms must still comply with relevant laws and may face scrutiny from regulatory bodies to ensure they are not misleading consumers about their services.[6][7]

References

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See also

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Banq

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
''Banq'' is an alternative spelling of the word "bank," commonly used in company names, particularly in the financial sector, to evoke the association with banking while circumventing legal restrictions on the use of the term "bank" that imply a regulated banking institution. This variant maintains a similar pronunciation (/bæŋk/) and is often employed in branding for fintech companies, payment services, and other financial entities to suggest reliability and financial services without triggering banking license requirements. The practice stems from regulations in various jurisdictions, such as the , where only federally or state-chartered banks may use "bank" in their name under laws like the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Similar rules apply internationally, leading to creative spellings like "Banq," "Banc," or "Bnqc" in over 100 global companies as of 2023. For the Quebec government institution, see Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. For other uses, see Banq (disambiguation).

Definition and Etymology

Definition

Banq is a stylized, non-standard spelling of the word "bank," achieved by substituting the letter "k" with "q" to create a phonetic equivalent that maintains visual and auditory similarity while altering the orthography. This variant is intentionally employed in branding, particularly within the financial sector, to evoke connotations of reliability, financial intermediation, and institutional stability associated with traditional banks without employing the exact term "bank." The primary purpose of using "banq" in company names or trademarks is to enable non-deposit-taking financial entities, such as platforms or payment service providers, to suggest banking-like services or expertise while adhering to regulatory prohibitions on the use of "" by unlicensed institutions. These restrictions, rooted in historical efforts to protect consumers from misleading representations of , aim to prevent public confusion by reserving protected terminology for authorized banking entities. By leveraging phonetic equivalence, "banq" allows brands to imply credibility in financial matters through subtle association, potentially misleading consumers into perceiving greater legitimacy or security than the entity may legally offer, though this intent must navigate varying jurisdictional approvals. Unlike the variant "banc," which replaces "k" with "c" and often derives from Romance language origins like Italian "banca" (meaning a moneylender's bench or table), "banq" emphasizes a more modern, quirky alteration suited to contemporary digital branding in English-speaking contexts. While both spellings serve similar evasive functions in , "banq" is distinct in its use of "q" to convey innovation or exclusivity, commonly appearing in global applications where direct "" usage is barred. In many regulatory frameworks, however, "banq" itself qualifies as a restricted expression akin to "," requiring special consent for non-banking use to avoid implying unauthorized deposit-taking capabilities.

Etymology and Variations

The word "bank," referring to a financial institution, originated in late 15th-century English as "money-dealer's counter or shop," borrowed from banque and Old Italian banca, both denoting a bench or table used by moneylenders in medieval marketplaces. This Germanic-rooted term (bankiz, meaning "shelf" or "bench") underscores the physical origins of early banking practices in and , where transactions occurred at public counters. "Banq" functions as a modern, stylized truncation of "," retaining phonetic identity while adopting a truncated form for branding distinctiveness in . The "q" ending provides an exotic, contemporary aesthetic, often evoking or global appeal without altering . Key variations include "banc," a c-ending form prevalent in names to comply with U.S. regulations prohibiting non-depository entities from using "." This differentiates ownership structures from operational s, as holding companies face stricter naming rules under state financial codes. In contrast, "banque" maintains the full , commonly appearing in international or multilingual financial to signal European linguistic heritage. These phonetic adaptations arose in 20th-century branding to navigate English-language restrictions, allowing non-banks to imply financial reliability amid evolving regulations that control terms like "bank," "banc," and "banq." Such variations briefly reference legal incentives for alternative spellings, though detailed oversight falls under broader financial .

Historical Development

Early Usage

The initial documented uses of "banq" and its close variant "banc" in financial nomenclature occurred in the mid-20th century, primarily among U.S. bank holding companies navigating state-level restrictions on the word "bank." These spellings allowed entities to signal affiliation with banking activities without implying direct deposit-taking or lending operations, which were reserved for chartered banks. A notable precursor example is the 1968 formation of First Banc Group in Ohio (later Banc One Corporation), compelled by state laws prohibiting holding companies from incorporating "bank" in their titles to prevent consumer confusion. By the 1970s, this convention spread, with firms like Central Bancorp, Inc., in Florida adopting "bancorp" to structure multibank operations under federal oversight. The contexts for these early adoptions were centered on holding companies and securities firms, where the spellings denoted indirect involvement in amid post-Depression regulatory scrutiny. The 1933 Glass-Steagall Act played a pivotal role, mandating separations between commercial banking and investment activities, which spurred the proliferation of holding structures to manage affiliates without violating prohibitions on affiliations. This prompted creative naming to maintain brand continuity while adhering to laws restricting "bank" usage to insured deposit institutions, ensuring non-deposit entities could operate without regulatory penalties.

Modern Adoption

Following the , the sector experienced explosive growth, leading to increased adoption of stylized terms like "banq" in company names and products to evoke banking services while signaling digital innovation. This trend accelerated as startups sought to differentiate themselves in a crowded market, with "banq" appearing in applications for integration and payment solutions amid the rise of mobile-first . For instance, Banq, founded around 2020 as a of Prime Trust, provided a mobile SDK that enabled fiat-to-crypto transactions, KYC compliance, and deposits/withdrawals, bridging traditional finance with ecosystems through partnerships like Prime Trust; however, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in June 2023. In the , regulatory sandboxes played a pivotal role in this proliferation, particularly in emerging markets, by allowing firms to test innovative products under relaxed oversight, which encouraged creative branding to attract global users via platforms. Countries like the (with its sandbox launched in 2016) and others in and followed suit, fostering an environment where names like "banq" could gain traction without immediate full regulatory burdens. This global spread was amplified by online branding, enabling startups to project a modern, accessible image to international audiences through domain names and app stores. The adoption of "banq" variants in reflects broader shifts toward innovation-signaling nomenclature, with multiple entities incorporating the term since the mid-2010s, such as Banq Systems (founded 2012 for white-label , but now permanently closed) and others in payment and crypto spaces. These developments highlight how post-crisis and technological advancements have normalized such spellings in startup ecosystems worldwide.

In the United States

In the United States, federal law under 12 U.S.C. § 30 governs the corporate titles of national banks, requiring them to include the word "national" (or an abbreviation like "N.A.") and subjecting changes to approval by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). While there is no overarching federal statute directly prohibiting non-banks from using "bank" in their names, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and OCC provide oversight to prevent misleading representations that could imply federal insurance or banking status, such as false claims of FDIC-insured deposits. This enforcement focuses on consumer protection rather than name usage alone, with agencies issuing cease-and-desist orders against entities misusing banking terminology. At the state level, regulations vary but generally prohibit non-chartered entities from incorporating words like "," "banc," or similar terms in their corporate names without prior approval from banking authorities, to avoid with regulated financial institutions. In , the Division of Corporations restricts such terms in entity names unless cleared by the Office of the State . California's Financial Code § 1041 requires the of Financial and to approve any use of "" or similar terms in a corporation's name, with the Secretary of State refusing filings without such endorsement under Corporations Code § 201(b)(7). Similarly, Louisiana Revised Statutes § 6:412 bans non-financial institutions from using "," "banking," or related terms in their titles, advertisements, or operations. The variant spelling "banq" is sometimes adopted by fintech firms to evoke banking services while attempting to sidestep these naming prohibitions, as seen in entities like Banc of America Securities (using "banc") that operate in or spaces without full charters. However, this circumvention is not universally permitted; by the FDIC and OCC often targets broader misleading practices, such as fintechs implying without it, leading to demands for corrective actions (as of 2025). Exceptions to these name restrictions exist for non-financial entities, such as "blood bank," which refers to medical facilities and is not subject to banking regulations, as clarified in state guidance distinguishing clearly non-banking operations. Current statutes, updated through ongoing federal and state rulemaking as of 2025, supersede older references like those from 2006, emphasizing protection against deceptive fintech branding.

In Other Countries

In Canada, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) through Advisory 2017-01 enforces restrictions under section 983 of the Bank Act, prohibiting non-federally regulated entities from using "bank," "banker," "banking," or resembling variants such as "banc" and "banq" in their names or business descriptions to avoid implying deposit-taking activities. These rules apply to non-bank entities, including credit unions and firms, unless explicitly exempted for non-financial contexts. Australia's prudential regulator, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), under section 66 of the Banking Act 1959, bans the use of "," "banker," "banking," "," or "banc" without prior approval for entities not authorized as deposit-taking institutions. The 2015 APRA guidelines extend these prohibitions to non-English variants like "banque" if they imply banking services, aiming to prevent consumer deception by unauthorized financial businesses. In the , Directive 2013/36/EU reserves terms implying deposit-taking, such as "," for authorized credit institutions under , which permits cross-border use of such names only by licensed entities while allowing host states to require clarifications to avoid misleading consumers (updated by CRD VI in 2024). In the , post-Brexit (FCA) rules classify "" as a sensitive word requiring pre-approval for firm names, with heightened scrutiny on uses of variants like "banq" to ensure they do not falsely suggest deposit protection or regulated banking. India's (RBI) mandates under section 7 of the , that only scheduled banking companies may incorporate "bank," "banker," or "banking" in their names, prohibiting cooperatives and non-banks from such usage to safeguard depositors from unauthorized entities. This reflects a broader global regulatory trend toward stricter controls on banking terminology to protect consumers from misleading implications of and , as seen in harmonized international standards from bodies like the Committee. In , the term "banque" is reserved for credit institutions authorized by the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR) under the Monetary and Financial Code (e.g., Article L511-1 defining credit institutions and related naming protections); this influences the export of "banq" variants in international branding, often requiring disclaimers to comply with similar protections abroad.

Examples of Usage

Financial Companies

Banq Global, established in 2023, offers multi-currency accounts supporting over 130 currencies across 20 countries for corporations and institutions, operating as a services provider rather than a deposit-taking . The company is authorized under the UK's (FCA) Payment Services Regulations (FRN: 504346) and partners with regulated institutions to safeguard funds, explicitly stating it is not a but an account specialist. Cachet Banq Inc. rebranded to Financial Services in September 2013 and then to Digiliti Money Group in 2017; the company specialized in ACH () processing for payroll, tax, and payments without holding a full banking or engaging in lending, but is now inactive as of 2025. It functioned as a non-bank processor with regulatory permission to handle electronic funds transfers through the , relying on sponsor banks like The Bancorp Bank for transaction execution. Banq.com, launched around 2020 as a of Prime Trust, delivered a mobile software development kit (SDK) built on Prime Trust's APIs to enable seamless and funding integrations for businesses, without operating as a licensed . However, following Prime Trust's in 2023, Banq filed for Chapter 11 in June 2023, with its case dismissed in October 2024, and its operations ceased as of 2025. Prime Trust, a regulated , provided the underlying custody and infrastructure, allowing Banq to focus on developer tools for crypto-fiat bridging. These "Banq"-named firms leverage the term to evoke banking reliability and trust in branding, while delivering and processing services through partnerships with licensed entities, thereby avoiding the stringent requirements of full banking charters such as under frameworks like the U.S. (FDIC). This approach aligns with legal allowances for non-bank providers to offer limited without implying deposit-taking activities. A notable trend among such entities is their prevalence in the and sectors, where stylized names like "Banq" or similar (e.g., Mbanq for embedded platforms) signal and to attract users, circumventing mandates by not holding customer funds directly.

Non-Financial Entities

One prominent non-financial use of "Banq" appears in the name of Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (), a responsible for managing the province's , archives, and system. Established in 2006 through the merger of the Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and the Archives nationales du Québec, operates public facilities like the Grande Bibliothèque in , providing free access to extensive collections of books, documents, and digital resources in French, serving cultural and educational purposes without any . The evokes the word "" phonetically but derives from the French terms for and archives, highlighting an incidental branding similarity unrelated to . In the hospitality sector, "Banq" has been employed for creative naming, as seen with Wine Banq, a wine bar and in , , that opened in 1998 and specialized in French-inspired cuisine paired with an extensive wine list, which operated until around 2010. Owned by Sean Jones at the time of a 2005 review, the establishment featured visible wine racks and a focus on dining experiences rather than storage or investment, using the stylized spelling to convey sophistication and novelty in branding. Tech and retail sectors also adopt "Banq" for product names to suggest reliability and modernity without implying banking operations. For instance, Banq POS was a mobile point-of-sale software solution launched around 2014, designed for retailers, salons, spas, quick-service restaurants, and mobile vendors, allowing iOS devices to function as payment terminals for in-store and on-the-go transactions, but appears to be discontinued as of 2025. This application emphasized ease of use for small businesses, converting smartphones or tablets into secure checkout systems without the entity operating as a . Such naming conventions leverage the phonetic appeal of "bank" to imply trustworthiness and stability in branding, particularly for startups and retail-oriented ventures seeking a memorable yet distinctive identity. Non-financial entities face minimal regulatory scrutiny over the term, as restrictions on "bank" primarily apply to licensed financial institutions to avoid consumer , though intentional misspellings like "Banq" enable circumvention while maintaining auditory familiarity. However, this can lead to potential conflicts if the name overlaps with established financial brands, requiring careful legal review for commercial use.

Implications and Challenges

Regulatory Compliance

Companies utilizing "banq" in their corporate names must secure pre-approval from pertinent regulatory authorities to comply with statutes prohibiting non-banking entities from employing terms that suggest deposit-taking or financial intermediation activities. , this process generally requires submitting applications to state banking commissioners for consent, as seen in where the Secretary of State withholds filing articles of incorporation containing "bank" or similar variants without prior approval from the Commissioner of Financial Protection and Innovation. Similarly, New York mandates approval from the Superintendent of Financial Services for restricted words in corporate names. In , non-authorized deposit-taking institutions (ADIs) apply to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) for permission to use "banq" or analogous terms, providing evidence of rare and unusual circumstances that justify the usage while safeguarding public interests; APRA evaluates financial businesses within up to 60 business days. To mitigate risks of misleading consumers, firms incorporate explicit disclaimers in marketing materials, clarifying that they are not licensed banks and do not offer FDIC-insured deposits or equivalent protections. This practice aligns with federal guidelines prohibiting false representations of and ensures adherence to standards under laws like the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Regulatory requirements encompass regular trademark clearance searches to avert likelihood of with established banking trademarks, involving comprehensive reviews of federal and state databases for phonetic or visual similarities. Additionally, supervised entities face ongoing audits by bodies such as the (FDIC) in the U.S., which mandates annual independent audits for insured institutions to verify operational integrity, including name usage compliance. In , APRA conducts prudential reviews of ADIs to enforce adherence to naming restrictions under the Banking Act 1959. Best practices recommend confining "banq" to subsidiary entities, allowing parent companies to segregate regulatory exposures while enabling examiners to assess affiliate relationships without direct impact on core operations. For cross-border operations, harmonization is achieved via the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) Madrid System, which facilitates unified international filings to protect "banq"-related marks across multiple jurisdictions and reduce inconsistencies in name recognition. In Delaware, names incorporating "banq" necessitate explicit clearance from the Office of the State Bank Commissioner to avoid violations of banking-specific naming prohibitions under Title 5 of the Delaware Code, thereby heightening the compliance workload for entities pursuing such nomenclature. The use of "banq" or similar spellings in company names, particularly by fintech firms, has raised significant concerns about consumer confusion, as individuals often assume these entities offer the same protections as traditional banks, such as FDIC insurance for deposits. This misperception can lead to financial losses when funds are not covered, prompting complaints to regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). For instance, in bank-fintech partnerships, consumers may believe their accounts are fully insured based on branding that evokes banking services, even when the fintech itself is not a bank. Legal cases involving "banq"-like names highlight enforcement against misleading branding. In the United States, Corporations Code § 201 prohibits the incorporation of entities using terms like "banq" or "trust" if they imply banking activities without approval from the Commissioner of Financial Institutions. Similarly, in , the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) enforces Bank Act restrictions on non-banks using "bank" or variants like "banc." These actions underscore the regulatory push to prevent implied guarantees of security, including warnings issued by OSFI in 2017 against improper use of bank-related terms. The implications of such confusion have intensified since the 2020 cryptocurrency boom, with heightened scrutiny on and crypto firms using evocative names that blur lines with regulated banks, sparking ethical debates on deceptive branding practices. No major U.S. cases have addressed "banq" naming directly, but state-level enforcement efforts demonstrate ongoing localized actions to curb misuse, as seen in regulatory guidance from the FDIC as of 2023. Overall, these cases emphasize the need for clear disclosures to mitigate risks, as referenced briefly in broader compliance strategies.

References

  1. https://www.fdic.gov/resources/regulations/federal-register-publications/2018/2018-banking-organizations-subject-17.html
  2. https://www.trademarkia.com/banq-88349281
  3. https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/5381/why-does-bank-of-america-sometimes-refer-to-itself-as-banc-of-america-on-some-do
  4. https://www.apra.gov.au/apra-explains-applying-to-apra-to-use-restricted-words
  5. https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/businesses/commercial-recordings/restricted-word-list
  6. https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/A-Thesaurus-of-English-W-265.pdf
  7. https://www.etymonline.com/word/bank
  8. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bank_n3?tab=meaning_and_use
  9. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-25/why-is-banc-of-california-not-spelled-bank-state-laws-on-lenders
  10. https://www.calcorporatelaw.com/2013/08/dont-bank-on-being-able-to-use-bank-in-your-corporate-name
  11. https://www.company-histories.com/Bank-One-Corporation-Company-History.html
  12. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/releases/c5bhc/c5_19701231.pdf
  13. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/glass-steagall-act
  14. https://banq.com/
  15. https://ecosystem.andorra-startup.com/companies/banq
  16. https://tracxn.com/d/companies/banq/__sO6sU4UOpkBJB2XpKlClKUSCXgqb-uzfWevVGnd5FeY
  17. https://www.coindesk.com/business/2023/06/14/prime-trust-unit-banq-files-for-bankruptcy
  18. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Regulatory-Sandboxes-Innovation-Hubs-and-Other-Regulatory-Innovation-Tools-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf
  19. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/banq-systems
  20. https://fortune.com/2023/11/06/millennials-led-consumer-fintech-revolution-post-2008-gen-zers-finance-lauren-kolodny/
  21. https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2024/pr24003.html
  22. https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2022/nr-occ-2022-53.html
  23. https://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc04/
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  25. https://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/revised-statutes/title-6/rs-6-412/
  26. https://a16z.com/newsletter/august-2024-fintech-newsletter/
  27. https://www.fdic.gov/news/press-releases/2024/pr24016.html
  28. https://osbckansas.gov/legal/guidance_2025.pdf
  29. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/31/2024-16838/request-for-information-on-bank-fintech-arrangements-involving-banking-products-and-services
  30. https://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/en/guidance/guidance-library/advisory-2017-01-restrictions-use-words-bank-banker-banking
  31. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/B-1.01/page-100.html
  32. https://www.apra.gov.au/sites/default/files/section_66_guidelines.pdf
  33. https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/alerts/2015/august/18/can-nonbanks-use-the-word-bank-apra-gives-updated-guidance-on-s-66
  34. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02013L0036-20220101
  35. https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/firm-details/sensitive-business-names
  36. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1885/1/A194910.pdf
  37. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006654299
  38. https://www.banqglobal.com/
  39. https://www.banqglobal.com/guides/country-guides/united-states
  40. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/14631363
  41. https://dfpi.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/337/2012/03/CachetFinancial.pdf
  42. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Payroll-processing.pdf
  43. https://investors.thebancorp.com/press-releases/news-details/2012/The-Bancorp-Bank-Teams-Up-with-Cachet-Banq/default.aspx
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  48. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/crypto-neobank-banqs-bankruptcy-case-085450284.html
  49. https://www.blocmates.com/news-posts/judge-dismisses-banq-s-bankruptcy-case-calls-it-a-bad-faith-tactic
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  53. https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wine-banq-20050518-gdny5f.html
  54. https://download.asic.gov.au/media/1307923/A013_10.pdf
  55. https://www.cardfellow.com/product-directory/pos-systems/banq-pos-review
  56. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/industry_letters/il1996_word_approval
  57. https://www.fdic.gov/deposit-insurance/fdic-official-signs-and-advertising-requirements-false-advertising
  58. https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/search/likelihood-confusion
  59. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-III/subchapter-B/part-363
  60. https://www.fdic.gov/resources/supervision-and-examinations/consumer-compliance-examination-manual/documents/10/x-5-1.pdf
  61. https://delcode.delaware.gov/title5/c001/sc02/
  62. https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/advisories/2022/08/regulators-crack-down-on-fintechs
  63. https://www.fdic.gov/news/financial-institution-letters/2023/fil23065.html
  64. https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2024/08/us-banking-agencies-ramp-up-scrutiny
  65. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-corp/title-1/division-1/chapter-2/section-201/
  66. https://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/en/guidance/guidance-library/amendments-bank-act-restrictions-use-words-bank-banker-banking-osfis-new-compliance-expectations
  67. https://www.investmentexecutive.com/news/from-the-regulators/osfi-cautions-firms-on-use-of-bank-related-terms/
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