Hubbry Logo
Doug AnthonyDoug AnthonyMain
Open search
Doug Anthony
Community hub
Doug Anthony
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Doug Anthony
Doug Anthony
Doug Anthony
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

John Douglas Anthony (31 December 1929 – 20 December 2020) was an Australian politician. He served as leader of the National Party of Australia[a] from 1971 to 1984 and was the second and longest-serving deputy prime minister, holding the position under John Gorton (1971), William McMahon (1971–1972) and Malcolm Fraser (1975–1983).

Key Information

Anthony was born in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, the son of federal government minister Hubert Lawrence Anthony. He was elected to the House of Representatives at a 1957 by-election, aged 27, following his father's sudden death. He was appointed to the ministry in 1964 and in Coalition governments over the following 20 years held the portfolios of Minister for the Interior (1964–1967), Primary Industry (1967–1971), Trade and Industry (1971–1972), Overseas Trade (1975–1977), National Resources (1975–1977), and Trade and Resources (1977–1983). Anthony was elected deputy leader of the Country Party in 1964 and succeeded John McEwen as party leader and deputy prime minister in 1971. He retired from politics at the 1984 election. His son Larry Anthony became the third generation of his family to enter federal parliament.

Early life

[edit]

Anthony was born in Murwillumbah in northern New South Wales, on 31 December 1929,[1][2] the son of Jessie Anthony (née Stirling) and Hubert Lawrence ("Larry") Anthony, a well-known Country Party politician. Doug Anthony was educated at Murwillumbah Primary School and Murwillumbah High School, before attending The King's School in Sydney (1943–1946) and then Gatton College in Queensland.[2][3] After graduating he took up dairy farming near Murwillumbah. In 1957 he married Margot Budd, with whom he had three children: Dougald, Jane and Larry.[2][4]

Political career

[edit]
Anthony shortly after his election, in 1958

Early career (1957–1964)

[edit]

In 1957 Larry Anthony Sr., who was Postmaster-General in the Liberal–Country Party coalition government led by Robert Menzies, died suddenly,[5] and Doug Anthony was elected to succeed his father in the ensuing by-election for the Division of Richmond, aged 27.[2] He was appointed Minister for the Interior in 1964 by Menzies in a reshuffle, replacing Senator John Gorton.[6]

Minister for the Interior (1964–1967)

[edit]

During his tenure in the Interior portfolio, there were several pushes for Canberra to become independent and self-governing in some capacity.[7] The Menzies government had not yet established a clear policy for Canberra's future, and Anthony stated that the city was not yet ready for self-governance. At Narrogin in August 1966, Anthony relayed to several rural communities that drought would probably soon sweep the region, and that he was prepared to take precautions to prevent as many negative effects as possible.[8] He was unable to comment on protests that took place outside the Canberra Hotel on 2 February 1967.[9]

Anthony was one of the leading forces against the 1967 nexus referendum, which was seeking to increase the Senate's power in parliament. Senator Vince Gair revived the debate around the introduction of such a law in early 1967. Anthony and the County Party decided it would be “unwise” to increase the power of the upper house.[10]

Towards the end of his term as Minister for the Interior, Anthony supported a federal redistribution with conditions so restrictive that it favoured country seats and would increase Country Party representation. Splits within the Liberal and Country coalition were causing such issues to be raised and considered by parliament. These tensions were also fuelled by the narrow majority with which the Liberal Party was returned to power in the 1963 election; without Country Party support they could not have guaranteed parliamentary supply.[11] In 1967, he became Minister for Primary Industry.[2][4]

Minister for Primary Industry (1967–1971)

[edit]
Anthony with Billy Snedden and Jim Forbes in 1963

His first speech in this portfolio was made regarding the wheat price in Australia. 1966–67 had yielded a smaller amount than the 1965–66 season, and accordingly the price of wheat had to be raised.[12] Controversially, in May 1968, Anthony initiated a payout of $21 million to offset the devaluation of the British Pound by Prime Minister Harold Wilson; the currencies were not yet independent of each other.[13] Anthony's popularity in the Industry portfolio was damaged when rural production was down $450 million in 1968 and little change had occurred in the return that farmers were getting for production.[14] Anthony worked with Prime Minister John Gorton to try to create as many economically viable options as possible to deal with the “wheat crisis”. Eventually quotas were introduced to limit production.[15] When China stopped importing Australian wheat in 1971, Anthony advised against communication with the country, saying it could be “politically and commercially dangerous".[16]

Deputy Prime Minister (1971–1972)

[edit]
Anthony with John Gorton and Ian Sinclair on 2 February 1971.

By mid-1969, it was thought that John McEwen, leader of the Country Party since 1958, was going to retire sometime in late 1970. The three members of the party considered to have the greatest chance of succeeding McEwen as leader were Anthony, Shipping Minister Ian Sinclair and Interior Minister Peter Nixon. When McEwen retired in 1971, Anthony was chosen as his successor, taking McEwen's old posts of Minister for Trade and Industry and Deputy Prime Minister in the government of John Gorton, portfolios he retained under William McMahon.[6] Anthony was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II on 23 June 1971.[17]

When McMahon became Prime Minister in March 1971, only a month after Anthony had taken the Deputy Prime Minister position, Anthony lost power as McMahon disliked him and the two had a poor working relationship. Anthony opposed the revaluation of the Australian dollar by McMahon in 1971–72. In mid-1972, McMahon stopped talking to Anthony and he was oblivious to many decisions that were occurring outside cabinet. When McMahon announced the 1972 election, he left Anthony in the dark and he was unaware of the date on which it would take place and the campaign techniques the coalition would use. Anthony called the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jack Marshall, to find out the date, as McMahon had only informed three people of the date before approaching the Governor-General of Australia. Anthony lost faith in the government and became complacent about the defeat which became obvious in the lead up to the election in December 1972.[18]

Opposition (1972–1975)

[edit]
Anthony in 1974.

After McMahon's defeat in 1972, Anthony was said to favour a policy of absolute opposition to the Labor government of Gough Whitlam. Despite that, the Country Party voted with the Labor government on some bills, for example the 1973 expansion of state aid to under-privileged schools. Under Anthony's leadership, the party's name was changed to the National Country Party and it began contesting urban seats in Queensland and Western Australia. There was also a weakening in the party's relationship with primary producer organisations.[19] In 1975, Anthony, along with other senior Opposition members, criticised Whitlam for not giving enough aid to Papua New Guinea.[20]

Deputy Prime Minister (1975–1983)

[edit]
Anthony in Romania in 1976

Anthony had a much better working relationship with Malcolm Fraser than he did with Billy Snedden.[21] At first, Anthony did not support Snedden's or Fraser's decisions to block parliamentary supply from the Labor Party, beginning in October 1975, though he was soon convinced otherwise.[22] The Coalition was confirmed in power at the 1975 election, with the biggest majority government in Australian history. Though from 1975 to 1980 the Liberals won enough seats to form government in their own right, Fraser opted to retain the Coalition with the NCP.[23] Anthony again became Deputy Prime Minister, with the portfolios of Overseas Trade and National Resources (Trade and Resources from 1977).[4] Anthony was noted, while Prime Minister Fraser took annual Christmas holidays, for governing the country as Acting Prime Minister from a caravan in his electorate of Richmond.[24]

In 1976, during his second term as Deputy Prime Minister, Anthony began a strong import and export relationship with Japan, particularly over oil.[25] Anthony supported the mining and export of Australian uranium, and believed it would be an essential part of the future economy.[26] While Acting Prime Minister in July 1976, he was the first user of the Papua New Guinea–Cairns telephone line, speaking to Acting Prime Minister Sir Maori Kiki.[27] While Acting Prime Minister in July 1979, he threatened to shut down an industrial strike in Western Australia, stating the issue had to be resolved. The Labor Party was strongly opposed to this action and called his power as Acting Prime Minister into question.[28] After Fraser lost office in 1983, Anthony remained as party leader (since 1974 named the National Party). The last major move as leader of the National Party that Anthony made was to explain the tensions between the Liberal and National parties in Queensland, who officially opposed each other in the October 1983 election.[29]

Retirement and death

[edit]

Anthony remained in parliament for less than a year after the 1983 defeat before retiring from politics in 1984. By then, although only 54, he was the Father of the House of Representatives, having served 27 years in Parliament. He returned to his farm near Murwillumbah and generally stayed out of politics.[30] In 1996, Larry Anthony won his father's old seat.[31]

In 1994, Anthony appeared in a documentary series about the Liberal Party in which he revealed that McMahon had refused to tell him beforehand the date of the 1972 election, despite Anthony being the Country Party leader. During 1999, Anthony spoke in support of Australia becoming a republic.[32]

Anthony died at an aged care home in Murwillumbah, on 20 December 2020, at the age of 90.[33] Until his death, he was the earliest-elected Country Party MP still alive,[34] and along with his deputy and successor as National Party leader, Ian Sinclair, he was one of the last two surviving ministers who served in the Menzies Government and the First Holt Ministry.[35]

Honours

[edit]

In 1981, Anthony was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH).[36] In 1990, he was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.[37] In 2003 he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for service to the Australian Parliament, for forging the development of bi-lateral trade agreements, and for continued leadership and dedication to the social, educational, health and development needs of rural and regional communities.[38]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Doug Anthony

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

John Douglas Anthony (31 December 1929 – 20 December 2020), commonly known as Doug Anthony, was an Australian politician who led the National Party of Australia from 1971 to 1984 and served as the country's second and longest-serving Deputy Prime Minister, holding the position for a total of nearly a decade across governments led by William McMahon, Malcolm Fraser, and briefly John Gorton.
Born in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Anthony entered federal parliament in 1957 by winning the seat of Richmond in a by-election following the death of his father, Larry Anthony, a previous holder of the same seat and a Country Party (later National Party) figure. He represented Richmond for 27 years until his retirement in 1984, during which he held key ministerial roles, including Minister for Primary Industry (1964–1971, 1975–1979) and Minister for Trade and Resources (1979–1983), focusing on agricultural policy and export markets.
Anthony's tenure as National Party leader emphasized rural and regional advocacy, notably negotiating the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement in 1983, which fostered trans-Tasman economic integration, alongside domestic measures like wheat quotas, a wool reserve price scheme, and dairy industry restructuring to stabilize farming sectors amid global shifts such as Britain's entry into the European Economic Community. He also acted as Prime Minister on multiple occasions, including 76 consecutive days in 1982 during Fraser's absence. Awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) and Companion of Honour (CH), Anthony was remembered for his commitment to primary producers and broadening the party's base to include miners and small businesses, though his firm stance on trade protections drew criticism from free-trade advocates.

Early life and family background

Childhood and upbringing

John Douglas Anthony was born on 31 December 1929 in , , to Hubert Lawrence Anthony, a federal parliamentarian, and Jessie Mary Anthony. Raised in the semi-tropical Tweed Valley near , Anthony attended Secondary School before boarding at The King's School in , experiences that bridged local rural life with broader educational opportunities. He grew up on the family dairy farm outside , engaging in the hands-on demands of that characterized the region's agricultural economy, including milk processing and livestock management amid subtropical conditions prone to heavy rainfall and humidity.

Family influences and pre-political work

John Douglas Anthony was born on 31 December 1929 in , , to Hubert Lawrence "Larry" Anthony and Jessie Mary Anthony. His father, a farmer and prominent member of the Country Party, represented the electorate of Richmond in federal parliament from 1937 until his death in 1957, serving in ministerial roles including Postmaster-General and Minister for Civil Aviation under Prime Minister . Larry Anthony's career exemplified advocacy for rural producers, as he founded the Banana Growers’ in 1928 and pushed for practical improvements in rural , such as automated telephone exchanges and enhanced postal services tailored to agricultural communities distant from urban centers. This background immersed young Anthony in a household attuned to the empirical challenges of farming, including crop diseases like the banana "bunchy top" parasite, which his father addressed through federation-led research efforts, fostering a family orientation toward evidence-based solutions over abstract policy mandates. After completing education at , The King's School in , and the Queensland Agricultural College—where he earned a Diploma in Agriculture in 1948—Anthony returned to the family property in to manage dairy farming operations. He established and operated the Sunnymeadows dairy farm overlooking the Tweed River, engaging directly in the labor-intensive demands of milk production in the region's subtropical climate, which relied on local knowledge of soil, weather patterns, and livestock management rather than remote bureaucratic directives. This hands-on involvement reinforced the familial skepticism toward centralized urban governance, evident in Larry Anthony's parliamentary pushes for equitable rural access to communications and , and cultivated Anthony's grounding in the causal realities of , such as fluctuating commodity prices and the need for targeted support to sustain family-run enterprises against metropolitan biases. Prior to entering , Anthony's pre-political pursuits centered on these farming activities and nascent community leadership in rural networks, mirroring his father's federation work by prioritizing cooperative problem-solving among producers in the Richmond electorate's banana, , and emerging crop sectors. Such experiences laid the groundwork for a perspective rooted in firsthand observation of rural viability, emphasizing decentralized to address verifiable on-the-ground inefficiencies over ideologically driven interventions.

Entry into politics

Inheritance of parliamentary seat

The sudden death of Doug Anthony's father, Hubert Lawrence Anthony, on 12 July 1957 from precipitated a for the federal in northern , a rural electorate centered on primary industries such as banana growing and . Hubert Anthony had held the seat since 1937 as a Country Party member, representing the interests of regional producers in the post-war era marked by fluctuating commodity prices and agricultural modernization pressures. At age 27, Doug Anthony, who had been managing the family banana farm near , reluctantly entered the contest as the Country Party nominee, emphasizing continuity in advocacy for rural constituencies amid these economic challenges. He secured victory in the , demonstrating strong voter loyalty to familial succession and the party's platform of protecting primary producers from urban-centric policies. This transition highlighted the electorate's preference for representatives with direct ties to local farming realities, enabling Anthony's swift shift from agrarian operations to federal parliamentary duties.

Initial parliamentary activities (1957-1964)

John Douglas Anthony entered the Australian Parliament as the member for , in a on 14 September 1957, succeeding his father, Hubert Lawrence Anthony, who had died in office. Representing the Australian Country Party within the coalition government led by Prime Minister , Anthony focused his early efforts on advocating for rural and primary industry constituencies, consistent with the party's role in balancing urban-oriented policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party's emphasis on free-market principles that often disadvantaged farmers. During this period, Anthony participated in key parliamentary debates as a , including contributions to discussions on budgetary allocations via the Appropriation Bill (No. 2) 1959-60 on 1 June 1960, where matters of federal funding for regional infrastructure and rural support were addressed. His interventions highlighted the Country Party's emphasis on countering rural depopulation—evidenced by net migration losses from non-metropolitan areas exceeding 50,000 annually in the late —and bolstering export-dependent sectors like and , which comprised over 40% of Australia's merchandise exports at the time. Through such engagements, Anthony gained practical insight into federal-state funding mechanisms for , laying groundwork for his later expertise without holding executive positions until 1964. By that year, he ascended to deputy leader of the Country Party, concluding his initial phase of parliamentary apprenticeship.

Ministerial roles in primary government

Minister for the Interior (1964-1967)

Anthony was appointed Minister for the Interior on 13 August 1964 in the second ministry, succeeding , and retained the position through the Holt ministry until 19 December 1967. The portfolio encompassed administration of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), (NT), and other federal territories, including oversight of local governance, , resource allocation, and Indigenous welfare programs under the prevailing assimilation framework. Responsibilities included coordinating federal-territory relations without pursuing over-centralization, emphasizing practical and administrative stability amid post-war expansion pressures. A primary focus was the development of as the national capital, where Anthony directed the relocation of remaining department head offices from to the ACT, completing a process initiated earlier to centralize federal operations. This involved overseeing extensive construction initiatives, including public buildings and housing, which enhanced Canberra's and fostered a distinct by 1967, transforming it from a provisional administrative center into a symbolic . In the absence of ACT self-government, Anthony effectively functioned as mayor, managing day-to-day urban growth and federal investments without devolving significant local autonomy, a approach that stabilized planning but drew later critiques for delaying representative reforms. He initiated studies on potential self-government models for the ACT, though these yielded no immediate legislative changes during his tenure. In the , Anthony administered federal oversight of , resource exploration, and basic , implementing measures for such as water resource surveys and mining approvals to support economic viability without excessive federal intervention. These efforts prioritized empirical , including early for remote areas, contributing to gradual administrative consolidation amid sparse population and vast territory challenges. Outcomes included stabilized territorial frameworks that facilitated later growth, though some evaluations noted limited transformative impact due to budgetary constraints and focus on containment rather than expansive reform. On Indigenous affairs, the portfolio covered welfare and assimilation programs in territories, particularly the NT where Aboriginal populations fell under federal jurisdiction until the 1967 referendum. Anthony upheld policies aimed at verifiable integration through , , and pathways, aligning with the era's emphasis on gradual absorption into mainstream society via verifiable metrics like school enrollment and workforce participation, rather than abrupt structural overhauls. His tenure coincided with preparations for the 27 May 1967 referendum, which amended the to enable federal laws for Aboriginal people and include them in the , marking a shift from territory-specific to national responsibilities—though implementation occurred post his departure. Critics, including later Indigenous advocates, argued these efforts insufficiently addressed entrenched disparities, prioritizing administrative continuity over radical empowerment, while supporters credited the framework for foundational stability in federal-Indigenous relations. Empirical data from the period showed incremental gains in welfare funding but persistent gaps in outcomes, reflecting causal constraints of policy design amid evolving societal pressures.

Minister for Primary Industry (1967-1971)

Anthony assumed the role of Minister for Primary Industry in early 1967 under Prime Minister , succeeding Charles Adermann, and retained the position through the subsequent government until February 1971. His tenure coincided with persistent pressures on Australia's export-dependent agricultural sectors, including volatile international prices for and grains, structural inefficiencies in , and the severe 1967-1968 that reduced wheat harvests by approximately 40 percent and inflicted an estimated $500 million loss in rural income. Anthony prioritized interventionist policies to bolster producer incomes and maintain output stability, arguing that such measures were essential to counterbalance the causal effects of global competition and climatic variability on rural viability, rather than relying solely on . A key initiative was the introduction of a wheat quota scheme, which allocated production limits to growers to avert oversupply amid slumping world prices and excess domestic stockpiles. This system, administered through the Australian Wheat Board, stabilized deliveries and supported export competitiveness by aligning supply with demand forecasts, thereby preserving farm incomes during periods of low global returns. Complementing this, Anthony advanced structural reforms in the dairy sector via the Marginal Dairy Farms Reconstruction Scheme, which targeted inefficient operations for voluntary exit or modernization, funded by government assistance to redistribute resources toward viable enterprises and curb chronic overproduction. These efforts addressed the sector's vulnerability to fluctuating prices and import pressures, fostering long-term efficiency without immediate free-market deregulation. In the wool industry, facing chronic price declines due to synthetic fiber competition and oversupply, Anthony implemented the reserve price scheme in 1970, setting a government-backed floor for auction sales to shield growers from sharp downturns. Despite opposition from advocates of non-intervention, the policy—overseen by the Australian Wool Corporation—directly linked support to empirical indicators of grower debt and production costs, ensuring minimal returns that sustained rural communities as major contributors to export earnings. During the 1967-1968 drought's peak impacts, Anthony coordinated federal aid, including carryover stock management and supplementary feeding programs, to mitigate livestock losses and sustain and outputs, which helped limit broader contractions in agricultural GDP despite the environmental shock. Anthony's approach consistently privileged targeted subsidies and marketing boards over pure liberalization, grounded in the reality that unmitigated exposure to disruptions and weather extremes threatened the sector's foundational role in national , where primary products accounted for over 70 percent of exports in the late . This stance reflected a causal of domestic resilience, evidenced by maintained production volumes in subsidized commodities amid global headwinds, though it drew critiques for distorting away from comparative advantages in non-protected areas.

National Party leadership and deputy premiership

Ascension to party leadership (1971)

John McEwen announced his retirement from Parliament effective 2 February 1971, concluding a leadership tenure of the Country Party that had begun in 1958. As the party's deputy leader since 1966, Doug Anthony succeeded McEwen without opposition in a parliamentary party room ballot held that same day. This unopposed election reflected Anthony's established position within the party, built on over a decade of federal parliamentary service and his prior role as Minister for Primary Industry from 1967, which underscored his deep ties to rural constituencies. Anthony's rise capitalized on his familial and regional rural heritage—having inherited the New South Wales seat of Richmond, a stronghold encompassing agricultural and provincial areas—from his father, Hubert Lawrence Anthony, a former Country Party minister. At a time when the Country Party confronted structural challenges from postwar urbanization and a shrinking farming population base, Anthony positioned himself as a leader committed to preserving the party's influence in non-metropolitan electorates while sustaining its pivotal role in the Liberal-Country coalition. The party's empirical hold on 20 lower house seats concentrated in rural and regional districts, as demonstrated in the 1969 federal election, provided a foundation for this strategic emphasis on electoral viability beyond traditional agrarian strongholds. In the immediate aftermath, Anthony consolidated authority by endorsing Ian Sinclair's narrow victory over Peter Nixon for deputy leadership, ensuring alignment with allies focused on rural advocacy and coalition bargaining power. This internal stability amid McEwen's generational exit—McEwen was 70, while Anthony was 41—signaled a pragmatic transition geared toward adapting the party's leverage in non-urban politics without diluting its core rural priorities.

Deputy Prime Minister under Gorton and McMahon (1971-1972)

John Douglas Anthony assumed the role of Deputy Prime Minister on 1 February 1971 upon his election as leader of the Country Party, succeeding John McEwen in John Gorton's Liberal-Country coalition government. This period under Gorton lasted only until 10 March 1971, when Gorton lost a Liberal Party leadership ballot, prompting William McMahon to become Prime Minister. Anthony's early deputy role involved balancing Gorton's centralist tendencies—evident in policies like education funding—with Country Party demands for federalism and rural protections, though no major policy vetoes were exercised during the brief tenure. Under McMahon, Anthony continued as and took on the portfolio of Minister for Trade and Industry, maintaining focus on primary industry support and export policies amid ongoing drawdowns and economic pressures. dynamics soured by late 1971, particularly over currency policy; Anthony, representing rural exporters, threatened to pull the Country Party from the government in December 1971 unless McMahon resisted pressure for Australian dollar revaluation, which would erode competitiveness of agricultural goods. He later described McMahon as "just not big enough for the job," reflecting interpersonal frictions that tested the stability without fracturing it before the 1972 election. As Deputy, Anthony periodically acted as Prime Minister during McMahon's overseas trips or absences, overseeing routine administrative functions and cabinet coordination in an era of leadership instability but without precipitating significant crises. This role underscored his influence in sustaining coalition governance amid policy continuity on trade protections for primary sectors, even as broader tensions over adjustments—where Gorton's gradual troop reductions carried over—saw limited rural-specific interventions from Anthony.

Opposition period and role in 1975 political crisis (1972-1975)

Following the Liberal-Country Party Coalition's defeat in the December 10, 1972 federal election, Doug Anthony, as leader of the Country Party (rebranded National Country Party in 1975), assumed the role of Deputy Leader of the Opposition under Liberal leader . In the Snedden Shadow Ministry, Anthony served as Shadow Minister for Trade and Resources, as well as for Decentralisation, positions that aligned with his advocacy for primary industries and opposition to the Whitlam Labor government's centralist tendencies. He favored a strategy of uncompromising resistance to Whitlam's agenda, viewing it as a threat to rural interests and federal balance. Anthony's parliamentary interventions highlighted perceived neglect of , including accusations that the government discriminated against the rural sector through socialistic policies that endangered traditional economic structures. Anthony sharply criticized Whitlam's economic measures, particularly the 25 percent across-the-board tariff reduction announced in the August 1973 federal budget, which he and the Country Party saw as undermining protection for domestic industries interconnected with rural exports. This policy, intended to combat and revalue the , exacerbated pressures on and input costs for farmers, contributing to broader rural discontent amid global commodity fluctuations and domestic subsidy adjustments. Farmers' protests, such as the February 1974 incident in where Whitlam was pelted with eggs, reflected this unrest, though Anthony publicly deplored the violence while underscoring the underlying grievances over policy impacts on primary producers. His shadow portfolio work emphasized to counter Whitlam's initiatives like the Australian Assistance Plan, which centralized welfare and infrastructure funding, bypassing state governments and rural electorates in favor of urban-focused reforms. In the 1975 constitutional crisis, Anthony played a pivotal role in the Coalition's Senate strategy to withhold supply, refusing passage of appropriation bills in 1975 amid revelations of fiscal mismanagement, including the and unauthorized overseas borrowing attempts totaling $4 billion. As Deputy Opposition Leader, he endorsed Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser's decision to block funds, arguing publicly that the was "bad, corrupt, dishonest" and unfit to continue without electoral , framing the tactic as a legitimate check on executive overreach rather than subversion of . This standoff, rooted in the 's constitutional power over money bills and the government's inability to secure passage after the 1974 election, prompted Sir John Kerr to dismiss Whitlam on November 11, 1975, invoking reserve powers to avert governance paralysis from denied supply—a mechanism grounded in Westminster conventions for resolving deadlocks, despite subsequent partisan narratives portraying it as undemocratic. Anthony's alignment with Fraser ensured unity, culminating in the caretaker administration's landslide victory on December 13, 1975.

Deputy Prime Minister under Fraser (1975-1983)

Following the dismissal of the Whitlam government on 11 November 1975, Malcolm Fraser was commissioned as Prime Minister, with Doug Anthony sworn in as Deputy Prime Minister the same day, a position he held until 10 March 1983. In this role, Anthony also served as Minister for Overseas Trade until December 1977 and briefly as Minister for Minerals and Energy in late 1975, allowing him to shape early responses to global energy challenges. His tenure marked a period of effective power-sharing within the Coalition, where Anthony leveraged the National Country Party's rural voter base to assert the minor party's indispensability amid occasional Liberal internal tensions. Anthony played a key role in the Fraser government's economic stabilization efforts following the inflationary excesses of the Whitlam era, advocating for fiscal restraint while securing targeted support for primary industries facing high input costs and volatile commodity prices. The administration achieved a budget surplus in 1976–77 through expenditure cuts and streamlining, with Anthony influencing policies to bolster rural exports and agricultural resilience, including sustained quotas for stabilization and enhancements to the Australian Wool Corporation's reserve price mechanisms. Amid persistent inflation averaging over 10% in the late 1970s, he pushed for rural aid programs that mitigated farm indebtedness, drawing on the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics' forecasting to inform commodity policy adjustments. As , Anthony frequently acted as during Fraser's absences, including multiple summer periods in the late and early , often managing affairs from a caravan at New Brighton, , and a notable 76 consecutive days starting in November 1982. During these intervals, he addressed pragmatic conservative priorities such as , navigating the by promoting domestic resource development and trade diversification without disruptive overhauls. This hands-on approach underscored his steady influence in coalition governance, reinforcing the Nationals' leverage in policy deliberations over urban-focused Liberal agendas.

Resignation and party transition (1983-1984)

Following the Australian federal election on 5 March 1983, in which the Labor Party under secured a , defeating the Fraser-led , Doug Anthony announced his intention to resign as leader of the National Country Party (NCP) on 30 December 1983. Anthony, who had led the party since February 1971, cited the electoral defeat as a catalyst for the need to inject fresh leadership to revitalize the party's position in opposition and adapt to changing demographics, including increasing that eroded the rural base central to the party's identity. Anthony formally tendered his resignation at a special NCP federal conference on 17 January 1984, where was elected as his successor, defeating challenger Stephen Lusher in a . The transition marked the end of Anthony's 13-year tenure as leader, during which he had navigated the party—renamed the National Party in 1982—through governments and oppositions, maintaining its influence in arrangements despite a shrinking rural electorate comprising less than 15% of the population by the early . The handover proceeded without internal factional strife, preserving the NCP's partnership with the Liberal Party and ensuring continuity in opposition strategy against the . On 18 January 1984, Anthony resigned his seat of Richmond in the , effective immediately, triggering a on 18 February 1984 won by his son Larry Anthony, thus extending the family's parliamentary dynasty. This resignation from both leadership and parliament underscored a deliberate generational shift within the party, aimed at positioning it for the 1984 federal election under Sinclair's direction.

Policy positions and contributions

Advocacy for rural and primary industries

As Minister for Primary Industry from 1967 to 1971, Anthony played a key role in establishing the Australian Wool Commission in November 1970, which implemented a reserve price scheme to stabilize wool prices and mitigate market fluctuations for growers. This intervention addressed the wool industry's vulnerability to global oversupply and price drops, providing a government-backed floor price that ensured more predictable returns amid the sector's dominance in Australian agricultural exports, where accounted for a significant portion of rural output. Anthony expanded support through similar mechanisms for other commodities, including loans and stabilization for the Australian Wheat Board to facilitate export growth during periods of international demand shifts. These policies, including subsidies tied to price supports, correlated with sustained farm incomes in the 1970s despite global volatility from events like the , which drove up input costs and depressed commodity prices; wool growers, for instance, benefited from buffered earnings that averaged stable surpluses relative to pre-scheme volatility. Such measures countered urban-centric policy neglect by prioritizing primary sector resilience, enabling farmers to weather shocks that might otherwise have eroded rural economic bases. In advocating for rural infrastructure, Anthony emphasized investments in and systems to enhance primary industry productivity, arguing against disproportionate urban funding that disadvantaged remote areas. His efforts as National Party leader reinforced demands for roads and expansions, which helped sustain agricultural viability in regions prone to isolation and . Over the longer term, these interventions slowed the rural exodus by preserving farm household incomes and delaying widespread consolidation, with Australian farm numbers declining more gradually in the compared to later periods; however, critics argue they postponed necessary efficiency reforms, propping up marginal operations at the expense of sector-wide competitiveness. Empirical assessments indicate that while stabilization reduced income variance, it sometimes lowered average net returns due to accumulated stockpiles and fiscal costs, highlighting a between short-term protection and adaptive restructuring.

Trade protectionism and economic interventions

During his tenure as Minister for Primary Industry and later as Minister for Trade and Resources, Doug Anthony championed selective protectionist measures to shield Australian primary producers from import competition, prioritizing the causal link between viable domestic industries and regional economic stability over unfettered global market exposure. He resisted deep tariff concessions in multilateral forums that could undermine exporters without reciprocal gains abroad, as evidenced by Australia's approach in the Tokyo Round of GATT negotiations (1973–1979), where Anthony, in his role as trade minister from 1977, oversaw binding tariff cuts on industrial goods but insisted on safeguards for amid persistent foreign subsidies. This stance reflected a first-principles emphasis on preserving export-oriented sectors like and grains, where empirical data showed that unchecked import surges—such as European dairy products—had previously depressed local prices by up to 15% in the early 1970s. Anthony's position often clashed with economic liberals, or "dries," within the Fraser cabinet, who advocated broader tariff reductions for efficiency gains; he countered by highlighting data on rural viability, such as sustained wheat production volumes exceeding 10 million tonnes annually in the late 1970s despite volatile global prices, attributing this to targeted interventions like import quotas on competing foodstuffs. In the 1982 GATT ministerial meeting in , Anthony led a delegation walkout over inadequate progress on dismantling agricultural barriers in major economies, arguing that without such reforms, Australian farmers faced asymmetric disadvantages from U.S. and European protections estimated at equivalent tariffs over 50% on key commodities. This action, while criticized as disruptive by free-trade proponents, underscored his causal realism: as a temporary buffer enabling industries to adapt, rather than abstract ideological purity. Economists, including those from the Industries Assistance Commission (predecessor to the Productivity Commission), critiqued these policies for distorting , with effective protection rates for reaching 25–30% in the , fostering higher domestic costs and suboptimal productivity growth compared to exposed sectors. Anthony rebutted such views by citing preserved regional outcomes, including stable employment in protected primary subsectors— farms, for instance, maintained over 30,000 jobs nationwide through the decade—and arguing that abrupt would exacerbate rural depopulation, as seen in pre-protection eras with farm numbers declining 20% in unprotected regions. These interventions, including quotas and price stabilization schemes, empirically sustained output in vulnerable areas until diversification opportunities matured, though later analyses noted long-term inefficiencies amid global shifts.

Federalism and coalition influence

As leader of the National Party from 1971 to 1984, Doug Anthony utilized the party's strategic position within the to counterbalance centralizing tendencies in federal policy, particularly during the (1975–1983). The Nationals' support was essential for coalition stability, enabling Anthony to negotiate concessions that prioritized state-level autonomy and regional interests over uniform Commonwealth directives. This approach aligned with Malcolm Fraser's "" agenda, which sought to devolve fiscal responsibilities and specific-purpose grants to the states, reversing the post-World War II accumulation of power in . Anthony expressed skepticism toward one-size-fits-all national policies, arguing that Australia's varied geographies—from arid inland regions to coastal rural areas—necessitated decentralized decision-making to address local economic disparities effectively. In a address to the party's Federal Council, he highlighted the Country Party's (later National Party) role in maintaining "the balance between city and country," ensuring rural voices influenced federal outcomes. Through negotiations, this translated into provisions favoring non-metropolitan areas, including increased state grants for infrastructure and industry support, which helped sustain conservative representation in regional electorates. The empirical outcomes included expanded federal transfers under , with designated grants rising as a mechanism to empower states while tying funds to regional priorities like and . These measures, secured amid the Nationals' pivotal influence, preserved rural strongholds by mitigating urban-centric centralization, though critics noted ongoing fiscal dependencies limited full . Anthony's efforts thus reinforced as a bulwark against excessive dominance, grounded in the causal reality of geographic diversity driving policy needs.

Controversies and criticisms

Allegations of foreign influence during

During the 1975 Australian , publicly alleged that Doug Anthony, leader of the National Country Party (NCP), maintained close personal and financial ties to the (CIA), suggesting foreign influence over opposition activities. These claims, voiced in early November 1975 amid escalating tensions over supply in the and revelations of CIA operations in like , centered on Anthony's association with Richard Stallings, an American identified retrospectively as a CIA officer who had rented Anthony's residence and maintained social contacts. Whitlam framed these links as evidence of undue U.S. interference undermining his government's foreign policy shifts, including threats to expose CIA personnel and review joint intelligence facilities. Anthony categorically denied the allegations, asserting he had no knowledge of Stallings' CIA affiliation at the time and characterizing Whitlam's statements as "unsupported innuendo" intended to divert attention from the Whitlam government's own fiscal scandals, such as the involving unauthorized overseas borrowing attempts. U.S. government records explicitly refute claims of CIA financial support to the NCP or Anthony personally, stating no such payments occurred. Subsequent inquiries, including those by the (ASIO) and parliamentary reviews, uncovered no verifiable evidence of CIA-directed influence on Anthony's decisions or NCP strategy, despite persistent speculation in left-leaning outlets and memoirs sympathetic to Labor. The accusations aligned with broader Whitlam-era narratives of foreign , often amplified by sources exhibiting partisan bias toward Labor's perspective, yet they lacked empirical substantiation such as documented directives, fund transfers, or policy deviations traceable to U.S. . Anthony's opposition to Whitlam policies—on issues like export controls and resource nationalization—stemmed demonstrably from advocacy for Australian primary producers' economic viability, as evidenced by NCP platforms prioritizing domestic rural constituencies over international alignments. In causal terms, the claims appear functionally as a rhetorical tactic to discredit the opposition amid Labor's parliamentary vulnerabilities, rather than reflecting operative foreign control, with no declassified materials or independent corroboration emerging in the decades since to validate influence.

Debates over protectionist policies

Anthony advocated for targeted protectionist measures in primary industries, including import quotas and tariff bindings on agricultural products, to shield domestic producers from foreign competition. As Minister for Primary Industry, he supported schemes such as dairy industry equalization payments and stabilization funds for and , arguing these prevented widespread farm bankruptcies amid volatile global prices in the 1970s. Free-market economists critiqued these interventions for distorting and elevating consumer costs, with effective rates of assistance for protected agricultural sectors contributing to inefficiencies like in and . For instance, nominal reductions were offset by non-tariff barriers, resulting in higher domestic prices that burdened urban households while delaying industry adjustment to global competition. Right-leaning analysts, including those from the Institute of Public Affairs, questioned the long-term sustainability, noting that protections fostered dependency rather than innovation, even as Anthony cited short-term data showing stabilized farm incomes during downturns like the 1974-75 . Empirically, these policies provided temporary rural stability, with farm debt levels moderated through the decade despite a 20-30% decline in farm numbers from 1970 to 1980, averting sharper collapses. However, by the early 1980s, mounting fiscal costs and international pressures exposed adaptation challenges, as protected sectors struggled post-liberalization, underscoring critiques that interventions delayed necessary restructuring without enhancing competitiveness.

Interpersonal style and political tactics

Anthony was known for a robust and resilient interpersonal style that combined rural affability with unyielding determination in political negotiations. Described by former as a "very strong man" whose personality and arguments "shone through" without resorting to , he cultivated an approachable demeanor influenced by his semi-tropical lifestyle, often engaging in casual social activities like late-night . Yet this public openness masked a strategic toughness, as evidenced by his orchestration of a three-day cabinet standoff in 1971 over dollar revaluation, where he forced Liberal counterparts to concede after sustained pressure. In coalition dealings, Anthony employed hardball tactics to safeguard National Party interests, frequently leveraging the junior partner's veto power over Liberal leadership choices. As deputy to , he participated in blocking Bill McMahon's ascent to in the late 1960s, contributing to the selection of instead, a decision that underscored the Country Party's influence despite its smaller size. He opposed McMahon's leadership following Gorton's 1971 defeat and withheld the 1972 election date amid disputes, straining relations but extracting concessions. Under , Anthony demonstrated similar resolve by storming into a 1977 cabinet meeting with lieutenants and Peter Nixon, ejecting public servants, and vehemently protesting an attempt to reverse a prior agreement with Opposition Leader . Critics, particularly from urban-based media and Liberal ranks, occasionally portrayed Anthony's directness as abrasive, highlighting his threats to withdraw from the coalition in 1971 over economic policies and his independent maneuvering during the 1972–1974 opposition period. However, such perceptions were countered by the measurable outcomes of his approach: the coalition's endurance through multiple governments and Anthony's 13-year leadership tenure from 1971 to 1984, during which he secured key portfolios like for Nationals. His skillful negotiation extended to internal party reforms, pushing name changes from Country Party to National Party in 1975 and 1982 despite resistance, reflecting a pragmatic ruthlessness aimed at broadening appeal without diluting rural priorities.

Retirement, later years, and death

Post-political career

Following his resignation from Parliament on 18 1984, Anthony retired to his family property on the north coast, adopting a low public profile while focusing on engagements tied to primary industries. Anthony leveraged his expertise in rural and resource sectors through directorships on company boards, including Normandy Mining, a major Australian gold producer; Clyde Agriculture, an firm; PosGold; and Resource Finance Corporation. He also served as a founding director of the Railroad, supporting regional transport infrastructure. These roles enabled practical advocacy for agricultural and interests without involvement in active , aligning with his longstanding emphasis on primary industry viability. From 1987 to 1996, Anthony chaired the appeal for the Crawford Fund, an initiative for international agricultural research in developing countries, and subsequently became its inaugural chair, fostering scientific advancements in farming practices. In a similar vein, he established the Right Honourable Doug Anthony Gatton Scholarships Endowment Fund at the University of Queensland's Gatton campus to support students pursuing agriculture-related studies, reflecting a commitment to sustaining rural expertise beyond service. Anthony refrained from partisan activities or leadership bids within the National Party, allowing a generational transition under successors like , and offered only occasional public commentary, such as endorsing an Australian republic post-retirement. This approach underscored a pragmatic assessment of the party's evolving needs amid , prioritizing non-political contributions to conservative rural priorities.

Death and tributes

John Douglas Anthony died peacefully on 20 December 2020 at the age of 90 in the Heritage Lodge aged-care facility in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, where he had resided following his retirement. His family issued a statement confirming the death, noting he was survived by his wife Margot, three children—Dougald, Jane, and Larry—and nine grandchildren, and expressing gratitude for the care provided in his final years. Tributes from political figures across the spectrum highlighted Anthony's long tenure as Australia's longest-serving deputy prime minister and his advocacy for rural interests, with Prime Minister Scott Morrison describing him as a "passionate and courageous" leader who championed primary industries. Former Prime Minister John Howard, who attended a state memorial service alongside Morrison and Nationals leader Barnaby Joyce, praised Anthony's decency and contributions to federalism within the Coalition. The New South Wales government organized the memorial at Tweed Heads on 27 January 2021, attended by hundreds, where speakers acknowledged his guardianship of regional Australia amid the era's economic challenges. While bipartisan in tone, some commentary from progressive outlets recalled critiques of Anthony's protectionist policies and interpersonal style during the , framing his legacy as tied to a pre-globalization rural that prioritized domestic industries over . These reflections underscored divisions over his resistance to tariff reductions and support for industry interventions, though immediate responses emphasized his service record over policy disputes.

Honours and enduring legacy

Official recognitions

Anthony was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) on 9 June 2003 in the Queen's Birthday Honours, recognising his service to the and to rural and regional communities through leadership in , , and . This award, the highest civilian honour in Australia's system, was conferred over two decades after his retirement from federal politics, based on the sustained impact of his 28-year parliamentary tenure and roles including from 1971–1972 and 1975–1983. In the 1982 New Year's Honours, announced on 31 December 1981, Anthony received the Companion of Honour (CH) from the British honours system for political and public service, limited to 65 living members globally and recognising exceptional contributions to national governance during his active leadership of the National Country Party and oversight of key portfolios like and Resources. He also held appointment to the Queen's in 1971, affirming his status in executive circles for advising on trade and foreign affairs matters. Additional distinctions include the awarded on 1 January 2001 for contributions to Australian society through . Following his death on 20 December 2020, a state memorial service was held on 28 January 2021 at Tweed Heads, New South Wales, with national flags flown at half-mast in , honouring his record as Australia's longest-serving and advocate for rural interests.

Long-term impact on Australian conservatism and rural politics

Anthony's leadership from 1971 to 1984 solidified the National Party's role as the enduring voice for rural conservatives, channeling agrarian interests into the broader conservative framework and countering Labor's centralist tendencies. By prioritizing regional , he ensured the party's hold on non-metropolitan electorates, which remain critical to majorities; for instance, the Nationals' rural seats have consistently provided the margin needed for Liberal-led governments in elections such as 1996, 2001, 2013, and 2019, preventing urban-dominated Labor from securing outright control. This structure, reinforced under Anthony, fostered coalition stability by balancing urban liberalism with rural pragmatism, as he described in 1972: a strong National Party maintains "the balance of stable Government" against political extremes. In policy terms, Anthony's influence delayed premature free-trade liberalization, safeguarding primary producers from abrupt exposure to global competition until structural adjustments like currency floating in 1983 and subsequent diversification into mining were viable. His advocacy, including protests against Britain's 1973 entry into the that threatened agricultural exports, preserved tariffs and subsidies that sustained rural viability amid urban-industrial biases in policymaking. Critics alleging entrenched inefficiencies overlook empirical outcomes: agriculture's share of GDP stabilized around 2-3% post-reforms while contributing disproportionately to exports (over 12% of goods exports by value in the ), underscoring the causal benefits of phased protection in enabling regional adaptation rather than collapse. This legacy emphasized defending rural heartlands against elite cosmopolitanism, embedding a conservative ethos of and toward centralized overreach in Australian . The Nationals' ongoing influence in negotiations—securing disproportionate ministerial roles relative to seats—traces to Anthony's assertive deputy premiership (1975-1983), which normalized rural veto power on issues like and , ensuring conservatism's rural flank endures beyond metropolitan shifts.

References

  1. https://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/anthony-john-douglas-doug-31361
  2. https://handbook.aph.gov.au/Parliamentarian/BU4
  3. https://alumni.uq.edu.au/story/17828/right-honourable-john-douglas-anthony-ac-pc-ch
  4. https://stories.uq.edu.au/contact-magazine/2021/remembering-doug-anthony/index.html
  5. https://www.sanationals.org.au/post/vale-doug-anthony
  6. https://www.nationals.org.au/about/history
  7. https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-44034
  8. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/anthony-hubert-lawrence-larry-9371
  9. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Anthony-4112
  10. https://handbook.aph.gov.au/Parliamentarian/JLZ
  11. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-20/former-deputy-prime-minister-doug-anthony-dies/12590524
  12. https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/doug-anthony-the-tough-politician-behind-the-friendly-face-20201220-p56p3g
  13. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansardr/8f08edf4-8c55-4033-ab20-918ecad6739c/&sid=0225
  14. http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1960/19600601_reps_23_hor27/#debate-24
  15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3229449
  16. https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-menzies/key-people
  17. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Publications_and_resources/Papers_and_research/Papers_on_Parliament_and_other_resources/Papers_on_Parliament/68/The_Defeated_1967_Nexus_Referendum
  18. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/ea939d7c-2b2b-4055-a965-7d46f930db10/&sid=0120
  19. https://www.naa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/research-guide-government-records-about-ACT_0.pdf
  20. https://www.naa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-02/research-guide-government-records-nt.pdf
  21. https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/projects/bringing-them-home-8-history-northern-territory
  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1968/07/28/archives/australia-weighs-cost-of-drought-4-dry-years-have-taken-a-heavy.html
  23. https://www.farmonline.com.au/story/7064217/doug-anthony-the-boyish-bush-pollie-with-head-kicking-capacity/
  24. https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/VI-1-APR-NOV-08-KERIN-ANTHONYS.pdf
  25. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/minisite/tradethroughtimegovau/site/index.html
  26. https://www.monumentaustralia.org/themes/people/government---federal/display/116800-sir-john-mcewen
  27. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstreams/0f26762a-3a22-4eaa-b0b3-e5e5df31070b/download
  28. https://www.michaelmccormack.com.au/2020-12-20-statement-on-the-passing-of-the-right-honourable-doug-anthony-ac-ch/
  29. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/the-last-giant-doug-anthony-dead-at-90-20201220-p56p20.html
  30. https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/william-mcmahon/during-office
  31. https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/john-gorton/during-office
  32. https://www.afr.com/politics/adrift-on-aship-of-fools-20020102-k1cmp
  33. https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1974CANBER02644.html
  34. https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/gough-whitlam-the-thwarted-globaliser-and-market-reformer-20141021-11a6d7
  35. https://www.afr.com/opinion/tariff-cuts-are-the-easy-bit-how-about-the-tough-stuff-19910313-k4a66
  36. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/from-the-archives-whitlam-pelted-jostled-in-farmers-protest-20190321-p5169c.html
  37. https://www.abc.net.au/education/the-dismissal-of-the-whitlam-government-1975/13931718
  38. https://moadoph.gov.au/explore/democracy/weve-been-sacked-the-1975-whitlam-government-dismissal
  39. https://handbook.aph.gov.au/ministries/government-ministries/51
  40. https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/malcolm-fraser/during-office
  41. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/12/30/Australian-minority-party-leader-quits/1416441608400/
  42. https://www.openaustralia.org.au/debates/?id=2021-02-04.167.2
  43. https://www.ppesydney.net/content/uploads/2020/05/The-liberalisation-of-the-Australian-wool-industry.pdf
  44. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ags/ajaeau/22802.html
  45. https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/wopapub/senate/committee/freetrade_ctte/report/interim/e01app1_pdf.ashx
  46. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/the-negotiation-of-the-australia-new-zealand-closer-economic-relations-trade-agreement-1983.pdf
  47. https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/1130/113035.html
  48. https://iit.adelaide.edu.au/system/files/media/documents/2024-11/ua31450-au-eu-trade-agreement-wp20.pdf
  49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1t304mv.26
  50. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-wombat-free-zone-in-trade/
  51. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1980.tb00539.x
  52. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Australia-at-the-Polls-1975_text.pdf
  53. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00323267708401621
  54. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/06/archives/cia-issue-enters-australian-crisis-whitlam-says-an-opposition-chief.html
  55. https://www.crikey.com.au/2015/11/25/rundle-proving-the-cia-backed-conspiracy-that-brought-down-whitlam/
  56. https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/jim-killen-doug-anthony-and-others-write-in-20210813-p58inj
  57. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d58
  58. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Former_Committees/freetrade/report/interim/e01app1
  59. https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-4754
  60. https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/p2018-t332486-economic-reform-v2.pdf
  61. https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/speeches/Pages/trade-and-domestic-reforms-the-australian-experience
  62. https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2010/sep/1.html
  63. https://crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/2025-02/acde_td_anderson_2020_10.pdf
  64. https://www.smh.com.au/national/farewell-to-a-nationals-leader-who-could-stare-down-a-prime-minister-20210128-p56xk2.html
  65. https://www.spectator.com.au/2020/12/doug-anthony-the-original-all-star-goes-out/
  66. https://insidestory.org.au/keeping-the-country-in-the-coalition/
  67. https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/anthony-john-douglas-doug-31361
  68. https://www.maynereport.com/articles/2009/11/23-1615-6931.html
  69. https://www.crawfordfund.org/news/vale-doug-anthony-the-funds-inaugural-chair/
  70. https://science.uq.edu.au/article/2020/01/former-deputy-pm-supports-australian-agriculture-its-roots
  71. https://www.echo.net.au/2020/12/vale-doug-anthony-1929-2020/
  72. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/dec/20/doug-anthony-former-nationals-leader-and-deputy-prime-minister-dies-aged-80
  73. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9072143/Scott-Morrison-leads-tributes-following-death-former-deputy-prime-minister-Doug-Anthony.html
  74. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9195437/Scott-Morrison-John-Howard-Barnaby-Joyce-attend-memorial-service-Doug-Anthony.html
  75. https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/former-deputy-prime-minister-doug-anthony-remembered-at-state-memorial-service/news-story/a3413b522b5a04f9dc1a9186ae7a5353
  76. https://www.echo.net.au/2021/01/doug-anthony-farewelled-at-state-memorial/
  77. https://www.farmonline.com.au/story/7063720/tributes-flow-for-ex-deputy-prime-minister-doug-anthony/
  78. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-06-09/queens-birthday-honours-for-500/1866800
  79. https://www.uralla.nsw.gov.au/Council/Council-News-and-Media/Public-Notices/Vale-The-Right-Honourable-Doug-Anthony-AC-CH
  80. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/country-party
  81. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-20/ewart-on-the-wombat-trail-the-history-of-the-nationals/5905454
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.