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HMS Duke of York (17)
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HMS Duke of York (17)
HMS Duke of York was one of five King George V-class battleships built for the Royal Navy (RN) during the late 1930s. Completed in November 1941, during the Second World War, the ship transported Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the United States to meet President Franklin D. Roosevelt the following month. Between March and September 1942 she was assigned to convoy escort duties in the Arctic as the flagship of the Second Battle Squadron, but in October she was transferred to Gibraltar where she became the flagship of Force H. The following month, Duke of York played a minor role in the Allied invasion of North Africa. After the invasion, the ship became the flagship of the Home Fleet, participating in diversionary operations designed to draw the Germans' attention away from Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. In October, Duke of York covered a force of Allied ships that attacked German shipping off Norway (Operation Leader).
In December 1943 the ship was part of a task force which encountered the German battleship Scharnhorst off the North Cape of Norway. During the engagement that followed, Scharnhorst hit Duke of York twice with little effect, but was herself hit by 10 shells from Duke of York's guns. One of which slowed the German ship, allowing her to be torpedoed and sunk by the accompanying destroyers. In 1945, the ship was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet as its flagship, but arrived too late to see any action before Japan surrendered. After the war, she resumed her role as the flagship of Home Fleet until she became the flagship of the Reserve Fleet in 1949. Two years later she was mothballed. She was placed on the disposal list in 1957 and scrapped the following year.
In the aftermath of the First World War, the Washington Naval Treaty was signed in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States. This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the displacement of capital ships at 35,000 long tons (36,000 t). These restrictions were extended in 1930 by the London Naval Treaty, although France and Italy refused to sign it. Both nations laid down a pair of battleships armed with 15-inch (380 mm) gun by 1934, although these nominally complied with the tonnage limit of the naval treaties. The Admiralty had already made plans to build a new class of battleships compliant with all of the treaty restrictions once the RN could legally begin construction after the London Naval Treaty expired on 1 January 1937.
A clause in the Second London Naval Treaty of March 1936 further limited the maximum calibre of the guns which battleships could carry to 14 inches (356 mm), although the treaty contained an "escalator" clause that permitted the calibre to be increased to 16 inches (406 mm) if any of the nations that signed the original Washington Treaty failed to sign it by 1 April 1937. The Admiralty was anxious to get the King George V-class ships into service as quickly as possible and declined to wait until the deadline passed since design work with the smaller guns had been completed and the first two ships had already been ordered with construction to commence on 1 January 1937.
Duke of York had a length overall of 745 feet (227.1 m), a beam of 103 feet 2 inches (31.4 m) and a deep draught of 33 feet 3 inches (10.1 m). She displaced 42,046 long tons (42,721 t) at light load and 42,046 long tons (42,721 t) at deep load as completed. By 1945 her deep displacement had increased to 44,794 long tons (45,513 t) with the installation of additional weapons, equipment and the manpower needed to operate them. Her metacentric height was 8.14 feet (2.5 m) at deep load as built. By 1945, it had decreased to 7.19 feet (2.2 m). Her crew numbered 84 officers and 1,530 ratings as a squadron flagship and 104 officers and 1,578 ratings as a fleet flagship.
The King George V class was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by eight Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. The propulsion machinery was configured in a staggered unit system with each pair of boilers normally feeding one turbine, but they could be cross-connected with each other to minimise the effects of any damage. The turbines were rated at 100,000 shp (75,000 kW), but could deliver 110,000 shp (82,000 kW) at emergency overload. During Duke of York's speed trials on 1 November 1941, she reached 28.6 knots (53.0 km/h; 32.9 mph) from 111,200 shp (82,900 kW) at deep load. The ship carried 3,588 long tons (3,646 t) of fuel oil which was later increased to 3,879 long tons (3,941 t) in 1945. Duke of York had a range of 5,600 nmi (10,400 km; 6,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) in 1944.
The main battery of the King-George V-class ships consisted of 10 BL 14 in (356 mm) Mk VII guns, two quadruple-gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure with one twin turret superfiring over the forward quadruple turret. From front to rear the turrets were designated "A", "B" and "Y". The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF 5.25 in (133 mm) Mk I dual-purpose guns which were mounted in eight twin-gun turrets amidships. Duke of York's light anti-aircraft suite consisted of six octuple QF 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in)) Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns in power-driven mountings. One mounting each was located on the roof of "B" and "Y" turrets. The remaining mounts were located on the forward superstructure, two on each broadside. These were supplemented by six 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon AA guns in single, hand-worked, mounts. Two of these were positioned on the quarterdeck on the centreline while the other were in the superstructure.
The King George Vs were equipped with two director-control towers (DCT), one was located above the bridge (nautical) and the other on the aft superstructure. These controlled the main guns; The forward DCT was fitted with a 22-foot (6.7 m) rangefinder while the rear one had one 15 feet (4.6 m) wide. "B" turret could also control all of the main guns and was fitted with a 30-foot (9.1 m) duplex rangefinder. The other turrets had 41-foot (12.5 m) rangefinders for use in local control. Four Mark V HACS directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned aboard Duke of York near the DCTs to control the secondary battery. Each "pom-pom" mount had an associated Mark IV director.
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HMS Duke of York (17)
HMS Duke of York was one of five King George V-class battleships built for the Royal Navy (RN) during the late 1930s. Completed in November 1941, during the Second World War, the ship transported Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the United States to meet President Franklin D. Roosevelt the following month. Between March and September 1942 she was assigned to convoy escort duties in the Arctic as the flagship of the Second Battle Squadron, but in October she was transferred to Gibraltar where she became the flagship of Force H. The following month, Duke of York played a minor role in the Allied invasion of North Africa. After the invasion, the ship became the flagship of the Home Fleet, participating in diversionary operations designed to draw the Germans' attention away from Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. In October, Duke of York covered a force of Allied ships that attacked German shipping off Norway (Operation Leader).
In December 1943 the ship was part of a task force which encountered the German battleship Scharnhorst off the North Cape of Norway. During the engagement that followed, Scharnhorst hit Duke of York twice with little effect, but was herself hit by 10 shells from Duke of York's guns. One of which slowed the German ship, allowing her to be torpedoed and sunk by the accompanying destroyers. In 1945, the ship was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet as its flagship, but arrived too late to see any action before Japan surrendered. After the war, she resumed her role as the flagship of Home Fleet until she became the flagship of the Reserve Fleet in 1949. Two years later she was mothballed. She was placed on the disposal list in 1957 and scrapped the following year.
In the aftermath of the First World War, the Washington Naval Treaty was signed in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States. This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the displacement of capital ships at 35,000 long tons (36,000 t). These restrictions were extended in 1930 by the London Naval Treaty, although France and Italy refused to sign it. Both nations laid down a pair of battleships armed with 15-inch (380 mm) gun by 1934, although these nominally complied with the tonnage limit of the naval treaties. The Admiralty had already made plans to build a new class of battleships compliant with all of the treaty restrictions once the RN could legally begin construction after the London Naval Treaty expired on 1 January 1937.
A clause in the Second London Naval Treaty of March 1936 further limited the maximum calibre of the guns which battleships could carry to 14 inches (356 mm), although the treaty contained an "escalator" clause that permitted the calibre to be increased to 16 inches (406 mm) if any of the nations that signed the original Washington Treaty failed to sign it by 1 April 1937. The Admiralty was anxious to get the King George V-class ships into service as quickly as possible and declined to wait until the deadline passed since design work with the smaller guns had been completed and the first two ships had already been ordered with construction to commence on 1 January 1937.
Duke of York had a length overall of 745 feet (227.1 m), a beam of 103 feet 2 inches (31.4 m) and a deep draught of 33 feet 3 inches (10.1 m). She displaced 42,046 long tons (42,721 t) at light load and 42,046 long tons (42,721 t) at deep load as completed. By 1945 her deep displacement had increased to 44,794 long tons (45,513 t) with the installation of additional weapons, equipment and the manpower needed to operate them. Her metacentric height was 8.14 feet (2.5 m) at deep load as built. By 1945, it had decreased to 7.19 feet (2.2 m). Her crew numbered 84 officers and 1,530 ratings as a squadron flagship and 104 officers and 1,578 ratings as a fleet flagship.
The King George V class was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by eight Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. The propulsion machinery was configured in a staggered unit system with each pair of boilers normally feeding one turbine, but they could be cross-connected with each other to minimise the effects of any damage. The turbines were rated at 100,000 shp (75,000 kW), but could deliver 110,000 shp (82,000 kW) at emergency overload. During Duke of York's speed trials on 1 November 1941, she reached 28.6 knots (53.0 km/h; 32.9 mph) from 111,200 shp (82,900 kW) at deep load. The ship carried 3,588 long tons (3,646 t) of fuel oil which was later increased to 3,879 long tons (3,941 t) in 1945. Duke of York had a range of 5,600 nmi (10,400 km; 6,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) in 1944.
The main battery of the King-George V-class ships consisted of 10 BL 14 in (356 mm) Mk VII guns, two quadruple-gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure with one twin turret superfiring over the forward quadruple turret. From front to rear the turrets were designated "A", "B" and "Y". The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF 5.25 in (133 mm) Mk I dual-purpose guns which were mounted in eight twin-gun turrets amidships. Duke of York's light anti-aircraft suite consisted of six octuple QF 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in)) Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns in power-driven mountings. One mounting each was located on the roof of "B" and "Y" turrets. The remaining mounts were located on the forward superstructure, two on each broadside. These were supplemented by six 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon AA guns in single, hand-worked, mounts. Two of these were positioned on the quarterdeck on the centreline while the other were in the superstructure.
The King George Vs were equipped with two director-control towers (DCT), one was located above the bridge (nautical) and the other on the aft superstructure. These controlled the main guns; The forward DCT was fitted with a 22-foot (6.7 m) rangefinder while the rear one had one 15 feet (4.6 m) wide. "B" turret could also control all of the main guns and was fitted with a 30-foot (9.1 m) duplex rangefinder. The other turrets had 41-foot (12.5 m) rangefinders for use in local control. Four Mark V HACS directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned aboard Duke of York near the DCTs to control the secondary battery. Each "pom-pom" mount had an associated Mark IV director.
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