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Heads in heraldry
Heads in heraldry
Heads in heraldry
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A Turk's head couped in the arms of the Hungarian town Komádi.

The heads of humans and other animals are frequently occurring charges in heraldry. The blazon, or heraldic description, usually states whether an animal's head is couped (as if cut off cleanly at the neck), erased (as if forcibly ripped from the body), or cabossed (turned affronté without any of the neck showing). Human heads are often described in much greater detail, though some of these are identified by name with little or no further description.

Forms of display

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Heads may appear:

  • cabossed (also caboshed or caboched): with the head cleanly separated from the neck so that only the face shows
  • couped: with the neck cleanly separated from the body so that the whole head and neck are present
  • erased: with the neck showing a ragged edge as if forcibly torn from the body.

Heads that are couped or erased face dexter unless otherwise specified for differencing. Heads of horned beasts are often shown cabossed to display the horns, but instances can be found in any of these circumstances.

Cabossed

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A stag's head cabossed sable attired gules in the arms of Calder

In heraldry, cabossed, or caboched, is a term used where the head of a beast is cut off behind the ears, by a section parallel to the face; or by a perpendicular section: in contrast to couping, which is done by a horizontal line, and farther from the ears than cabossing.[1][2]

Cabossed heads are shown facing forward (affronté).

Couped

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Heads that are couped have a straight edge, as if cut with a sword.[3]

Erased

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A lion's head erased argent, langued azure

Erasure in blazon, the language of heraldry, is the tearing off of part of a charge, leaving a jagged edge of it remaining. In blazons the term is most often found in its adjectival form, erased, and is usually applied to animate charges, most often heads or other body parts.[4]

John Craig's dictionary of 1854 says:

In Heraldry, anything is said to be erased which appears forcibly torn off, leaving the edges jagged and uneven.[5]

When a tree or other plant is shown uprooted, with the bare roots showing, it is called eradicated.[4]

There are different traditions for the erasing of heads. For instance, with the head of a bear, whether couped or erased, in English heraldry the separation is done horizontally under the neck, which is not lost, whereas in Scottish heraldry the usual practice is for the head to be separated from the body vertically, without keeping the neck attached to it.[6]

Heads of humans

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Heads of humans are sometimes blazoned simply as a "man's head", but are far more frequently described in greater detail, either characteristic of a particular race or nationality (such as Moors' heads, Saxons' heads, Egyptians' heads or Turks' heads), or specifically identified (such as the head of Moses in the crest of Hilton, or the head of St. John the Baptist in the crest of the Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers).[7][8] Several varieties of women's heads also occur, including maidens' heads (often couped under the bust, with hair disheveled), ladies' heads, nuns' heads (often veiled), and occasionally queens' heads. The arms of Daveney of Norfolk include "three nun's heads veiled couped at the shoulders proper," and the bust of a queen occurs in the arms of Queenborough, Kent.[8] Infants' or children's heads are often couped at the shoulders with a snake wrapped around the neck (e.g. "Argent, a boy's head proper, crined or, couped below the shoulders, vested gules, garnished gold," in the arms of Boyman).[8]

Heads of animals

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A leopard's head jessant-de-lys

While lions passant guardant (i.e. walking with head turned to full face) are often called leopards in heraldry, the heads and faces of natural leopards occur frequently in armory, as crests as well as charges. The key distinction being that a leopard's head shows the neck, the leopard's face (turned affronté and cut off cleanly behind the ears) occurs far more frequently. A curious development, unique to the leopard's face, is when it is run through with a fleur-de-lis, called a leopard's face jessant-de-lys.[9] When the face of a fox is shown (i.e. cabossed), it is termed a fox's mask.[10]

Predatory creatures, including eagles, lions, griffins, bears and boars, are often armed of a different tincture, referring to the colour of the creature's claws or talons and beak, teeth or tusks. In the case of the boar, its armaments include only its tusks, but not its hooves, which may be unguled of another tincture.[11] Deer and moose are antler-bearing herbivores, so their antlers are not considered armaments but their attire, so these may be attired of a distinct tincture, while horn-bearing beasts such as bulls, rams and goats may be armed.[12]

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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Heads in heraldry

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![A stag's head cabossed sable attired gules in the arms of Calder][float-right] In heraldry, heads are charges depicting the severed heads of animals, humans, or mythical creatures, typically shown in profile with the neck portion indicated as couped (cleanly cut across) or erased (jaggedly torn from the body), or cabossed when full-faced without a visible neck. These elements have been employed since the early development of armory to differentiate bearings, conserve space on shields, and evoke attributes associated with the full creature, though specific symbolic interpretations often postdate initial usages and vary by tradition. Animal heads, such as those of lions, boars, or bears, predominate and are blazoned with details like langued (tongues shown) or armed (horns or tusks tinctured differently), reflecting regional styles—for instance, Scottish depictions frequently omit the neck by couping close behind the ears. Human heads appear less commonly but prominently in certain arms, often as Moor's heads or Saracen's heads—profile views of bound, turbaned figures—commemorating victories in the or , as seen in the quartered arms of featuring four such heads. Other variants include crowned saints' heads or Turk's heads added post-conquest, emphasizing martial triumphs over specific adversaries. Mythical heads, like griffins' or dragons', blend beastly ferocity with imaginative elements, while the precise blazoning ensures identifiability amid the stylized conventions of , attitude, and line of severance that define heraldic precision.

Historical Development

Origins and Early Uses

The use of heads as heraldic charges emerged in the 13th century across , coinciding with the maturation of armorial bearings for knightly identification amid the rise of enclosed helmets during the and feudal conflicts. Initial depictions favored animal heads, such as those of boars, lions, and stags, which symbolized martial virtues like ferocity and tenacity; these severed forms amplified the raw power of the full beast while fitting compactly on shields and seals. The boar's head, evoking unyielding combat prowess, appears among the earliest examples in the of England's Swinburne family, documented by 1255 in period rolls. Human heads entered heraldry slightly later, often as trophies denoting conquest, with Moor's heads—profiled, wreathed, and sometimes crowned—prevalent in Iberian and Italian arms to commemorate victories over Muslim forces. The inaugural recorded instance dates to 1281 in the blazonry associated with , alluding to the Cross of Alcoraz emblem from the Christian triumph at Alcoraz, repurposed to signify dominion over Moorish adversaries. Such motifs underscored causal links between heraldic symbols and historical events, prioritizing empirical heritage over abstract ideals. Early heads were typically rendered erased or couped, emphasizing abrupt severance to evoke battle's brutality rather than naturalistic portraiture.

Medieval Evolution and Regional Variations

The use of heads as charges in heraldry developed during the 12th and 13th centuries as armorial bearings became standardized for identification amid the rise of plate armor and closed helmets, which obscured faces in combat. Early heraldry favored complete beasts like lions and eagles for their symbolic potency, but by the late 13th century, isolated heads emerged in armorial rolls to enable differencing among related arms and to convey attributes such as ferocity or vigilance in compact form. Examples include lion heads in the Armorial Vermandois circa 1285 and boars in the Gelre Armorial (c. 1395–1414), reflecting a shift toward partial charges for heraldic complexity without violating the tincture rule. Depictions of heads varied by severance style, influencing regional styles: couped heads featured clean neck cuts for a tidy appearance, while erased heads showed ragged edges implying violent removal, often denoting savagery. In , couped heads predominated, aligning with precise English blazonry, whereas emphasized erased forms—especially for boars' heads, rendered couped or erased close to evoke combat readiness—and this preference extended to . Continental practices diverged further; Iberian arms incorporated Moor's heads post-Reconquista, as in Sardinia's four couped, blindfolded examples symbolizing subjugation, while Italian frequently employed parts including heads for expressive charges. Hungarian arms later adopted gory Turk's heads (15% frequency in sampled coats) amid Ottoman conflicts, evolving from medieval precedents but highlighting adaptive symbolism in . These variations underscore heraldry's responsiveness to local culture and history, with animal heads rarer overall in early medieval rolls compared to ordinaries, comprising under 1% in Scottish samples.

Forms of Depiction

Cabossed Heads

In heraldry, a cabossed head, also spelled caboshed or caboched, depicts the head of an animal or occasionally a human figure facing forward (guardant or affronté) with no portion of the neck visible, as if protruding directly from a surface or emblem. This term derives from the Old French caboche, meaning head, and emphasizes a full-frontal view without the anatomical extension of a neck, distinguishing it from other severance styles. The appearance conveys a sense of frontal confrontation or emblematic isolation, often applied to beasts such as stags, boars, or foxes. Cabossed heads differ from couped heads, which show a clean, straight severance at the neck with a visible stub, and erased heads, which exhibit a ragged, torn edge simulating violent removal. In , the term "cabossed" specifies this neckless, forward-facing posture, and for certain animals, specialized applies; for instance, a fox's head cabossed may be termed a "," evoking a facial disguise without bodily attachment. variants, though rarer, include the seraph's head—a child's face cabossed with six wings—documented in early 17th-century treatises. Historically, cabossed depictions appear in armorial bearings from the medieval period onward, with animal heads as charges traceable to at least the 13th century, such as boars' heads in the canting arms of families like Swinburne around 1255, though explicit cabossing gained terminological precision in later glossaries. Examples include the stag's head cabossed in the arms of the Calder family, rendered sable attired gules, symbolizing territorial or clan identifiers in Scottish heraldry. This form suits charges requiring a compact, symmetrical frontal emphasis, avoiding the asymmetry of profiled or necked variants, and remains in use for modern grants where heraldic simplicity prioritizes recognizability over anatomical completeness.

Couped Heads

In , a couped head is represented as cleanly severed from the body along a straight horizontal line at the , typically without ragged edges. This smooth severance contrasts with an erased head, which exhibits a jagged or torn outline indicative of forcible removal. The term originates from the French "coupé," denoting a precise cut, and applies to both and animal heads unless otherwise specified in the . Couped heads must be explicitly blazoned as such, with variations like "couped close" indicating a cut immediately behind the ears, excluding any portion. Human couped heads frequently appear in civic and regional arms, such as the four Moors' heads couped and blindfolded in the arms of , symbolizing historical conquests. Another example is the crowned head of St. Erik, couped Or, combined with a griffin's head in the arms of , , granted in 1941 and reflecting the city's . These depictions emphasize formal severance over violence, differing from erased variants more common in martial contexts. For animal heads, couping denotes a tidy , often at the shoulder-neck junction, as seen in boar's heads couped in English armorial bearings like those of the , where the charge represents ferocity under controlled portrayal. Wolf heads couped also feature prominently in , such as in the arms of , underscoring loyalty and vigilance through precise depiction. This form avoids the implied savagery of erasure, aligning with heraldic conventions favoring clarity in emblazoning.

Erased Heads

In , an erased head is depicted with a or ragged edge at the neck, signifying that it has been forcibly torn from the body rather than cleanly severed. This treatment applies to both human and animal heads, with the severance line typically horizontal and positioned where the neck meets the shoulders. The specifies "erased" to indicate this rough division, distinguishing it from other forms of head depiction. The primary distinction from a couped head lies in the edge treatment: erased features irregular, torn contours, while couped shows a straight, smooth cut, derived from the French term coupé meaning "cut." This difference emerged in medieval heraldic practice to convey varying degrees of severance, with erased implying violence or wildness, though no strict symbolic variance is universally documented across traditions. In , erased heads, particularly of boars or wolves, appear frequently, as seen in the arms of clans like Nisbet, which display three boars' heads erased on a field of argent. Similarly, griffin's heads erased are common in continental European arms, often or gules, emphasizing ferocity. Erased heads are blazoned with additional details such as , language, and attitude, but the erasure itself rarely includes remnants of the unless specified as "erased close," meaning no portion attaches. For human heads, erased treatment is less prevalent than couped, potentially due to aesthetic preferences in formal grants, though examples exist in historical crests like those involving mythical or savage figures. This form enhances visual distinction in complex shields, particularly for beasts symbolizing strength, such as the hound's head erased gules in certain English lineages.

Human Heads

Characteristics and Postures

In , human heads are typically depicted in profile, facing dexter (to the viewer's right), unless otherwise specified in the . This default posture aligns with the general convention for charges involving the human form, emphasizing a side view that conveys vigilance or , as seen in numerous English arms where men's heads are rendered thus without further qualification. Affronté (full-faced) orientations are explicitly blazoned and rarer, often reserved for specific types such as maidens' or children's heads, where the forward-facing gaze symbolizes innocence or direct confrontation. Characteristics of human heads include variations in severance, adornment, and to denote identity or symbolism. Couped heads feature a clean, horizontal cut at the , producing a smooth outline, as in the arms of Eddington: "azure, three savages' heads couped argent." Erased heads, by contrast, show a jagged, irregular severance with protruding "jags" to suggest violent removal, exemplified in Rochead's arms: "argent, a savage's head erased distilling ." Beards, , and accessories further define the charge; men's heads may be bearded to indicate maturity, while maidens' heads display dishevelled, flowing , often wreathed with roses or laurel. Wreaths or fillets—twisted bands around the temples—are common for Saracens' or Moors' heads, typically in profile and couped proper (natural tones with dark ), as in Tanner's arms: "argent, three Moors' heads couped proper filleted or and gules." Tinctures are frequently "proper" in English blazons, reflecting realistic skin and colors, though continental examples may specify hues like carnation for . These elements ensure distinctiveness, with profiles aiding identifiability in compact designs.

Variants and Specific Types

Specific types of human heads in heraldry often reflect ethnic distinctions, historical conquests, or symbolic archetypes, with depictions varying by skin tone, facial hair, headwear, and posture. These variants include the Moor's head, characterized by dark skin, often wreathed or crowned in gold, and emerging in the 11th century as a emblem of Christian triumphs over Muslim forces during the Reconquista and Mediterranean campaigns. The Moor's head is typically shown couped, affronté, with bound temples or blindfolded to signify subjugation, as seen in the arms of Sardinia featuring four such heads arranged in saltire, granted in the 14th century following Aragonese rule. Similar usages appear in Corsica's flag and Aragon's escutcheon with four crowned Moors' heads, commemorating victories over Moorish incursions. The Turk's head represents a severed head of an Ottoman Turk, usually couped and proper, symbolizing Central European defenses against Turkish invasions in the 15th to 17th centuries. In the Schwarzenberg arms, modified in 1599 by Adolf von Schwarzenberg after the conquest of Raab () from the Ottomans, a pecks at the Turk's head, denoting battlefield success. Croatian and Serbian heraldry frequently employs the Turk's head for feats against Ottoman forces, with examples like the arms of displaying it as a . The Saracen's head, evoking Crusader-era Muslim adversaries, is depicted as a bearded man's head wreathed about the temples, often in profile or affronté, and couped or erased. Originating in 13th-century English arms, it appears in the crest of , linked to defenses against Barbary pirates in the 16th century, and in families like Warburton. Distinctions from the lie in lighter skin tone and Arabian features, per period blazons. Other variants encompass the wild man's or savage's head, wreathed with foliage to denote primal or ferocity, common in Germanic and British as in the arms of families bearing "savage's head couped proper" from medieval grants. Less common types include the Saxon's head—unbearded, fair-skinned—and the maiden's head, shown with long hair veiling the neck, both period charges differentiated by age and gender in blazons like those in 16th-century rolls. These ethnic and typological heads, totaling up to eight varieties in 19th-century classifications, underscore 's role in memorializing martial and cultural narratives without modern egalitarian reinterpretations.

Animal Heads

Mammalian Heads

Mammalian heads in heraldry feature the severed heads of beasts such as boars, stags, bears, foxes, and wolves, rendered in postures like erased (jagged neck), couped (clean horizontal cut), or cabossed (full face without visible neck). These charges date to at least 1255, with boar's heads appearing in the of the English family Swynburne, punning on "swine." The boar's head symbolizes ferocity, bravery, and hospitality, often depicted erased with tusks prominent and tongue langued (extended). It appears in Polish noble arms like those of Denhoff, showing a boar's head erased armed argent, and in where the whole boar or its head represents tenacity in battle. Stag's heads, frequently attired with antlers, denote peace, harmony, and protection, commonly cabossed in Scottish coats such as Calder's stag's head attired gules, emphasizing a frontal view for vigilance. Erased variants appear in arms like those of Crawfurd: a stag's head erased armed with three tines gules. Bear's heads signify strength and protection, typically erased to show raw power, as in where muzzled variants add restraint. Interlocking bear heads feature in the 1516 grant to the Elder, illustrating familial alliance through intertwined forms. Fox's heads or masks represent cunning and resourcefulness, often erased or cabossed with lolling tongue, seen in municipal arms like Winkel's fox's mask quartering Gifhorn's shield. Wolf heads, evoking ferocity and guardianship, appear erased in Finnish coats such as Sipoo's, underscoring predatory vigilance. Less common are cow's heads, symbolizing nurturing or agrarian ties, depicted erased proper, and horse heads, rare but denoting speed when used. These heads maintain heraldic conventions across , with regional preferences like cabossing in for stags.

Avian and Other Animal Heads

Avian heads in heraldry primarily feature those of , such as eagles and , rendered erased or couped to convey readiness for battle. Eagle heads, often depicted with agape and visible (langued), symbolize imperial and vigilance, appearing in armorial bearings from the medieval period onward. heads are commonly shown jessed and belled, alluding to the noble pursuit of and denoting swiftness and pursuit. The griffin's head, combining an eagle's avian features with associations, is a hybrid charge frequently erased, representing strength combined with foresight; it dates to at least the in European escutcheons. Other bird heads, including those of peacocks or , occur sporadically but lack the prevalence of raptors, often distinguished by specific tinctures or postures like addorsed wings. Non-avian, non-mammalian heads encompass mythical reptiles like dragons and wyverns, whose heads—characterized by horns, scales, and flames—are erased to evoke ferocity and guardianship, as in from the 13th century onward. Serpent heads, representing cunning, appear rarely as isolated charges, more often as components of whole reptilian forms. Fish heads, such as those of congers or generic piscines, are uncommon but documented in maritime or , typically hauriant or embowed, signifying abundance or local geography. These depictions adhere to standard heraldic lines of partition, prioritizing clarity over anatomical precision.

Symbolism and Cultural Significance

Interpretations of Human Heads

heads in heraldry generally symbolize honor and personal integrity. Specific variants carry distinct interpretations tied to historical contexts, often commemorating military victories or cultural encounters. For instance, the Saracen's head, depicted as a bearded profile wreathed in cloth, represents participation in the against Muslim forces in the , serving as a badge of martial achievement granted by monarchs such as Edward III in 1347 to families like the Walpoles. Moor's heads, frequently shown couped and sometimes blindfolded, denote triumphs over North African and Iberian Muslim invaders, as seen in the arms of and , where four such heads recall the Reconquista's decisive battles, including the Aragonese conquest of in 1324. These charges emerged prominently from century onward, symbolizing subjugation of perceived enemies rather than impartiality, contrary to some modern reinterpretations. Similarly, Turk's heads, as in the Schwarzenberg arms modified post-1688 after the capture of Raab () from Ottoman forces, signify specific wartime successes against Turkish expansions in . Crowned human heads often evoke regal authority or divine sanction, with the crown denoting sovereignty or heavenly reward, as in representations of saints like Erik of , whose golden crowned head in Stockholm's arms underscores and martyrdom circa 1160. Uncrowned or savage heads may imply primal strength or pagan origins, though less standardized, while generic profiles reinforce the core theme of honorable lineage without martial . These interpretations prioritize empirical historical usage over allegorical speculation, reflecting heraldry's roots in feudal and identity assertion.

Interpretations of Animal Heads

Animal heads in heraldry conventionally symbolize attributes derived from the perceived characteristics of the beasts, such as ferocity for predatory species or vigilance for guardians like the griffin, though these associations often reflect later interpretive traditions rather than primary identificatory purposes of armorial bearings. Predatory mammals like lions and boars emphasize martial virtues, while herbivores like stags evoke harmony or endurance. Such symbolism, while widespread in heraldic literature, lacks uniform empirical basis in medieval grant records, where charges frequently served (pun-based) or commemorative roles rather than abstract moral allegory. The lion's head, a frequent crest element, denotes bravery, strength, and regal authority, drawing from the animal's status as "king of beasts" in European lore; it appears in arms from the onward, as in the canting crest of families. Boar's heads, often erased to suggest violent severance, represent intrepidity and unrelenting combativeness, qualities attributed to the beast's defensive prowess against hunters, with examples dating to 1255 in English canting arms like Swinburne's. Stag's heads, typically cabossed or attired with antlers, symbolize peaceful disposition and harmonious strength, reflecting the deer's non-aggressive nature yet formidable defenses; favors them for clans like Graham, granted in the . Bear's heads convey raw power and cunning resilience, as in Nordic arms post-13th century, while fox's heads indicate slyness or resourcefulness, though rarer and often . Erased treatments for these heads, with jagged necks, stylistically imply savage removal rather than clean couping, potentially underscoring ferocity without altering core animal attributions. Mythical composites like griffin's heads blend leonine valor with avian foresight for guardianship, seen in 13th-century seals; avian heads, such as eagles', prioritize swift dominion and imperial vision. These interpretations persist in modern civic and familial arms but should be viewed cautiously, as primary sources like 14th-century rolls prioritize visibility over symbolism.

Notable Uses and Examples

Historical Coats of Arms

Human heads in historical coats of arms frequently commemorated military triumphs over non-Christian adversaries. The Moor's head, typically depicted as a profile of a black African male with a fillet or band around the forehead, emerged in the late 13th century amid the Reconquista in Spain, with the earliest documented use in 1281 during the reign of Peter III of Aragon, referencing victories such as the Battle of Alcoraz in 1096. This charge symbolized Christian conquest over Muslim forces and proliferated in Iberian heraldry, appearing as four couped Moor's heads in the arms of Aragon, adopted by the 12th century kings following territorial expansions. Similarly, the arms of Sardinia, granted under Aragonese rule in the 14th century, feature four blindfolded Moor's heads arranged quarterly, denoting subjugation of Saracen rulers. Turk's heads, often shown couped or erased and sometimes transfixed by a , arose in Central European arms during the 16th-17th century Ottoman wars, signifying defensive victories against Turkish incursions. A prominent example is the augmentation to the Schwarzenberg family arms after Adolf von Schwarzenberg's forces recaptured the fortress of (Raab) from the Ottomans on October 24, 1598, incorporating a Turk's head with eyes pecked out by a to evoke the biblical fate of the unburied and the battle's brutality. Hungarian municipal arms, such as those of Komádi, similarly display a couped Turk's head, reflecting localized successes in the (1593–1606). Animal heads in medieval and early modern coats of arms denoted attributes like ferocity or noble pursuits such as . Boar's heads, erased or couped and often armed with tusks, symbolized martial bravery and were common in Germanic and from the 13th century; for instance, the Ferber family of bore three erased boar's heads erased argent, linked to their defense of the city against the Teutonic Knights in 1308. Stag's heads cabossed or erased featured prominently in arms, with the earliest recorded of MacLeod seal from 1542 showing a cabossed stag's head, emblematic of highland wilderness mastery and clan heritage. The Mackenzie arms integrated a stag's head cabossed gules attired or by the 17th century, merging ancestral emblems from Matheson and Fitzgerald lines to represent endurance.

Modern and Revived Applications

In contemporary , heads of humans and animals persist as charges in official for nations, regions, and municipalities, maintaining heraldic traditions in governmental symbolism. The of , featuring four Moors' heads couped and blindfolded, has been retained as the region's emblem since its adoption in the modern Italian Republic, symbolizing historical conquests. Similarly, the arms of in include four heads of Moors, a design incorporated into the contemporary escutcheon and used in official contexts. These examples illustrate the continuity of head charges in state amid political changes. Personal arms granted by heraldic authorities in the frequently incorporate heads, as evidenced by recent exemplifications from the . For instance, a grant featured azure a horse's head erased argent between three horse shoes or, demonstrating the ongoing use of erased animal heads in individual bearings for distinction and inheritance. Such grants, issued by kings of arms, adhere to traditional blazoning while adapting to modern petitioners, including those from realms. Following the fall of communist regimes in around 1989–1991, heraldry experienced a revival, with suppressed traditions re-emerging in national and local symbols often featuring heads from pre-communist eras. In Soviet-dominated countries, genealogical and armorial studies had been curtailed, leading to a post-communist resurgence where traditional charges like Moors' or animal heads were restored in municipal and regional arms. re-established the Collegium Heraldicum to formalize this renewal, promoting heraldic designs inclusive of historical heads for cultural continuity. Beyond official spheres, heraldic heads influence contemporary design, appearing in corporate emblems and sports , though these diverge from regulated armory by prioritizing aesthetics over strict precedence. This adaptation reflects heraldry's enduring visual appeal in branding, as explored in analyses of its integration into 21st-century graphics.

References

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  45. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1948/12/the-saracens-head/644033/
  46. https://blackcentraleurope.com/sources/1000-1500/moors-on-crests/
  47. https://originalpeople.org/moors-head/
  48. https://www.facebook.com/groups/343662683900910/posts/602611084672734/
  49. https://heraldikum.com/en/symbolism-in-heraldry/
  50. https://zerflin.com/2009/07/20/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-lion-heraldry/
  51. https://www.hallofnames.org.uk/heraldry-symbols-and-what-they-mean/
  52. https://www.mylineage.com/heraldry-and-its-symbolism/
  53. https://www.heraldryclipart.com/symbolism/l.html
  54. https://encyklopedie.ckrumlov.cz/en/mesto_histor_schwar/
  55. https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hungary.htm
  56. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-three-boar-heads-of-gdansk-gdansk-poland
  57. https://highcouncilofclandonald.com/an-explanation-of-west-highland-heraldry/
  58. https://clanmackenzie.org/the-coat-of-arms/
  59. https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants
  60. https://www.britannica.com/topic/heraldry/20th-century-heraldry
  61. https://www.polishroots.org/Research/Heraldry/russian_heraldry
  62. https://www.creativereview.co.uk/modern-heraldry-book/
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