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Brigach
The Brigach in Donaueschingen
Map
Location
CountryGermany
StateBaden-Württemberg
DistrictSchwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
Reference no.DE: 1112
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationin Brigach near St. Georgen im Schwarzwald
 • coordinates48°06′24″N 8°16′51″E / 48.10667°N 8.28083°E / 48.10667; 8.28083
 • elevationca. 925 m above sea level (NHN) [2]
Mouth 
 • location
Confluence: with the Breg to form the Danube east of Donaueschingen
 • coordinates
47°57′03″N 8°31′13″E / 47.950972°N 8.5201833°E / 47.950972; 8.5201833
 • elevation
ca. 672 m above sea level (NN) [2]
Length40.4 km (25.1 mi)[1]
Basin size196.7 km2 (75.9 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationat Donaueschingen / Brigach gauge[3]
 • average3.21 m3/s (113 cu ft/s)
 • minimumRecord low: 250 L/s (8.8 cu ft/s) (in 1997)
Average low: 500 L/s (18 cu ft/s)
Basin features
ProgressionDanube→ Black Sea
Landmarks

The Brigach is the shorter of two streams that jointly form the river Danube in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Brigach has its source at 925 m (3,035 ft) above sea level within St. Georgen in the Black Forest. The Brigach crosses the city Villingen-Schwenningen. 40.4 km (25.1 mi) from the source, the Brigach joins the Breg in Donaueschingen to form the Danube River.

Name

[edit]

The name Brigach is of Celtic origin and means "light coloured, pure water". A relief found here points to the goddess, Abnoba.[4]

Geography

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
Confluence with the Breg (left) to form the Danube (foreground)

One source of the Brigach is impounded in the cellar of a farmhouse in the upper valley near the village of Brigach and may be visited by the public. On the official state water map the Brigach begins, however, at a height of about 925 m above sea level (NHN) somewhat below a small pond near this farm in the borough of Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald.[5]

Course

[edit]

The Brigach flows initially along a gently descending course and roughly east-north-east through the landscape of the Black Forest, which consists here of open fields across the width of the valley with woods on the accompanying heights, before reaching the first large village of Sankt Georgen. From here Baden's Black Forest Railway runs down to the mouth of the valley. In Sankt Georgen, the river is already 100 metres below the surrounding highland and it now swings slowly around the woods of the Röhlinswald on the right to head southeast through a typical high Black Forest landscape of scattered settlements. By the place where the Brigach is joined from the WNW by its first long tributary, the Röhlinsbach, it leaves the parish of Sankt Georgen and enters a valley called the Groppertal, a protected landscape about half a square kilometre in area, which lies within the municipality of Unterkirnach and the town of Villingen-Schwenningen. It continues down the valley until it is joined, near Kirnach railway station outside the village of Villingen, by its most important tributary, the Kirnach which has a length of over 12 kilometres and a catchment of 33 km2. In this area the Birgach runs for just under a quarter of a kilometre alongside the railway line which itself runs close to the right side of the valley, below the hillside.

Shortly thereafter, the Brigach leaves the Black Forest behind, about halfway along its course, and enters the much flatter Baar region near Villingen, which is dominated by open countryside, with larger settlements than in its upper reaches. In the middle of the town, it changes direction to the south and receives a number of tributaries from the north, of which two are from the Black Forest to the west and are more than 10 kilometres long: the Warenbach, whose confluence is in the borough of Villingen, and the Holenbach whose confluence is in the next municipality of Brigachtal. Below the village of Klengen, the Brigach passes over the boundary of the district into the borough of Donaueschingen. Once again, the valley passes through wooded hills, the river develops meanders and then swings left on an easterly course through the urban part of the borough. In the left-hand part of the castle park, a karst spring, which has been regarded as a source of the Danube for centuries and whose upper reaches are called the Donaubach ("Danube Stream") is routed underground through the park into the Brigach. Its confluence is marked by a temple dedicated to the former German Emperor, Kaiser William II. Compared with its two headstreams, this source of the Danube is, however, hydrologically insignificant. A mile and a half east of the Donaubach spring, the Brigach unites with the Breg, a river which joins from the right and originates in the High Black Forest, to form the River Danube.

The Brigach descends through more than 250 metres during its course which is approximately 40.5 kilometres long.

Catchment

[edit]

The Brigach's catchment covers an area of 196.7 km2 and lies entirely within the county of Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, almost two-thirds within the Black Forest, the remaining eastern area is part of the Baar. Within its catchment the Brigach flows very close to its northern and then eastern side. Through the centre of the catchment is the Kirnach which flows very consistently towards the south-southeast and rises very close to the source of the Brigach. The watershed, which is close to the Kirnach to the northwest, separates it from the catchment of the Gutach which flows via the Kinzig into the River Rhine and, in its subsequent northeasterly course from the Schiltach to the upper Kinzig. Beyond the long northeastern watershed the upper Neckar and its tributaries also drain into the Rhine. On the remaining outer edge of the catchment, by contrast, precipitation flows into the Danube. In front of the short southeastern boundary there are only a few significant tributaries into this river. Beyond the long southwestern perimeter lies the considerably larger catchment (291.5 km2[6]) of the right-hand Danube tributary, the Breg.

The highest point in the catchment is about a kilometre southwest of the source on the summit of the Kesselberg (1,024.2 m above NN). This is the tripoint of the catchments of the Gutach to the northwest, the Brigach to the east and the Breg to the southwest.

Tributaries

[edit]

This list shows those tributaries that are over 3.0 km long, together with the direction and location of their confluence. They are listed in order from source to mouth. For the full list of tributaries with additional data, see de:Liste der Zuflüsse der Brigach.

  • Röhlinbach (right, Stockburg Mill, St. Georgen)
  • Kirnach (right, Kirnach railway station, Villingen-Schwenningen)
  • Krebsgraben (left, Villingen)
  • Ziegelbach (left, Villingen)
  • Steppach (left, Villingen)
  • Warenbach (right, Villingen)
  • Talbach (left, Villingen-Marbach)
  • Holenbach (right, Brigachtal-Kirchdorf)

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Brigach

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from Grokipedia
The Brigach is a 40.4-kilometer-long river in the Black Forest region of , , serving as one of the two primary headstreams of the River, Europe's second-longest river. The shorter Brigach joins the longer Breg (47 km) at to form the Danube conventionally, though the Breg is the hydrological main source. It originates at an of 925 meters near the Hirz farm in St. Georgen im Schwarzwald and flows northward through the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis district, characterized by its passage through forested valleys and small settlements. The river's watershed covers 195 square kilometers, contributing to the hydrological network of the Upper basin. The Brigach converges with the Breg River at Donaueschingen, marking the conventional starting point of the Danube, which then extends 2,850 kilometers southeastward to the Black Sea, where it discharges a mean annual volume of 6,550 cubic meters per second, draining a total basin of 817,000 square kilometers across 19 countries. This confluence, located at an elevation of around 678 meters, symbolizes the river's role in one of Europe's most vital waterways. Historically, the Brigach's significance is captured in the German proverb "Brigach und Breg bringen die Donau zuweg," underscoring its essential contribution to forming the Danube. Ecologically, the river supports diverse riparian habitats in the Black Forest, including limestone-influenced springs and groundwater-fed tributaries that enhance regional biodiversity. Beyond its geographical importance, the Brigach has shaped local culture and tourism in the Black Forest, where its clear waters attract hikers and nature enthusiasts to trails along its course, while also playing a role in historical debates over the 's true source during the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, it remains integral to water management efforts under international frameworks like the International Commission for the Protection of the River (ICPDR), ensuring sustainable flow amid climate and land-use pressures.

Geography

Sources

The Brigach River originates as a spring emerging from the grounds of the Hirzbauernhof in the Brigach near St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, within the of , . The primary source is situated at an elevation of approximately 925 meters above , with precise coordinates at 48°06′24″N 8°16′51″E. This spring, originally issuing from the farm's cellar and later refaced outdoors, holds historical significance as a site likely sacred to the , evidenced by ancient stone carvings depicting a stag, hare, and —symbols interpreted as deities—surrounding three human heads. From its source, the river initially flows southeastward through the densely forested terrain. The upper course features a moderate initial gradient of about 2.5%, contributing to a steady elevation drop as it descends from the highland plateau.

Course

The Brigach follows a southeasterly course over a total length of 40.3 km through the southern portions of the and into the Baar region of , . Beginning its journey near St. Georgen im Schwarzwald at an elevation of approximately 925 m above , the river carves through densely forested valleys characteristic of the highlands, where steep gradients and wooded slopes dominate the landscape. As it progresses, the Brigach passes through the urban area of , where the terrain begins to moderate, reflecting the transition from the rugged, elevation-rich to the broader, less incised features of the Baar plateau. The river maintains a consistent downward , descending an overall 253 m in to reach its with the Breg east of at 672 m above sea level (coordinates: 47°57′3″N 8°31′13″E), where the two streams officially form the . This results in an average bed gradient of 6.3 ‰, contributing to a steady flow through varied topographic zones. In , the area was renaturalized as part of an ecological restoration project, relocating the joining point slightly upstream by approximately 300 meters to improve river dynamics and habitats. In the final segments near , the Brigach crosses the relatively flat, open expanses of the Baar plateau, a high-lying landscape with gentle undulations and broad alluvial deposits, marking a clear shift from the enclosed, forested uplands upstream. Throughout its path, the Brigach encounters several notable tributaries that influence its channel but do not alter its primary southeasterly direction. Near the terminus, the river physically integrates waters from the nearby Donauquelle, a prominent in the palace grounds, enhancing flow just prior to the .

Hydrology

Catchment Area

The catchment area of the Brigach encompasses 196.7 km² and lies entirely within the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis district in , . This forms a key component of the upper system, capturing precipitation from the surrounding uplands and channeling it toward the river's course. The area is predominantly rural, with dense forest cover dominating the landscape and influencing local water retention and runoff patterns. Geologically, the basin is situated mostly within the Southern Black Forest Nature Park, characterized by forested uplands composed of crystalline basement rocks such as gneiss and granite in the western Black Forest portions. Toward the east, it extends into the Baar plateau, where limestone formations prevail, giving rise to karst features including sinkholes and underground drainage systems that affect surface water distribution. The boundaries are delineated by the northern and southern limits of the Black Forest highlands, with the eastern edge reaching the Baar plateau near Donaueschingen, separating it from adjacent watersheds like those of the Rhine tributaries. As one of the two primary headwater streams of the , the Brigach's basin contributes about 40% of the initial drainage area to the Danube at its official source in , where it merges with the Breg (291 km² basin), establishing the river's foundational hydrological base of approximately 488 km² combined. Several major tributaries, such as the Kirnach, drain into this basin, enhancing its overall water collection.

Discharge

The discharge of the Brigach is monitored at the gauge, representing a sub-basin of 193 km² located approximately 2.9 km upstream from its with the Breg. The long-term average discharge (MQ) at this station is 3.21 m³/s (as of ), reflecting the river's moderate flow regime influenced by the local and precipitation patterns. Key hydrological parameters at the Donaueschingen gauge include the mean minimum discharge (MNQ) of 0.70 m³/s (as of ) and a discharge (HQ100) of 132 m³/s, indicating significant variability between low- and high-flow conditions. A record low of 0.31 m³/s was observed on 03.10.1997, highlighting vulnerability to droughts.
ParameterValueUnitNotes
Average Discharge (MQ)3.21m³/sLong-term mean for 193 km² sub-basin (as of 2016)
Minimum (MNQ)0.70m³/sMean low water (as of 2016)
100-Year Flood (HQ100)132m³/sExtreme event estimate (as of 2024)
Record Low0.31m³/s1997 drought minimum
The Brigach's flow shows pronounced seasonal variations, driven by the Black Forest's high annual precipitation of around 1,500 mm, which peaks in summer thunderstorms and winter snowmelt, leading to elevated discharges from November to April and reduced flows in late summer. Compared to the Breg, the Brigach exhibits a lower average discharge, contributing to ongoing debates about the Danube's true source, as the Breg's greater (5.70 m³/s at its Donaueschingen gauge for a 291 km² basin) suggests it as the primary headwater despite the Brigach's greater length.

Tributaries

The Brigach is fed by 23 named tributaries along its 43 km course, comprising 12 left-bank and 11 right-bank streams, which progressively augment its discharge from an initial modest flow to approximately 3.2 m³/s by the with the Breg. These tributaries drain forested slopes and plateaus in the Black Forest, adding vital to the main channel and supporting its role as a Danube headwater. Among the most significant is the Kirnach, the largest tributary by catchment area, which enters from the right bank near the disused Kirnach railway station in Villingen-Schwenningen after a 12.4 km course through the eastern Black Forest. Its drainage basin spans roughly 33 km², primarily within the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, contributing substantially to the Brigach's mid-course hydrology. Near the source in St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, the Röhlinbach joins from the right bank at the Stockburg Mill, an early addition measuring about 5 km in length with additional sub-tributaries extending its influence to 9 km total. Further along the mid-course, the Warenbach (also known upstream as Wieselsbach) enters from the right bank near , spanning over 6 km and draining local moorlands. The Holenbach (upper reaches as Wolfbach), a left-bank , confluences at Kirchdorf in after more than 3 km, bolstering flow through agricultural lowlands. These integrations occur primarily between river kilometers 20 and 30, enhancing the Brigach's stability downstream.
TributaryBankLength (approx.)Catchment (approx.)Confluence Location
KirnachRight12.4 km33 km²Villingen-Schwenningen (Kirnach station)
RöhlinbachRight5 kmNot specifiedSt. Georgen (Stockburg Mill)
WarenbachRight6 kmNot specified
HolenbachLeft>3 kmNot specified (Kirchdorf)

History

Etymology

The name of the Brigach river originates from Celtic linguistic roots, with "Brig" denoting "bright and loud" and the "ach" signifying "water," reflecting the river's clear, vigorous flow from its source. This etymology aligns with ancient Celtic terminology for mountain streams characterized by their purity and luminosity, often evoking images of swift, luminous waters emerging from elevated terrains. The term "Brig-" in Celtic nomenclature frequently connoted "light-colored" or "pure water," suggesting the river's name evolved from descriptors of its pristine, transparent quality as it descends from the highlands. Such naming conventions were common among Celtic peoples for hydrological features, emphasizing natural clarity and vitality over mere geographical placement. In Celtic mythology, the Brigach held sacred status as a source of pure water, potentially linked to the worship of the goddess Abnoba, a deity associated with rivers and forests in the Black Forest region; a stone relief discovered at the Brigach spring near St. Georgen depicts elements tied to Abnoba (often syncretized with Diana), underscoring the site's ritual significance. This cultural reverence highlights the river's role as a venerated natural element, embodying purity and life-giving forces in pre-Roman traditions.

Early Records and Development

The earliest historical reference to the Brigach appears in a medieval document from 1084, where it is named "Brichena" in the phrase "ab fontibus Brichena," denoting its springs. Subsequent records from the 11th and 12th centuries, such as "Brigana" in 1095 and "Brigen" in 1234, reflect its growing recognition in regional charters tied to monastic and noble possessions in the Black Forest area. In the medieval era, the Brigach was integral to the economic and social development of the , powering early water mills and sawmills that processed grain and timber for local use. Settlements emerged along its banks to leverage these resources, with the town of Brigach itself documented as "Brigen" by 1337 and deriving its name from the river, underscoring how the waterway shaped human habitation and forestry practices in the densely wooded highlands. These activities supported subsistence economies, as the river's consistent flow enabled reliable mechanical power amid the challenging terrain. By the , systematic mapping by geographers and surveyors elevated the Brigach's profile in scholarly discussions, particularly amid debates on the Danube's true origin, where it was affirmed as one of two principal headstreams alongside the Breg. The valley's path also contributed modestly to regional networks, facilitating the downstream movement of forest products like timber, which were vital to exports during industrialization.

Ecology

Environmental Features

The Brigach, originating in the densely forested Black Forest region of southwestern Germany, features a landscape dominated by coniferous flora typical of montane environments. Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba) form the primary canopy in the surrounding uplands, comprising over 80% of the tree cover in many areas, with spruce alone accounting for approximately 70% of conifer stands. Along the river's riparian zones, deciduous species such as black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and various willows (Salix spp., including grey sallow and goat willow) thrive in the moist, floodplain-like habitats, stabilizing banks and providing shade to the stream. These riparian woodlands support seasonal wildflowers, including species like cowslips (Primula veris), which bloom in spring meadows adjacent to the river, contributing to the area's floral diversity. Faunal diversity along the Brigach reflects its clean, oxygen-rich waters and varied habitats. In the upper reaches, salmonid fish such as the (Salmo trutta) inhabit the cool, fast-flowing sections, supported by the river's gravelly substrates suitable for spawning. Semi-aquatic mammals like the (Lutra lutra) frequent the riverbanks, preying on fish and amphibians in the undisturbed riparian corridors, while the (Alcedo atthis) is observed along the stream, diving for small fish and invertebrates. Insect communities, particularly in the limestone-influenced segments of the catchment, exhibit notable diversity, with bryophytes and aquatic macroinvertebrates like water mites (Hydrachnidia) serving as indicators of habitat health. The Brigach's water quality remains generally high, benefiting from its predominantly forested catchment, which filters runoff and maintains low nutrient levels, with pH values typically ranging from 5.2 to 7.7 and oligosaprobic to β-mesosaprobic conditions indicating minimal organic pollution. However, vulnerabilities persist due to historical impacts in the Black Forest and the effects of conifer monocultures, which enhance and acidification through increased interception and needle litter decomposition, potentially stressing sensitive aquatic species. The region's high , averaging 1,500–2,200 mm annually, drives consistent that sustains habitats along floodplains and side channels, fostering moist refugia for amphibians and amid the surrounding coniferous forests.

Protected Areas and Conservation

The Brigach river and its surrounding valley are integrated into the Naturpark Südschwarzwald, a 3,700 square kilometer protected landscape in dedicated to preserving the natural character of the southern through sustainable management practices. This encompasses the upper reaches of the Brigach, promoting habitat connectivity and limiting intensive land use to maintain ecological integrity. Additionally, portions of the Brigach basin fall within the Südöstlicher Schwarzwald , recognized as a Fauna-Flora-Habitat (FFH) area under the EU's network, which safeguards diverse habitats including alluvial forests and landscapes along the river's course. Specific protected sites along the Brigach include the Groppertal landscape area (Landschaftsschutzgebiet Groppertal, No. 3.26.009), a roughly 5.4 square kilometer zone in the area, where restrictions on development and forestry activities aim to protect the valley's near-natural forests and riparian zones. Under , the Brigach's springs and associated groundwater-dependent ecosystems are designated for conservation, focusing on habitat types such as petrifying springs with formation (H6110) to prevent degradation from hydrological alterations. Conservation efforts address key threats such as intensive forestry practices, which have historically led to and reduced shading in riparian areas, exacerbating water temperature rises. Climate change poses additional risks through induced drying, with prolonged low-flow periods observed in the Brigach during summer months, potentially impacting in karst systems. To counter these, restoration projects target riparian zones, including the removal of invasive non-native trees and the installation of natural flow structures like root wads and groynes to enhance diversity and resilience along stretches in Brigachtal and . Ongoing monitoring of in the Brigach is conducted by the Landesanstalt für Umwelt (LUBW), which tracks parameters such as nutrient levels, oxygen content, and trace substances through regular sampling and online stations to ensure compliance with EU Water Framework Directive standards and detect pollution from upstream activities. These assessments support , including measures to mitigate forestry runoff and climate-driven changes, while briefly noting the river's role in sustaining local such as aquatic .

Significance

Role in Danube Formation

The Brigach converges with the Breg in , , to form the River, marking the conventional starting point of Europe's second-longest river. This occurs approximately 1.6 kilometers east of the town's symbolic Donaubach spring, where the two headstreams unite their waters after traversing the highlands. Hydrologically, the Brigach—measuring about 43 kilometers in length with a smaller discharge—yields precedence to the Breg as the "true" , given the latter's greater length of around 47 kilometers and higher water volume. This underscores the scientific preference for the Breg's origin near Furtwangen, despite the Brigach's role in the at the . Traditionally, has been recognized as the Danube's source since the , promoted by local rulers to symbolize regional prestige, contrasting with earlier historical claims. A longstanding German proverb captures this dual contribution: "Brigach und Breg bringen die Donau zuweg," emphasizing how both streams collaboratively initiate the river. Symbolically, the Brigach embodies the Danube's Black Forest origins, contributing to the formation of the , which has a total length of approximately 2,850 km from its longest headstream, flowing southeastward through ten countries to the , highlighting its ecological and cultural linkage from alpine springs to vast delta ecosystems.

Human Settlements and Economy

The Brigach River, originating in the , flows through several notable human settlements in , , shaping local geography and development due to its role as a water source and valley former. Emerging at an elevation of 925 meters near the Hirzbauernhof farm in the municipality of St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, the river defines the upper course landscape, supporting dispersed rural communities before entering more urbanized mid-reaches. St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, located at the river's source area, exemplifies early industrial heritage tied to the Brigach's waters, with a long tradition in clockmaking that leveraged the region's forested resources for wooden components and precision craftsmanship. Historical workshops proliferated here from the , employing thousands in the production of mechanical timepieces, a legacy preserved in local museums and routes. Further downstream, the river passes through smaller communities like Brigachtal and Unterkirnach, where it bisects valleys and supports traditional village structures centered on and small-scale ; Brigachtal, named for the river, incorporates historic districts such as Klengen, while Unterkirnach features sites along its banks. In its mid-course, the Brigach traverses Villingen-Schwenningen, a major industrial center with approximately 90,000 residents, where the river's flow historically powered early manufacturing and now integrates into urban green spaces and infrastructure. The city's economy evolved from clock and watch production—once dubbing Schwenningen the "world's largest clock city"—to broader precision engineering, with the Brigach providing hydrological features like confluences with tributaries such as the Kirnach. At its terminus, the Brigach meets the Breg River just east of Donaueschingen, a town of around 21,000 inhabitants anchored by the Baroque Fürstenberg Palace, a 18th-century residence that overlooks the confluence and symbolizes princely ties to the waterway's symbolic importance. Economic activities along the Brigach have historically centered on milling and forestry, with the river's steady flow enabling water-powered grain and sawmills in valleys from the medieval period onward. Timber harvesting in surrounding coniferous forests supplied local industries, including clockmaking, while restored farm mills in areas like St. Georgen highlight this legacy. In modern times, the river contributes to water supply for regional municipalities, drawing from its pristine headwaters to provide amid the 's aquifers. Small-scale hydropower installations harness the Brigach's gradient for , particularly in the upper reaches, supporting sustainable without large dams. Agriculture remains limited in the Baar plateau downstream, constrained by the region's soils and elevation, focusing on hay production and rather than intensive cropping. The 's direct basin, spanning about 197 square kilometers within the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, sustains a of approximately 58,000 people, influencing settlement patterns through flood-prone valleys and watershed boundaries. The river serves as a natural administrative divide in parts of , separating communities while fostering interconnected economic zones reliant on its resources.

References

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  43. https://en.schwarzwaldportal.com/klima.html
  44. https://www.villingen-schwenningen.de/verkehr-natur/umwelt-und-klima/naturschutz/
  45. https://rpf.baden-wuerttemberg.de/service/presse/medienmitteilungen/artikel/brigach-in-brigachtal-schwarzwald-baar-kreis-wird-revitalisiert/
  46. https://rpf.baden-wuerttemberg.de/service/presse/medienmitteilungen/artikel/brigach-in-villingen-wird-naturnah-umgebaut/
  47. https://www.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/wasser/fliessgewaesserdaten
  48. https://pudi.lubw.de/detailseite/-/publication/10504-Ergebnisse_der_Untersuchung_von_Flie%25C3%259Fgew%25C3%25A4ssern_2013_-_2021.pdf
  49. https://www.blackforestfamily.com/travel-in-germany/finding-the-true-source-of-the-danube-in-the-black-forest
  50. https://mystictrails.net/blog/black-forest-the-danubes-sacred-origin/
  51. https://www.blackforest-highlights.com/poi/detail/source-of-the-danube-of-the-breg-62f942bbed
  52. https://www.schwarzwald-aktuell.eu/gschichtle/gschichtle-76-brigach-und-breg-bringen-die-donau-zuweg/
  53. https://www.britannica.com/place/Danube-River
  54. https://www.hochschwarzwald.de/en/attractions/brigachquelle-7ac9b3c9cb
  55. https://www.blackforest-highlights.com/experience/culture-tradition/cuckoo-clock
  56. https://www.black-forest-travel.com/brigachtal/
  57. https://kath-se-brigach-kirnach.de/
  58. https://www.villingen-schwenningen.de/en/tourism-experience/leisure-recreation/hiking/
  59. https://www.museumspass.com/en/museum/uhrenindustriemuseum-villingen-schwenningen
  60. http://fuerstenberg-kultur.de/en/schloesser-und-parks/donaueschingen/
  61. https://www.visiting-germany.de/st-georgen.html
  62. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816217300930
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