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Dead leaf mantis

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Dead leaf mantis is a common name given to various species of praying mantis that mimic dead leaves. It is most often used in reference to species within genus Deroplatys because of their popularity as exotic pets. Examples include D. desiccata (giant dead leaf mantis), D. lobata (Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis), and D. philippinica (Philippines dead leaf mantis).^[1]^[2] Other species to which the term may apply include Acanthops falcataria (South American dead leaf mantis),^[3] A. falcata (South American dead leaf mantis), and Phyllocrania paradoxa (more common known as the ghost mantis).^[4]^{[failed verification]}^[5]^[6]^[7]

Adult female *Deroplatys desiccata* photographed at Bristol Zoo in 2007

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^ Dead Leaf Praying Mantis
^ "Web of Life". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
^ Praying Mantises, AKA Mantids (Order Dictyoptera) Archived July 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ pawsforthoughtpetcentres.co.uk Archived 2008-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ PhasmidsinCyberspace.com 2005 Archived June 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ PrayingMantid.co.uk Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ mantispets.com 2012

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The dead leaf mantis refers to several species of praying mantises in the genus Deroplatys (comprising 14 species), within the family Deroplatyidae, celebrated for their extraordinary camouflage that mimics dried, decaying leaves to evade predators and ambush prey.^[1]^[2] These insects, native to Southeast Asia, feature a flattened body structure with an expanded thorax patterned like leaf veins, typically in shades of mottled brown, gray, or black, allowing them to blend seamlessly into leaf litter on forest floors.^[1]^[3] The most prominent species include the giant dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) and the Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys lobata), both of which exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females growing larger than males—up to 8 cm in length for females and 4.5–7 cm for males depending on the species.^[3]^[4] These mantises inhabit humid tropical rainforests, scrublands, and damp understory areas, where they remain stationary among fallen leaves and low vegetation to capitalize on their disguise.^[1]^[3] Their distribution spans several Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia (notably Borneo, Sumatra, and Java), Thailand, the Philippines, and the Malay Peninsula.^[1]^[3] As ambush predators, dead leaf mantises primarily feed on smaller insects such as moths and flies, using their raptorial forelegs equipped with sharp spines to capture prey that ventures too close.^[1] Behaviorally, they enhance their camouflage through subtle swaying motions that imitate wind-blown leaves, and when threatened, they may drop to the ground or flash startling black underwings adorned with eyespots to deter attackers.^[1]^[3] Reproduction involves females producing multiple oothecae (egg cases), each containing dozens of nymphs that hatch after several weeks under warm, humid conditions; however, these species are notably aggressive, with cannibalism common among individuals if not properly separated.^[3] Overall, the dead leaf mantis exemplifies evolutionary adaptation through crypsis, contributing to the rich biodiversity of Asian tropical ecosystems.^[1]

Taxonomy and classification

Genus Deroplatys

The genus Deroplatys is classified within the kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Mantodea, family Deroplatyidae, subfamily Deroplatyinae, and tribe Deroplatyini. This taxonomic placement reflects the 2019 revision elevating Deroplatyidae to family status based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence distinguishing it from broader Mantidae groupings.^[5] The type species is Deroplatys desiccata Westwood, 1839, designated by monotypy in the original description. This species has synonyms including Deroplatys arida Westwood, 1845, and Deroplatys palliata de Haan, 1842, which were later recognized as junior synonyms through comparative morphology. D. desiccata serves as the nomenclatural benchmark for the genus, originally described from specimens collected in Southeast Asia. The genus includes 14 valid species as per the 2024 revision: D. angustata Westwood, 1845; D. desiccata Westwood, 1839; D. gorochovi Anisyutkin, 1998; D. indica Roy, 2007; D. kinabaluensis Zhang & Price, 2024; D. lobata Guérin-Méneville, 1838; D. nebula Zhang & Price, 2024; D. philippinica Werner, 1922; D. rhombica de Haan, 1842; D. sarawaca Westwood, 1889; D. trigonodera Westwood, 1889; D. truncata Werner, 1905; and D. xuzhengfai Zhang & Price, 2024.^[5] These species were delineated in the comprehensive 2024 revision, which incorporated genitalic and external morphology to resolve prior ambiguities, synonymize some taxa, and describe three new species.^[5] Species within Deroplatys are primarily distinguished by subtle variations in prothorax morphology, such as the diamond-shaped pronotum in D. lobata versus the more triangular form in D. truncata.^[5] All species are native to Asia, with the majority originating from Southeast Asian rainforests, where their cryptic forms align with local foliage.^[5]

Other leaf-mimicking mantises

Several species of praying mantises beyond the genus Deroplatys share the common name "dead leaf mantis" owing to their morphological adaptations that mimic the appearance of decaying leaves, such as flattened bodies and leaf-like protrusions, which provide effective camouflage in their respective habitats.^[6] In the Americas, the genus Acanthops within the family Acanthopidae includes notable examples like Acanthops falcataria and Acanthops falcata, both commonly known as South American dead leaf mantises. These species are distributed across Central and South America, where their broad, leaf-shaped thoraces and irregular wing patterns closely resemble curled, dried foliage.^[7]^[8]^[9] Another example is Phyllocrania paradoxa, often referred to as the ghost mantis despite its leaf-mimicking traits, which is classified in the family Hymenopodidae and native to various regions of Africa. This species features a dark, textured body adorned with leaf-like extensions, particularly on its head and wings, enhancing its resemblance to withered leaves.^[10]

Description

Morphology

The dead leaf mantis, primarily represented by species in the genus Deroplatys such as D. desiccata, exhibits a body form adapted for ambush predation, with adults measuring 65–80 mm in length. In the largest species, Deroplatys desiccata, females reach 75–80 mm, while males are smaller at 65–70 mm.^[4]^[11] Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with females larger, bulkier, and darker in coloration, displaying mottled brown to black hues, whereas males are slimmer, lighter (often yellowish), and more agile in build. This dimorphism extends to the prothorax, which is broader and more shield-like in females compared to the rounder form in males.^[4]^[12] Key morphological features include a highly elongated and flattened pronotum (prothorax), which is flexibly articulated to the pterothorax via a transversal ridge for enhanced stability during prey capture, and raptorial forelegs characterized by an elongated coxa and femur armed with two rows of spines to form a grasping basket. The abdomen is elongated, and in adults, the wings display intricate patterns that contribute to overall camouflage resembling decayed foliage.^[11]^[4] General coloration consists of mottled brown tones with dark and light spots, varying from pale orangey brown to nearly black, which collectively mimic the appearance of dead leaves in forest litter.^[4]^[12]

Camouflage features

The dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys spp.) exhibits exceptional cryptic coloration and form, primarily in shades of brown to gray or black, enabling seamless mimicry of decaying leaves in their forest understory habitats.^[13]^[14] This adaptation serves dual purposes in ambush predation and predator avoidance, allowing the mantis to blend into leaf litter where it remains motionless for extended periods.^[14] Key morphological features enhance this leaf-like appearance, including a broad, flattened prothorax (pronotum) that resembles a torn or crumpled leaf, often with vein-like patterns and lateral projections.^[13]^[15] The forewings, when tucked, display false leaf veins, while the legs mimic petiole residues or irregular leaf edges, contributing to the overall masquerade.^[13] The underwings feature black eyespots, which remain concealed during camouflage but can be deployed in threat displays to startle predators. Behavioral traits integrate with these structures to reinforce the illusion; the mantis performs gentle, swaying motions that simulate a wind-blown leaf, minimizing detection during foraging or evasion.^[16] This cryptic strategy has evolved within the Deroplatyinae subfamily, promoting survival through passive concealment in tropical environments. Variations in camouflage occur across species, such as the diamond-shaped prothorax with prominent triangular projections in D. lobata versus the wider, more triangular expansion in D. truncata, reflecting subtle adaptations to local foliage textures while maintaining the core dead-leaf motif.^[15]

Habitat and distribution

Geographic range

The dead leaf mantis, primarily referring to species in the genus Deroplatys, is native to Southeast Asia.^[17] The genus encompasses 14 species distributed across southern and southeastern Asia, as revised in 2024.^[2] Deroplatys desiccata, the type species and commonly known as the giant dead leaf mantis, occurs in peninsular Malaysia (including Malacca and Cameron Highlands), Sumatra (including Simalur, Poelo Wai Lima, Lampongs, and the Mentawai Islands), Java (including Buitenzorg and Palaboen Ratoe), and Borneo (including Sarawak, Sandakan, and Labuan); records also extend to southern Thailand (Trong).^[17] Deroplatys lobata, or the Southeast Asian dead leaf mantis, is found in Thailand, peninsular Malaysia (including Cameron Highlands), Java, Borneo (including Mandawey), and Singapore.^[17] Deroplatys philippinica, the Philippine dead leaf mantis, is endemic to the Philippines, with records from Palawan.^[17] The genus Deroplatys was first described in 1839 by J. O. Westwood based on Asian specimens, primarily from the region now encompassing Malaysia and Indonesia.^[17] No introduced populations of dead leaf mantises are documented outside their native ranges.^[17] These mantises are associated with tropical forest environments throughout their distribution.^[17]

Ecological preferences

The dead leaf mantis, Deroplatys desiccata, primarily inhabits tropical rainforests and scrublands across Southeast Asia, including regions in Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, and Indonesia.^[17] These environments provide the dense vegetation and organic debris essential for its survival and camouflage strategy.^[1] This species thrives in warm, humid climates characteristic of equatorial tropical zones, where average temperatures range from 25°C to 35°C and relative humidity levels typically exceed 70%, often reaching 80-90% during wet periods.^[18]^[19] Such conditions support the moist microclimates associated with decaying vegetation, which the mantis relies on for hydration and concealment.^[20] In terms of microhabitat, D. desiccata is predominantly ground-dwelling or occupies low understory branches and foliage, where it blends seamlessly with fallen leaves and leaf litter on forest floors.^[21] It avoids open areas, favoring shaded, cluttered detritus layers in selectively logged or undisturbed forests for ambush positioning.^[22] As an ecological role, the dead leaf mantis functions as an ambush predator within detritus-based food webs of these forest ecosystems, helping regulate populations of smaller arthropods by preying on insects amid the leaf litter and low vegetation.^[22]^[1]

Behavior

Predation

The dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) is an ambush predator that employs a sit-and-wait hunting strategy, remaining motionless amid leaf litter to avoid detection by potential prey.^[16] Its camouflage enables prolonged stillness, with subtle swaying movements mimicking a leaf in the breeze to lure passing insects closer.^[16] This passive approach relies on the element of surprise rather than active pursuit, allowing the mantis to conserve energy in its tropical forest environment.^[14] Upon detecting suitable prey within range, the mantis launches a rapid strike using its raptorial forelegs, which extend swiftly and are armed with sharp spines to impale and secure the victim.^[14] The strike is basigrade in dead leaf mimics like those in the genus Deroplatys, involving a slower forward lunge with longer approach times for precise capture of nearby targets.^[14] Once grasped, the mantis begins digestion by secreting enzymes onto the prey, which liquefy internal tissues for easier ingestion through its mouthparts.^[23] The diet primarily consists of small insects such as flies, crickets, and moths, though adults may consume larger specimens when available.^[24] Occasional cannibalism occurs, particularly in confined conditions, where individuals may prey on conspecifics.^[4] Dead leaf mantises are active from diurnal to crepuscular periods, with hunting efficacy dependent on maintaining immobility to exploit their cryptic appearance.^[25]

Defense

Dead leaf mantises primarily rely on cryptic mimicry as a baseline defense, but when actively threatened or disturbed, they employ thanatosis by dropping to the ground and remaining completely motionless to feign death, deterring predators that prefer live prey.^[12] A key active defense is the deimatic threat display, in which the mantis abruptly spreads its hindwings to reveal conspicuous black and white patterns with prominent eyespots, aiming to startle and intimidate predators long enough for escape.^[26]^[12] This behavior is triggered by tactile or visual threats and is more reliably performed by adults than juveniles. Among species, the display is particularly pronounced in Deroplatys desiccata, the giant dead leaf mantis, where adults routinely flash their underwings when provoked.^[4] These mantises exhibit a generally docile disposition, rarely resorting to biting or pinching, which aligns with their reliance on passive and startle-based defenses over aggression.^[12] The combined effectiveness of these mechanisms contributes to high survival rates in leaf litter habitats, where the brief distraction from the threat display often allows relocation to safer cover before predators recover.^[26]

Life cycle

Reproduction

The reproduction of the dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) typically begins 2-4 weeks after individuals reach adulthood, with optimal mating occurring around 3-4 weeks post-final molt to ensure successful copulation.^[27] Males approach females cautiously, often waiting until the female is distracted by feeding before attempting to mount her, which helps mitigate the risk of aggression.^[28] Copulation can last several hours to over 11 hours, and the male may remain attached to the female for up to two days afterward, necessitating separation to prevent post-mating cannibalism.^[27]^[28] Following successful mating, females commence egg-laying approximately 6 weeks after reaching maturity.^[27] Each female produces 3-5 oothecae (egg cases) over her reproductive lifespan, with intervals of 4-6 weeks between depositions, attaching them to branches, bark, or other substrates using a foamy secretion that hardens into a protective covering.^[27]^[28] Each ootheca contains 20-40 eggs, providing a safeguarded environment until hatching.^[27] Courtship displays are minimal, with males relying primarily on stealthy approaches rather than elaborate visual signals, potentially supplemented by chemical cues for mate location.^[28] Sexual dimorphism, with females being larger and more robust than males, influences mating dynamics by heightening the potential risk to males during approach and copulation.^[27]

Development

The development of the dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) begins with the hatching of oothecae, which typically occurs after 6-8 weeks of incubation under tropical conditions of 25-30°C and 70-80% humidity, resulting in the emergence of 20-50 nymphs in a synchronized cluster.^[27]^[29] These first-instar (L1) nymphs measure about 5 mm in length and are highly vulnerable, often dispersing quickly to avoid cannibalism among siblings.^[29] Nymphs progress through 7-9 instars (L1 to adult), with males generally completing fewer molts (around 7) than females (8-9), leading to earlier maturation in males.^[27] Molting intervals start at approximately 2 weeks for early instars but extend to 3-4 weeks or longer in later stages, influenced by temperature, humidity, and nutrition; the process involves the nymph suspending itself upside down while shedding its exoskeleton.^[27]^[29] As nymphs grow, their leaf-like camouflage develops progressively, with the flattened, irregular prothorax and mottled coloration becoming more refined across instars to enhance crypsis among leaf litter.^[27] Dietary preferences shift accordingly, from tiny prey like fruit fly nymphs in early instars to progressively larger insects such as small crickets or locusts in later stages, supporting rapid somatic growth.^[27]^[29] The overall lifespan spans 6-12 months from hatching to death, though adults are shorter-lived, surviving only 3-4 months post-final molt before senescence.^[29]^[24]

Human interaction

As pets

Dead leaf mantises, particularly species like Deroplatys desiccata and Deroplatys lobata, have gained popularity in the exotic pet trade due to their striking leaf-like camouflage and relatively straightforward captive care, making them accessible to enthusiasts.^[24]^[27] They are widely available from specialized breeders and retailers, with captive-bred specimens preferred to support sustainable practices.^[24] For enclosure setup, a tall, well-ventilated vivarium is essential to mimic their arboreal habits, with minimum dimensions of 20 cm wide by 30 cm tall for adults and smaller (20-30 cm tall) for nymphs.^[4]^[30] Include perches, twigs, and leaf litter for climbing and hiding, using a substrate like coconut fiber or peat moss to retain moisture without sogginess.^[27]^[24] House individuals separately to prevent cannibalism, especially nymphs after their first molt.^[27] Optimal conditions include a temperature range of 24-30°C (75-86°F) during the day, dropping slightly at night, achieved with a heat mat or low-wattage lamp regulated by a thermostat.^[27]^[30] Humidity should be maintained at 50-80%, aligned with their natural preferences for humid forest floors, through daily misting and a damp substrate.^[4]^[27] UVB lighting is optional but beneficial if temperatures fall below 21°C.^[24] Diet consists of live insects such as crickets, flies, or roaches, sized no larger than one-third the mantis's body length to avoid injury.^[27]^[30] Nymphs require frequent feeding—daily for early instars like fruit flies—to support growth, while adults can be fed every other day; gut-load prey with nutritious foods for optimal health and remove uneaten items promptly.^[4]^[24] Avoid overfeeding to prevent obesity. Handling should be minimal, as these mantises are docile yet prone to jumping or feigning death when startled, which can lead to stress or escape.^[4] Use soft tools like tweezers for feeding or relocation, and never during molting.^[27] Breeding is feasible in captivity; introduce adults 2-4 weeks post-molt in separate enclosures, removing the male afterward to avoid predation, with females producing multiple oothecae containing 20-80 nymphs each under controlled 70-80% humidity and 30°C.^[4]^[27]^[24]

Conservation status

The dead leaf mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) is not currently assessed or listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, reflecting a lack of comprehensive data on its global population trends.^[31] Its populations appear relatively stable across parts of Southeast Asia due to insufficient monitoring.^[1] Primary threats to wild populations include habitat loss driven by deforestation, with Southeast Asia losing over 600,000 km² of forest between 2001 and 2019, fragmenting the humid, leaf-litter-rich environments essential for this species.^[32] Additionally, overcollection for the international pet trade poses risks, as D. desiccata is among the most popular mantis species in commerce, despite the prevalence of captive breeding. The species is not regulated under CITES, leaving trade volumes unmonitored and emphasizing the need for voluntary sustainable sourcing practices among breeders and exporters. Further research is urgently required to establish accurate population sizes and assess the ecological role of dead leaf mantises as predators in tropical forest ecosystems, where they help regulate insect communities. No targeted conservation protections exist for D. desiccata, but broader habitat preservation efforts in Southeast Asia, such as anti-deforestation initiatives, indirectly benefit the species.^[1]

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Dead leaf mantis

Taxonomy and classification

Genus Deroplatys

Other leaf-mimicking mantises

Description

Morphology

Camouflage features

Habitat and distribution

Geographic range

Ecological preferences

Behavior

Predation

Defense

Life cycle

Reproduction

Development

Human interaction

As pets

Conservation status

References

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