Hubbry Logo
CosmolineCosmolineMain
Open search
Cosmoline
Community hub
Cosmoline
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Cosmoline
Cosmoline
Cosmoline
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Look up cosmoline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cosmoline is the genericized trademark for a common class of brown, wax-like petroleum-based corrosion inhibitors, typically conforming to United States Military Standard MIL-C-11796C Class 3.[1] They are viscous when freshly applied, have a slight fluorescence, and solidify over time with exposure to air. The main ingredient in cosmoline is aliphatic petroleum solvent, which is volatile and evaporates over time.[2]

Description

[edit]

Cosmoline was developed by Houghton International in the 1860s or 1870s as a pharmaceutical product. The original Cosmoline was an ointment and was used for many different cosmetic and medical purposes, including to promote hair growth.[3] It was kept in homes to disinfect wounds and was used by veterinarians to treat cuts, abrasions, bruises and sprains. Cosmoline could be found on farms, where it was used to relieve swelling in cow's udders.

Cosmoline became widely known when it received a government specification as a rust preventive and began its use by the military to protect various equipment from rust and corrosion.[4] Cosmoline could be found on military equipment in the Spanish–American War, World War I, World War II, and the Korean and Vietnam Wars.[5][6] Cosmoline conforms to MIL-SPEC (MIL-C-11796C, Class 3) for Preservative and Sealing Compounds.[7]

Chemically, cosmoline is a homogeneous mixture of oily and waxy long-chain, non-polar hydrocarbons. It is always brown in color, but can differ in viscosity and shear strength. Cosmoline melts at 45–52 °C (113–126 °F) and has a flash point of 185 °C (365 °F).

Use

[edit]

The most common use of cosmoline is in the storage and preservation of some firearms, hand tools, machine tools and their tooling, and marine equipment.[8] Entire vehicles can be preserved with cosmoline, as was attempted with Miss Belvedere.

Cosmoline is also frequently applied to automotive disc brake rotors at the factory, to prevent corrosion inside the box before the rotor is placed into service on a vehicle. It is easily removed by spraying brake cleaner on the braking surfaces of the rotor although brake pad manufacturers do not recommend this technique.[citation needed] These manufacturers recommend that rotors be washed with dish soap and water to remove cosmoline, as well as after machining brake drums and rotors.

During World War II cosmoline was used to coat weapons, including entire tanks, for long sea voyages, to prevent corrosion in salty maritime conditions.[citation needed] U.S. Coast Artillerymen serving the huge coastal artillery batteries were known as "Cosmoliners" as they were regularly assigned the task of "greasing down" their big guns.

Cosmoline was also used during the Pacific island campaigns in World War II by the United States Marines, who sang a song about it[9] to the tune of the popular big-band hit Tangerine: "Cosmoline ... keeps my rifle clean". Many felt that it had been invented not merely to prevent rust on their weapons but for making soldiers' lives miserable. Historical fiction author W. E. B. Griffin, in his 1986 novel Semper Fi, describes in great detail the difficulties that cosmoline removal presented to a typical group of U.S. Marine Corps officer candidates in the months leading up to U.S. involvement in World War II.

Aging and removal

[edit]

Freshly applied cosmoline, or that which is hermetically sealed in a plastic bag or shrink wrap, retains its grease-like viscosity and wipes near clean with a rag, leaving only a thin film behind.[10] Older cosmoline which has had air exposure usually solidifies after a few years, once its volatile hydrocarbon fraction evaporates and leaves behind only the waxy remainder. This solid wax does not readily wipe off. It can be removed with laborious scraping but leaves crumbs to be swept or vacuumed away.[11]

An effective and non-abrasive method to remove cosmoline safely is accomplished using a dry ice blaster. High pressure compressed air with solid CO2 particles is directed to any area to be cleaned until removed. An experienced operator is required in order to protect the underlying substrate. Once removed, the cosmoline is blown away from the subject with gravity bringing it to the floor or surrounding horizontal surface. If properly performed, the results do not harm or change the finish of the protected surface. Application of gentle heat sufficient to melt the waxy hydrocarbons allows cosmoline to drip off. Penetrating oil (such as WD-40 or CRC 5-56 CLP) sprayed and allowed to soak in until cosmoline is restored to a viscous-fluid state allows it to be wiped off. A closed-cabinet parts washer may be used to power wash smaller items. An aqueous rather than petrochemical-based wash requires high heat, the proper aqueous detergent, and the correct hydraulic impact pressure.[11]

Soldiers in field conditions have often used gasoline or another handy petroleum-based solvent (such as kerosene) to clean cosmoline off stored weapons, which is also very effective; after the gasoline has time to soak in, the cosmoline returns to its viscous, oily state and can be easily wiped off.[12]

It is not recommended to use harsh chemical solvents that could strip paint, finishes, or other aesthetic/functional coatings from the gun's surface. A better solvent is Stoddard Solvent, or mineral spirits, Coleman fuel, or its camp fuel equivalent[13]

All cosmoline cleaning methods create hazardous waste that must be disposed of properly. Aqueous or solvent cleaning both have accepted methods to dispose of the "sludge" created. It has been reported that talcum powder can be used as an absorbent of cosmoline by packing the powder around the item to be cleaned and applying sufficient heat to melt the solid film, allowing the compound to be wicked from the coated surface into the talcum, which can be scraped off more easily.[14]

Cosmoline has been highly effectively cleaned from rifles using ultrasonic cleaning systems.[15] Boiling parts in water is also an effective way to remove cosmoline without damage.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Cosmoline

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Cosmoline is a petroleum-based rust-preventive and lubricant originally developed in 1865 by E.F. Houghton & Co. as their first commercial product, formulated from crude oil into a jelly-like ointment for protective applications. Initially marketed for cosmetic and such as treating cuts and burns due to its emollient properties, Cosmoline evolved into a staple industrial and material valued for its ability to form a thick, waxy barrier against and oxygen, thereby inhibiting on metals. In contexts, certain formulations conform to like MIL-PRF-16173E, where it is applied to firearms, vehicles, machinery, and other equipment during long-term storage or overseas shipment to prevent rust in harsh environments, including saltwater exposure. Modern formulations of Cosmoline, now produced by Houghton International (a subsidiary of ), typically consist of hydrotreated distillates, waxes, and additives such as calcium sulfonates, resulting in a viscous, amber-to-brown substance with a specific gravity around 0.88 and a above 100°F. It is available in various grades, including soft gels for easy application, heavy sprays for broad coverage, and solid blocks for bulk use, and is noted for being non-toxic and removable with solvents like spirits or hot . Despite its effectiveness, Cosmoline requires thorough cleaning prior to use to avoid gumming mechanisms or attracting dirt, a process often involving degreasers in industrial settings.

History

Development and Origins

Cosmoline was developed in 1865 by Edwin F. Houghton, founder of E.F. Houghton & Co., as the company's first product—a petroleum-based ointment derived from crude oil. Initially commercialized around 1870 for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses such as treating cuts and burns due to its emollient properties, it was soon adopted to address challenges in industrial machinery during the post-Civil era, providing a non-damaging protective for metal surfaces and marking an early in preservation techniques for stored equipment. By the early 20th century, Cosmoline gained prominence in military applications amid the demands of . The U.S. Army began incorporating it into preservation protocols as early as 1918, using it to coat exposed metal parts on and vehicles to inhibit rust during storage and transport in the field, as specified in bulletins from the . This adoption highlighted Cosmoline's effectiveness in preventing corrosion on bright metal surfaces, such as bores, bolts, and firing mechanisms, allowing equipment to remain serviceable after extended inactivity. Its versatility extended to veterinary uses during the war, where it served as a base in ointments for treating animal , though its primary legacy emerged from rust prevention needs in equipment preservation. Over time, formulations evolved to meet broader industrial demands, but the original version solidified its role as a staple for wartime .

Commercial Adoption and Evolution

Cosmoline's commercial adoption accelerated in the late following its initial launch by E.F. Houghton & Co. around 1870, building on its pharmaceutical roots, with the company registering the Cosmoline in 1892 for unguents. This branding facilitated wider industrial availability, transitioning Cosmoline from a specialized ointment to a go-to solution for metal protection in and early applications. Military demand drove significant market expansion during the World Wars. In , the U.S. military adopted Cosmoline extensively for preservation of firearms and equipment, marking its shift from niche industrial use to large-scale production. further amplified this growth, with Cosmoline applied across vast quantities of Allied weaponry, vehicles, and machinery to prevent during global deployment and storage, cementing its role as a wartime essential. , civilian access expanded in the late , introducing the product to gun owners, automotive enthusiasts, and general industrial users through surplus channels and direct sales. Formulations evolved throughout the to enhance performance and meet stricter standards, with early petroleum-based versions refined into more stable, solvent-dispersed compounds by the mid-century. In the , products aligned with emerging specifications like MIL-C-11796C Class 3, improving viscosity and long-term protection for diverse applications. By the 1970s, Cosmoline had become a genericized , prompting the rise of equivalent rust preventives from competitors while Houghton's branded line continued to innovate under updated specs such as MIL-PRF-16173 for superior stability and removability. Into the , under Quaker Houghton's stewardship following the 2019 merger, the brand has sustained market growth through specialized grades for automotive, , and firearms sectors.

Chemical Composition and Properties

Key Ingredients and Formulation

Cosmoline's core formulation consists primarily of hydrotreated distillates and calcium sulfonates, forming a homogeneous of oily and waxy long-chain, non-polar hydrocarbons derived from . Formulations vary by grade, typically including waxes and additives such as calcium sulfonates for enhanced protection, ensuring the product remains stable and non-reactive while providing long-term inhibition. Cosmoline is produced by blending petroleum-based components to achieve a homogeneous mixture suitable for prevention. Different RP (Rust Preventive) grades of Cosmoline are tailored for specific uses, with heavier variants like Cosmoline 221 designed for thick, durable coatings on large metal surfaces, contrasted by lighter sprays such as 80-B for easier application on intricate parts. At the chemical level, Cosmoline's efficacy stems from its non-reactive, long-chain hydrocarbons, which solidify or form a viscous barrier upon application, effectively blocking oxygen and from reaching underlying metal surfaces and thereby inhibiting electrochemical processes.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Cosmoline exhibits a characteristic to dark brown coloration and a grease-like consistency that provides a soft, malleable texture at , facilitating its application as a protective . Its ranges from 38 to 60°C, allowing it to liquefy for easier spreading during application while solidifying to form a durable barrier upon cooling. The substance is insoluble in , which enhances its water-repellent properties, but it dissolves readily in hydrocarbons, aiding in removal with appropriate solvents. As a non-aqueous compound, it is non-corrosive to metals and suitable for direct contact without promoting degradation. The compound demonstrates high , resisting oxidation for extended periods under sealed conditions, which ensures long-term preservation without degradation of its protective film. It provides effective corrosion protection in humid and saline environments, meeting military specifications such as MIL-PRF-16173E. A notable behavioral trait is its ability to creep under pressure, enabling it to migrate into crevices and seams for comprehensive coverage. Certain grades remain flexible down to -18°C, while others may increase in in cold conditions.

Applications

Military and Firearms Protection

Cosmoline has served as a key rust preventive compound for the U.S. military since the early 20th century, particularly for preserving weapons and equipment during storage and transport. During World War I, it was routinely applied to the bores and metal parts of coastal artillery guns and mortars to protect against salt air corrosion, leading to Coast Artillery Corps soldiers being nicknamed "Cosmoline Soldiers" due to the emphasis on maintenance over firing. In World War II, its use expanded significantly, with the compound coating firearms and larger artillery pieces to shield them from rust during long sea voyages and extended storage, ensuring operational readiness upon deployment. In military firearms applications, Cosmoline is applied as a thick, waxy coating to bores, actions, and wooden stocks, forming a protective barrier that seals out moisture and contaminants. This method was standard for preserving surplus rifles post-World War II, where complete immersion or heavy slathering allowed weapons to remain in excellent condition for decades; for instance, M1 Garands stored in Cosmoline have been recovered functional after over 50 years with minimal . The compound's petroleum-based formulation adheres firmly to metal and wood surfaces, providing a non-drying film that prevents oxidation without interfering with mechanical function once removed. Modern military applications continue to rely on Cosmoline formulations that comply with MIL-PRF-16173E, the U.S. Department of Defense specification for solvent-cutback preventive compounds suitable for , vehicles, and equipment protection during indoor/outdoor storage and shipment. These products offer resilient films that withstand severe environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, without cracking or losing protective efficacy, making them ideal for global operations and long-term preservation of defense assets.

Industrial and Civilian Uses

Cosmoline is widely employed in industrial settings to safeguard metal components during transportation and storage, particularly for overseas shipping where exposure to and salt is prevalent. For instance, it is applied to automotive engines and machinery parts to prevent during transoceanic voyages, forming a protective wax-like barrier that withstands harsh marine environments. Similarly, the Company utilizes Cosmoline products, such as Cosmoline-1060, as a corrosion preventive compound for components, ensuring long-term protection against in storage and transit. In civilian applications, Cosmoline serves as a reliable rust inhibitor for personal and household metal items. Gun enthusiasts commonly apply it to collectibles for preservation, coating surfaces to inhibit oxidation during long-term storage. Homeowners and hobbyists use it for tool storage in garages, where it protects hand tools and implements from humidity-induced , often applied via spray for even coverage. In marine contexts, it is used on engines to combat saltwater , providing a durable that extends equipment life in coastal or boating scenarios.

Application and Storage

Methods of Application

Prior to applying Cosmoline, metal surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove oils, grease, dirt, debris, dust, water, and loose , ensuring optimal of the compound. Cleaner surfaces promote better coverage, though light to moderate surface is generally acceptable as Cosmoline can tolerate minor imperfections. Common techniques for applying Cosmoline include brushing, which is suitable for achieving coats of typical dry film thickness (DFT) 2-3 mils (0.05-0.076 mm) on specific areas requiring robust protection. Dipping involves submerging small parts in a tank of fluid or heated Cosmoline for complete, uniform coverage, particularly effective for intricate components. Spraying, often using aerosol variants or thinned solutions with industrial equipment, allows for even distribution over larger or complex surfaces, with the solvent evaporating to leave a waxy . Best practices emphasize layering in multiple thin applications rather than a single heavy coat to minimize runs and achieve consistent thickness, allowing each layer to dry partially before the next. Post-application, sealing the treated items in protective optimizes preservation by excluding oxygen and contaminants. Essential tools include soft brushes for precise brushing, immersion tanks for dipping, and heavy-duty sprayers for or liquid application. Typical coverage is approximately 400 ft² per gallon (~0.1 kg/ at 2.5 mil DFT), depending on desired film thickness and surface area.

Long-Term Storage Effects

Over extended periods, Cosmoline undergoes an aging process where its initial flexible consistency may harden due to the evaporation of solvents and volatile hydrocarbons, resulting in a more rigid waxy film that continues to provide protection. The effectiveness of Cosmoline as a preventive endures for significant durations in appropriate conditions, with formulations like Rust Veto 342, meeting MIL-PRF-16173E Grade 4 specifications, providing over 3 years of indoor protection and up to 2 years outdoors under standard testing. Several environmental factors influence Cosmoline's longevity during storage. Temperature fluctuations can induce and contraction in the film, leading to cracking and reduced barrier integrity, though the coating remains stable without flow or fracture between -40°F and 175°F. High humidity exacerbates these effects by promoting diffusion, while stable, dry conditions maximize durability. To monitor and maintain protection, stored items coated with Cosmoline should undergo annual inspections for visible breaches, discoloration, or film degradation, using visual examination and simple adhesion tests. For critical applications, such as military equipment, reapplication is advised periodically based on inspections to replenish the and ensure optimal performance, especially following any handling or environmental exposure.

Removal and Disposal

Removal Techniques

Removing Cosmoline from protected surfaces requires careful selection of methods to avoid damaging underlying materials such as metals, polymers, or . Common approaches include mechanical, chemical, and thermal techniques, often used in combination for thorough results. These methods are particularly relevant for firearms and industrial parts where Cosmoline has been applied as a . Mechanical methods serve as a first step for removing thick, hardened layers without harsh chemicals. Scraping with tools, such as scrapers or brushes, allows for gentle removal of bulk Cosmoline from metal surfaces while minimizing the risk of scratches. For firearms, wire brushing is effective in bores and crevices, using brass or brushes to dislodge residue without abrading the . Toothbrushes or paintbrushes can access small areas, followed by wiping with shop rags or paper towels to collect loosened material. Chemical solvents dissolve Cosmoline effectively, especially for soaked-in applications. Mineral spirits or are recommended, applied via soaking or wiping; a 1:1 dilution with a carrier like or additional can aid penetration for 30-60 minutes, depending on layer thickness. Submersion in a sealed container, such as a PVC tube filled with mineral spirits, facilitates even of disassembled parts. Acetone should be avoided on polymers, as it can chemically attack and dissolve many components, such as grips or sights. Thermal approaches liquefy Cosmoline for easier extraction, particularly useful for aged or embedded coatings. Heating surfaces to approximately 60°C using a or low-temperature oven softens the compound, allowing it to be wiped away with rags; care must be taken to avoid overheating, which could warp polymers or . For small parts, ultrasonic baths filled with a like spirits or soapy , operated at 55-60°C for 15-30 minute cycles, agitate and remove residue efficiently from intricate components like bolts or triggers. Following removal, parts should be rinsed with hot soapy using dish to eliminate residues and prevent reapplication issues. Thorough drying with or cloths is essential to avoid flash on metal surfaces. Combined methods, such as initial heating followed by soaking and mechanical scrubbing, achieve high removal efficiency, often exceeding expectations for even long-stored items where aging may slightly complicate the process. with gun oil is then applied to restore functionality.

Safety and Environmental Considerations

Cosmoline poses several hazards primarily due to its petroleum-based composition. Prolonged contact can cause , necessitating the use of protective gloves during handling. of vapors or mists may lead to respiratory , drowsiness, or dizziness, with the OSHA (PEL) for mist set at 5 mg/m³ as an 8-hour time-weighted average. results in serious , requiring immediate flushing with water and medical attention if symptoms persist. is harmful, particularly due to aspiration risk, which can cause ; while small amounts may not be acutely toxic, avoidance is recommended, and medical consultation is advised. Proper handling and storage precautions minimize risks associated with Cosmoline's flammability and physical properties. It should be stored below 50°C to prevent melting or softening, with a flash point typically above 38°C (100°F) depending on the formulation, reducing fire hazards under normal conditions. Autoignition occurs at approximately 245°C, so exposure to open flames or high heat must be avoided. Containers should be kept tightly closed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from strong oxidizers, acids, or bases. Personal protective equipment, including gloves, eye protection, and respiratory gear in poorly ventilated spaces, is essential. Environmentally, Cosmoline's petroleum base limits its biodegradability, with tests indicating it is not readily biodegradable under 301 guidelines. This slow breakdown contributes to potential and contamination if improperly disposed, as it can persist and harm aquatic life, with LC50 values for ranging from 1–10 mg/L. To mitigate impacts, through authorized oil collection facilities is recommended, preventing entry into waterways or landfills. Regulatory frameworks classify Cosmoline based on its characteristics. The U.S. EPA considers it a RCRA (code D001 for ignitability) when discarded in its purchased form, requiring proper management under 40 CFR 261 to avoid environmental release. In the , REACH regulations aim to reduce environmental impacts from chemicals, including promotion of safer alternatives to persistent substances.

References

  1. https://thermalprocessing.com/company-profile-houghton-international/
  2. https://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata/petrolatum.html
  3. https://www.denix.osd.mil/ndcee/technology-portfolio-brochure/brochures/corrosion-mitigation-and-control-brochure
  4. https://www.army.mil/article/245376/army_vehicles_get_camod_up_at_the_paint_booth
  5. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-rp-342-heavy-spray-military-grade-rust-preventive/
  6. https://www.jmnspecialties.com/downloads/sds/1962-cosmoline-sds/file
  7. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/content/Cosmoline-Industrial_Grade_RV_342_SDS.pdf
  8. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/
  9. https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2020-02/documents/ec_vad988193223.pdf
  10. http://www.aiproducts.com/techbulletin/tm0031.pdf
  11. https://trademarks.justia.com/700/22/cosmoline-70022443.html
  12. https://history.army.mil/Portals/143/Images/Publications/catalog/23-23.pdf
  13. https://scw-mag.com/news/400-houghton-international/
  14. https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/01/11/cosmoline-chemistry/
  15. http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-C/MIL-C-11796C_12122/
  16. https://home.quakerhoughton.com/about-quaker-houghton/
  17. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-sds/
  18. https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/4536/cosmoline
  19. https://www.jmnspecialties.com/downloads/sds/3593-cosmoline-sds-1/file
  20. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/content/Cosmoline-1104-MSDS.pdf
  21. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/mil-spec-grease-mil-c-11796c-class-3/
  22. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-1104-corrosion-preventive/
  23. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-creeper-coat-water-displacing/
  24. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-black-rust-veto-344/
  25. https://www.nps.gov/articles/fort-hancock-wwi.htm
  26. https://www.garandgear.com/cleaning-m1-garand-parts/
  27. https://www.originalcosmoline.com/shop/product/rust-veto-aerosol/
  28. https://www.ebay.com/itm/124467836818
  29. https://www.amazon.com/Cosmoline-RP-342-Rust-Preventative-Military-Grade/dp/B01MTV41O0
  30. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/overseas-transport-marine/
  31. https://www.boeingdistribution.com/product/CORROSION%2BPREVENTIVE%2BCOMPOUND/_C/C0SM0LINE-1060/
  32. https://downloads.regulations.gov/FAA-2011-0155-0008/attachment_1.pdf
  33. https://www.dennywrites.com/your-complete-guide-to-all-things-cosmoline
  34. https://www.amazon.com/RP-Military-Grade-Rust-Preventatives-1/dp/B09M2GMSGM
  35. https://www.originalcosmoline.com/shop/product/original-cosmoline-rust-veto-342/
  36. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-rust-veto-342-industrial-grade/
  37. https://store.quakerhoughton.com/media/pdfs/assembly/bro_metal_protection_core_products_EN_AM.pdf
  38. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/cosmoline-rp-342-undercoating-faqs/
  39. https://www.cosmolinedirect.com/content/Cosmoline-Industrial_Grade_RV_342_TDS.pdf
  40. http://www.woodencrates.org/standards/MIL-PRF-16173.pdf
  41. https://www.adolf.com.tw/uploadfiles/1093/product/QUAKERHOUGHTON/Rust-Veto-342%25E3%2580%2581211D%25E3%2580%2581221D%25E3%2580%25812212%25E3%2580%25814221%25E3%2580%25814221T/rust-veto-342-_pds-korea-updated_-houghton-singapore.pdf
  42. https://daubertcromwell.com/wp-content/uploads/Corrosion-preventive-liquids.pdf
  43. https://www.originalcosmoline.com/shop/how-to-properly-remove-cosmoline-from-military-surplus-firearms/
  44. https://www.mdshooters.com/threads/the-greasy-truth-about-cosmoline.101277/
  45. https://www.pewpewtactical.com/cosmoline-removal-guide/
  46. https://www.gunboards.com/threads/acetone-for-removing-cosmoline.423097/
  47. https://gunsamerica.com/digest/how-to-remove-cosmoline/
  48. https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/tfb-armorer-s-bench-cleaning-cosmoline-with-an-ultrasonic-cleaner-44821711
  49. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/Exhibit_9b.pdf
  50. https://www.epa.gov/hw/defining-hazardous-waste-listed-characteristic-and-mixed-radiological-wastes
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.