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32°2′15″N 35°2′59″E / 32.03750°N 35.04972°E / 32.03750; 35.04972

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim (Hebrew: בֵּית אַרְיֵה-עֳפָרִים) is an Israeli settlement and local council in the northern West Bank. It is located 32 kilometers (20 mi) north of Jerusalem and 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of Tel Aviv, near the Palestinian village of al-Lubban al-Gharbi, 3.8 km kilometers east of the Green Line. It is situated on the Palestinian side of the Israeli West Bank barrier,[2] on 8,500 dunams of land. In 2023 it had a population of 5,516.

Key Information

Israeli settlements in the West Bank are considered illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[3][4]

Khirbat Khudash is an archaeological site located within Beit Aryeh. It is a well-planned fortified settlement associated with olive-oil production, dated to the 8th century BCE and linked to the Northern Kingdom of Israel.[5]

History

[edit]

Established in 1981, Beit Aryeh was recognised as a local council in 1989. In 2004, it merged with Ofarim. Beit Aryeh was named for former Knesset member Aryeh Ben-Eliezer, a prominent Revisionist Zionist leader who was amongst the founders of Herut.[6]

According to ARIJ, the land for Beit Aryeh-Ofarim was confiscated by Israel from two nearby Palestinian villages: Aboud[7] and Al-Lubban al-Gharbi.[8][9]

In 2011, the Israeli Ministry of Defense signed an agreement with the municipality of Beit Aryeh approving the construction of 100 homes and a bypass road between Beit Aryeh and Ofarim.[10]

In 2020, Beit Aryeh-Ofarim was one of several Israeli settlements that dumped its untreated sewage onto lands of the nearby Palestinian village of Deir Ballut.[11]

Notable residents

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim

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Beit Aryeh-Ofarim (Hebrew: בֵּית אַרְיֵה-עֳפָרִים) is an Israeli Jewish settlement organized as a local council in the Binyamin Regional Council area of the northern , located 32 kilometers north of and 25 kilometers east of . Established in 1981 following the and named after Zionist leader and former member Aryeh Ben-Eliezer, the community initially comprised the Beit Aryeh nucleus and expanded through merger with the adjacent Ofarim outpost in 2004, forming a single administrative unit spanning approximately 8,500 dunams on land historically associated with biblical . As of recent government records, it has a population of 5,617 residents, predominantly families engaged in residential living, local employment, and commuting to central . The settlement lies east of the 1949 armistice line and on the eastern side of Israel's security barrier, reflecting its position in the disputed and territory where applies.

Etymology

Naming Origins

Beit Aryeh was named in honor of Aryeh Ben-Eliezer (1914–1970), a Lithuanian-born Revisionist Zionist leader who served as a commander in the pre-state militia, co-founded the party, and represented it in the from 1949 to 1959. The Hebrew name "Beit Aryeh" means "House of the Lion," with "aryeh" denoting lion, thereby evoking both Ben-Eliezer's given name and symbolic attributes of strength associated with the animal in Jewish tradition. Ofarim, founded in 1989 as a separate adjacent to Beit Aryeh, takes its name from the Hebrew plural "ofarim" (עופרים), signifying fawns or young deer, a term rooted in biblical usage for the offspring of gazelles or similar cervids. This likely reflects the local or of the Samarian hills, where such wildlife was historically present. The two settlements merged in 2004 to form the unified local council of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, retaining both names to preserve their distinct foundational identities while administratively consolidating under the Shomron Regional Council.

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim is an Israeli settlement located in the central West Bank, under the jurisdiction of the Binyamin Regional Council in the Judea and Samaria Area. Its central coordinates are 32°02′15″N 35°03′11″E. The site is approximately 32 kilometers north of Jerusalem and 25 kilometers east of Tel Aviv, positioned near the Palestinian village of al-Lubban al-Gharbi. The settlement occupies terrain characteristic of the Samarian Hills, featuring north-south oriented limestone ridges with elevations reaching 314 meters above . It lies on the eastern side of the Israeli West Bank barrier and encompasses a municipal area of about 8,500 dunams (850 hectares).

Climate and Environment

The region encompassing Beit Aryeh-Ofarim experiences a hot-summer (Köppen Csa), marked by prolonged hot and dry summers from May to , with minimal rainfall and high temperatures frequently surpassing 30°C (86°F), and mild, wet winters from to , where concentrates and daytime highs average 15–18°C (59–64°F). Annual rainfall averages approximately 480–660 mm in the central highlands, with the majority falling in short, intense events during winter months, supporting seasonal water availability but contributing to risks on hilly slopes. Situated at an elevation of about 314 meters (1,030 feet) in the Samarian foothills, the local terrain features undulating limestone hills and valleys typical of the Judean-Samarian uplands, which moderate summer heat slightly compared to lowland areas but amplify winter chill and fog. Native vegetation consists primarily of Mediterranean , including evergreen oaks (Quercus calliprinos), trees (Ceratonia siliqua), and species, alongside terraced olive groves that have shaped the landscape for millennia through traditional . Fauna includes common regional species such as rock , gazelles, and , though habitat from human activity limits . Environmental pressures arise from wastewater discharge practices; in 2020, untreated from the settlement was reported to have contaminated adjacent Palestinian farmlands in Deir Ballut, exacerbating soil degradation and health risks in a water-scarce basin. Periodic mosquito-borne threats, such as detections in local vectors, underscore vulnerabilities tied to stagnant water sources amid variable . adaptation efforts in the locality remain limited, with no formalized municipal plan documented as of 2025, despite broader regional exposure to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall projected under warming scenarios.

History

Pre-Settlement Period

The territory of modern Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, situated in the Samarian highlands approximately 25 kilometers north of , preserves evidence of ancient Israelite activity. Khirbat Khudash, an within the area of Beit Aryeh, consists of a fortified IIB settlement from the late eighth to seventh centuries BCE, featuring planned architecture, defensive walls, and over a dozen presses linked to centralized royal production under the Kingdom of , possibly intensified amid Assyrian influence on Judah. The surrounding region aligns with portions of biblical Benjamin's tribal territory, including references to —a town listed in Joshua 18:23 among Benjamin's cities—potentially near modern , about 5 kilometers east, where Philistine incursions are noted in 1 Samuel 13:17. Archaeological surveys indicate intermittent occupation through Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine eras, with rock-cut installations and ceramic finds suggesting agricultural continuity, though no major urban centers persisted on the precise site. From the Islamic conquest onward, the area fell under successive caliphates, Crusader incursions, and administration, transitioning to Ottoman rule by 1517 as part of the , where tax registers document sparse rural habitation focused on and grain cultivation by fellahin. By the late Ottoman period, lands were registered to nearby villages like Aboud—predominantly Christian with roots in Syrian Orthodox communities—and Al-Lubban al-Gharbi, a smaller Muslim ; Ottoman censuses from the onward record Aboud's population as mainly Christian, while Al-Lubban al-Gharbi had around 340 residents by 1945, primarily engaged in subsistence farming. Under the British Mandate (1920–1948), the district remained rural with low population density, part of the Ramallah sub-district, where land surveys confirmed private Palestinian ownership for agricultural use, absent any Jewish communal presence post-Second Temple destruction. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan annexed the , administering the area until 1967 without recorded development or settlement on the site, which served as and olive groves for local villagers; Jordanian censuses from 1961 estimate the broader sub-district's population at under 100,000, reflecting stable but modest demographics. After Israel's capture in the , the land—totaling thousands of dunams from Aboud and Al-Lubban al-Gharbi—remained undeveloped until appropriation for settlement in the early 1980s.

Establishment and Early Development (1981–1989)

Beit Aryeh was established in as a in the Binyamin region of the , initiated by a founding nucleus of approximately 60 families, the majority of whom were employees of . The initiative was spearheaded by members of the movement and the youth organization, operating under the framework of the Levona settlement group, reflecting ideological alignment with Zionist pioneering efforts in the area. The founding ceremony, attended by Prime Minister , underscored governmental support for the project amid broader settlement expansion policies following the . Initially administered through a local committee under the of the , the settlement focused on residential development for ideologically motivated families, including those from urban centers seeking communal living in a rural setting. Early infrastructure emphasized basic housing and community facilities, with residents commuting to industrial jobs in central , which facilitated steady influx from affiliated political and professional networks. By , Beit Aryeh had grown sufficiently to be granted independent local council status, marking a transition from provisional management to formalized municipal governance and enabling expanded services such as education and welfare tailored to its community-oriented demographic. This recognition coincided with the nascent establishment of nearby Ofarim in 1988, though the two remained separate entities until their later merger.

Expansion and Merger (1990s–Present)

Following its recognition as a local council in , Beit Aryeh saw population and infrastructural expansion during the 1990s, aligning with accelerated settlement development across the driven by government policies and immigration waves. In 2004, Beit Aryeh merged with the adjacent settlement of Ofarim, established in as a communal settlement, forming the unified Beit Aryeh-Ofarim local council under a single administrative framework transferred from the . Post-merger, the locality pursued further growth through approved and infrastructure projects. In 2011, the Israeli Ministry of Defense authorized construction of 100 units and a bypass road connecting to Highway 465, enhancing accessibility and supporting residential expansion. Subsequent developments included, in 2016, the retroactive legalization of 179 homes in Ofarim by the Civil Administration's planning committee as part of wider settlement approvals. In 2018, the Ministry issued a tender for 52 additional units in Beit Aryeh. The population of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim grew steadily, surpassing 4,500 residents by and reaching an estimated 5,409 by , reflecting ongoing demographic increases amid regional settlement trends.

Demographics

The population of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim has exhibited consistent growth since its founding in as a small outpost, reflecting broader patterns of expansion in Israeli settlements in the . Initial settlement involved a modest number of families, with growth accelerating through the and due to development and natural increase. By the early , Beit Aryeh alone had approximately 2,461 residents, rising to 3,457 by the mid-, according to data compiled from Israeli official statistics. The 2004 merger with the nearby Ofarim settlement, established in 1985, combined their populations and further boosted expansion, with the unified locality recording 3,909 residents in one assessment, progressing to 4,721, 4,842, 4,955, and 5,139 in subsequent years per figures. This period aligned with increased construction approvals and migration incentives under Israeli policy. Recent data from 2021 estimates the population at 5,409, with minor variations to 5,516 in 2023 and 5,517 in 2022, indicating stabilization amid an annual growth rate of about 2.8%.
Year/PeriodPopulation (Beit Aryeh-Ofarim combined post-2004)
Early 2000s (Beit Aryeh only)~2,461–3,457
~20103,909
Subsequent years (2011–2016 est.)4,721–5,139
20215,409
2022–20235,516–5,517
This trajectory mirrors the overall settler increase in the region, driven by factors such as government subsidies, security provisions, and ideological motivations, though precise annual increments vary with economic conditions and policy shifts.

Social Composition

The of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim consists overwhelmingly of , with Jews accounting for 5,173 out of a total estimated of 5,409 in 2021, or approximately 95.7%. Arabs number just 9 residents (0.2%), while 227 individuals (4.2%) belong to other ethnic groups, potentially including non-Jewish immigrants or mixed households. Religiously, the community maintains a mixed character, blending secular and religious elements, though it is characterized overall as secular-oriented and community-focused rather than ideologically driven. This shared urban fabric accommodates both non-religious families seeking and proximity to central , and national-religious (Dati Leumi) households, supported by state-religious educational options alongside secular ones. Unlike more homogeneous ultra-Orthodox or fully ideological settlements, Beit Aryeh-Ofarim attracts residents prioritizing and economic accessibility over strict religious observance. Socioeconomically, the locality ranks in cluster 7 on Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics 10-point scale for population socio-economic level (as of recent assessments), reflecting above-average indicators in , , and compared to national norms, aided by its location near employment hubs in the Israeli heartland.

Economy and Infrastructure

Economic Base

The economy of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim is primarily commuter-driven, with residents largely employed in professional, high-tech, and service sectors within Israel's central , owing to the settlement's strategic location adjacent to major transportation corridors like Route 463. Local economic activity has traditionally centered on small-scale retail, community services, and administrative functions supporting the population of approximately 5,000, rather than self-sustaining industry or agriculture. This structure reflects broader patterns in similar settlements, where limited on-site job creation encourages daily commutes to urban hubs such as Modi'in and , approximately 30-40 kilometers away. In a shift toward greater economic autonomy, the Israeli planning committee approved in April 2025 a comprehensive industrial zone plan spanning 397,800 square meters, including 232,000 m² for industrial uses, 101,000 m² for commercial spaces, and 63,000 m² for employment-oriented facilities, backed by an projected investment of 200 million Israeli shekels. Developed by the Beit Aryeh-Ofarim Development Company, this project—finalized for deposit ahead of Israel's 77th Independence Day—seeks to generate local jobs in manufacturing, logistics, and business services, potentially alleviating dependence on external labor markets and stimulating municipal revenue through property taxes and enterprise activity. Central Bureau of Statistics data from 2021 indicate a notable presence of self-employed individuals among working residents, with average monthly earnings for independents exceeding national medians in certain categories, underscoring a aligned with patterns. However, the paucity of prior large-scale local industry has constrained municipal fiscal independence, as evidenced by reliance on national subsidies and pledges from Israeli financial institutions for . The nascent industrial zone represents a targeted response to these dynamics, prioritizing clean industry and generation to bolster long-term viability.

Public Services and Transportation

The local council of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim manages public services, including a dedicated department for social services that provides therapeutic, supportive, and mediating welfare assistance, primarily through in-person delivery. Water supply is facilitated by the Trans-Samaria Water Line, a pipeline infrastructure inaugurated on August 14, 2017, connecting the settlement to Israel's national water network. Education services include organized school transportation managed by the council, such as bus escorts for students commuting to facilities in . Healthcare access relies on Israel's central medical system, with emergency cases evacuated to facilities like Beilinson Hospital at in , approximately 25 kilometers away. Transportation infrastructure features road connections to central Israel, including efforts to complete bypass routes avoiding Palestinian villages for enhanced settler access; a 2017 plan allocated 800 million shekels for such bypass roads, with specific segments aimed at linking Beit Aryeh directly to proper. Public bus services, operated via lines like 268, provide direct links to , with travel times of 52 to 62 minutes and fares of 10-14 Israeli shekels. Under Israeli domestic law, residents of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, comprising Israeli citizens, are subject to the full application of Israeli civil law, including criminal, administrative, family, and municipal regulations, extended through military orders issued by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Military Commander for and and selective legislation. This framework, initiated post-1967 , distinguishes between Israeli settlers—who benefit from Israeli jurisdictional protections—and the surrounding Palestinian population, which falls under military law administered by the IDF Civil Administration. The extension avoids formal of the territory but effectively integrates settlements into 's legal orbit for civilian matters, with courts in handling most cases involving settlers. Beit Aryeh-Ofarim functions as a recognized local council under the Israeli Ministry of Interior, a status granted to Beit Aryeh in 1989 following its transition from a Nahal military outpost to civilian settlement in 1981, with Ofarim incorporated via merger in 2004. Local governance adheres to Israel's Municipalities Ordinance and related laws, enabling the council to manage services such as education, sanitation, and infrastructure planning, subject to oversight by the Civil Administration for land-related approvals in Area C of the West Bank. Military Order No. 892 (1981), titled "Order Concerning the Administration of Local Councils (Judea and Samaria)," provides the legal basis for establishing and operating such councils in settlement areas, facilitating self-administration while aligning with national standards. Construction and expansion within the settlement require permits from Israeli planning authorities, coordinated through the Civil Administration's Higher , which applies Israeli building standards to authorized developments on classified as state or privately held by . Unauthorized structures face potential demolition orders under military regulations, though established portions of Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, approved via government decisions, hold legal standing under this system. This bifurcated approach—civil law for juxtaposed with military oversight of the —has persisted without full extension as of October 2025, despite legislative proposals to formalize application more comprehensively.

International Perspectives and Debates

The has characterized Israeli settlements in the , including Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, as having no legal validity and constituting a violation of , as articulated in resolutions such as 465 (1980), which called for their dismantlement to protect the prospects for peace. This position draws on Article 49 of the , prohibiting the transfer of an occupying power's civilian population into occupied territory, a view reaffirmed in subsequent UN actions critiquing settlement expansions, including approvals for housing units in Ofarim in 2016. The of Justice's 2004 similarly deemed such settlements illegal, influencing global bodies to view them as obstacles to a . The consistently holds that settlements like Beit Aryeh-Ofarim breach , urging to cease construction and expansion, as stated in its 2024 report on settlements covering the period January to December. foreign policy statements, including those from High Representative in 2025, emphasize that settlement activities undermine security, fuel instability, and contravene obligations under the , prompting calls for reviewing trade ties with settlement-related entities. Multiple member states, alongside the and UN, have echoed this in joint condemnations of broader settlement policies, though enforcement remains limited by political divisions. Legal debates hinge on interpretive disputes over the Fourth Geneva Convention's application: proponents of illegality, including UN and assessments, equate settlement residency with state-orchestrated , despite voluntary migration patterns. Israeli officials and scholars like counter that no Palestinian entity existed prior to , rendering the disputed rather than occupied, and that civilian movements lack the coercive "transfer" prohibited by the convention—arguments bolstered by the absence of explicit language barring voluntary settlement in non- lands. These contentions highlight systemic variances in source evaluations, where bodies like the UN—often critiqued for disproportionate resolutions on (over 30% of condemnations targeting it despite comprising 0.1% of global population)—prioritize consensus over bilateral historical claims, such as Jordan's 1948-1967 unrecognized by most states. U.S. positions have fluctuated, with administrations post-2017 under Trump advancing recognition of settlement legality in specific contexts, though reverting under Biden to alignment with international consensus without formal shifts on sites like Beit Aryeh-Ofarim.

Controversies and Criticisms

Environmental and Resource Disputes

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim has been implicated in localized overflows affecting adjacent Palestinian agricultural areas. In May 2022, from the settlement flooded lands belonging to the village of al-Luban al-Gharbiyye in the governorate, near the , resulting in the destruction of 13 olive trees aged approximately 20 years and broader contamination of used for farming. This incident reflects patterns of inadequate infrastructure in settlements, where overflows during heavy rains or system failures frequently spill into nearby wadis and fields. Such discharges contribute to soil salinization and reduced in downstream Palestinian communities, with untreated or partially treated from settlements posing risks to in the shared Mountain Aquifer. Israeli settlements in the region, including Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, rely on centralized systems managed by Israeli authorities, but enforcement of treatment standards remains inconsistent, exacerbating . Palestinian reports attribute these issues to settlement expansion outpacing capacity, though Israeli officials have cited technical malfunctions rather than systemic neglect. Resource disputes also encompass water allocation disparities, with Beit Aryeh-Ofarim connected to Israel's national grid via , enabling higher per capita consumption—averaging 300 liters per day—compared to the 70-90 liters typical in nearby Palestinian areas, straining shared aquifers amid limited Palestinian access to permits for wells or upgrades. These dynamics, while not unique to the settlement, intensify local tensions over sustainable resource use in the Binyamin region, where settlement sewage serves over 5,000 residents but impacts surrounding villages like al-Luban al-Gharbiyye. No major quarrying operations are documented within Beit Aryeh-Ofarim itself, distinguishing it from other sites with active extraction.

Security and Land Conflicts

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim, located in the central near major Palestinian population centers such as , has faced recurrent security threats from Palestinian terrorist attacks, particularly during the 2015-2016 wave of violence. On December 10, 2015, a vehicular ramming attack near Beit Aryeh injured four Israeli soldiers, one seriously, when a Palestinian driver struck a group standing by the road before fleeing; the attacker's vehicle was later recovered by security forces. Days later, on December 14, 2015, rock-throwing targeted vehicles near the settlement, lightly injuring three Israelis. An attempted occurred at the entrance to Beit Aryeh, where a Palestinian assailant was shot and neutralized by a civilian guard. Shooting incidents escalated in late 2016 amid broader unrest. On , 2016, an Israeli civilian was lightly wounded in a near Ofarim, with the attackers firing from a vehicle before escaping toward . The day prior, another shooting near Beit Aryeh-Ofarim wounded a civilian lightly, highlighting vulnerabilities along access roads. Reports of gunfire near Ofarim prompted IDF searches, though no immediate casualties were reported. These events reflect patterns of low-level in the Binyamin region, where settlements like Beit Aryeh-Ofarim rely on IDF patrols and barriers for protection, though critics argue response times and coordination with Palestinian authorities remain inadequate. Land conflicts center on the settlement's establishment and expansions, which Israel attributes to security needs and utilization of uncultivated state land, while Palestinian sources and advocacy groups claim expropriation of private or village lands from nearby communities like Aboud and Al-Lubban al-Gharbi. Beit Aryeh was founded in 1981 and Ofarim in 1988 on terrain declared state land by Israeli authorities, a classification contested as facilitating settlement growth without formal purchase. In 2011, Israel's Ministry of Defense approved 100 new housing units and a bypass road for Beit Aryeh, involving land reallocation justified as enhancing connectivity and security amid ongoing threats. Further disputes arose over infrastructure projects. In 2018, Israeli forces seized approximately 155 dunams (38 acres) of to construct a segregated linking Beit Aryeh to other settlements, a move Palestinian officials described as to bypass Palestinian areas. In August 2016, the Civil Administration retroactively legalized 179 homes in Ofarim and advanced plans for additional units, drawing international criticism but defended by as correcting prior outposts on state . These actions occur against a backdrop of legal challenges in Israeli courts, where some private Palestinian claims have led to demolitions or restrictions, though state land declarations predominate for approved expansions.

Achievements and Defenses

Beit Aryeh-Ofarim has demonstrated steady and infrastructural growth since its establishment. Founded in as Beit Aryeh with an initial 60 families on a green hill in western , it achieved formal recognition as a local council in 1989. In 2004, it merged with the adjacent Ofarim settlement (established 1989), expanding administrative scope and services under the unified Beit Aryeh-Ofarim Local Council. By 2021, the reached 5,653 residents, with 5,689 total inhabitants including non-residents, reflecting sustained demographic expansion. The locality holds a socio-economic cluster rating of 6 out of 10 in Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics profile, positioning it as moderately developed relative to national standards. Community organizations underscore local achievements in social and recreational spheres. Active entities include a supporting educational and welfare initiatives, with annual contributions exceeding 65,000 ILS from Israeli donors. Sports programs feature the Maccabi Beit Aryeh-Ofarim association, which sustains operations through structured financial reporting and community engagement. The allocates targeted funding for youth movements, sports clubs, and community associations, as outlined in its 2025 support procedures, fostering participation and local cohesion. Public amenities such as a municipal enhance cultural access for residents. Economic infrastructure advancements include the approval of detailed plan T/202 for an industrial zone, deposited in May 2025 and validated in September 2025, aimed at bolstering and development opportunities adjacent to the council's core areas. This zoning supports the council's rural-yet-accessible profile, located 15-20 minutes from central , enabling a balance of agricultural and modern living. In security terms, the council maintains defensive capabilities through coordinated measures, including a local for training and preparedness. Despite proximity to contested areas, the settlement's framework under Israeli administration provides layered protection via IDF oversight, contributing to resident stability amid regional threats.

Notable Residents

Prominent Individuals

, co-creator of the video game series and vice president of creative at , grew up partly in Beit Aryeh-Ofarim after his family relocated there from in 1981. Born in 1978, Druckmann has cited experiences from his childhood in the settlement, including exposure to regional violence, as influencing his storytelling themes of survival and conflict. Doron Matalon, born on May 20, 1993, in , served as 2014 and competed in the pageant that year. A former sergeant in the Israeli Defense Forces' Northern Command, she has advocated against following a personal incident in 2011. Aleks Tarn (born 1955), a Russian-language author, playwright, and publicist, has resided in Beit Aryeh-Ofarim since immigrating to in 1989. His works include novels and essays exploring and historical themes, published in Hebrew and Russian editions. Naftali Bennett, who served as Israel's from June 2021 to June 2022, resided briefly in Beit Aryeh-Ofarim for several months around 2000, though the short duration limited local recognition of his connection.

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  46. https://www.facebook.com/p/%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A6%25D7%2594-%25D7%259E%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%25A2%25D7%2595%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D-100063506684551/
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  50. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Beit-Aryeh-Ofarim/Tel-Aviv
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  54. https://poica.org/2025/09/nablus-governorates-archaeological-sites-face-israeli-expropriation-plans/
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  56. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-204430/
  57. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/124194-160831-israel-approves-466-new-west-bank-settlement-homes-despite-un-criticism
  58. https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/11/20/bed-and-breakfast-stolen-land/tourist-rental-listings-west-bank-settlements
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  68. http://balasan.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Urgent-Appeal-to-UN-Special-Procedures-on-the-Imminent-Threats-on-the-Palestinian-Christian-Presence_BIHR_15-Aug-2025.pdf
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  87. https://forward.com/schmooze/213016/6-things-you-didnt-know-about-miss-israel-doron-ma/
  88. https://forward.com/life/194499/israeli-beauty-queen-fights-for-women/
  89. https://www.amazon.com/Aleks-Tarn/e/B001I0SXPA
  90. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/naftali-bennett-israel-prime-minister/2021/06/05/895e6f54-c461-11eb-89a4-b7ae22aa193e_story.html
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