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An armoured vehicle fitted with 'Adaptiv' infrared side panels, switched off (left), and on to simulate a large car (right),[1] demonstrates both crypsis and mimesis.

Adaptiv is an active camouflage technology developed by BAE Systems AB to protect military vehicles from detection by far infrared night vision devices, providing infrared stealth. It consists of an array of hexagonal Peltier plates which can be rapidly heated and cooled to form any desired image, such as of the natural background or of a non-target object. Its goal is to develop stealth ground vehicles.

Technology

[edit]
Further information: active camouflage and infrared signature

In 2011, BAE Systems announced their Adaptiv infrared military camouflage technology, likening it to "a thermal TV screen".[2] It uses about 1000 hexagonal panels to cover the sides of an armoured vehicle such as a tank or personnel carrier. Infrared cameras continuously gather thermal images of the vehicle's surroundings. The Peltier plate panels are rapidly heated and cooled to match either the temperature of the background, such as a forest, or one of the objects in the thermal cloaking system's "library" such as a truck, car or large rock. The system is able to gather and display thermal images while the vehicle is moving. The result is to "cloak" the vehicle from detection by heat-detecting night vision devices (thermographic camera systems).[3][4]

For crypsis, the panels can display an infrared image of the vehicle's background; this can be updated as the vehicle moves. For mimesis, an image of a chosen object, such as a car, can be retrieved from Adaptiv's library and superimposed on the background. The illustration shows Adaptiv mimicking a four-wheel drive car, using part of the panel, while the rest of the panel is cryptic, imitating the natural background.[3][4] The technology is said to reduce the range at which a vehicle would be detected to less than 500 metres.[5]

The panels forming Adaptiv's pixels are hexagons approximately 5.5 inches (14 cm) wide.[3] They are robust, contributing to the armour of the vehicle that carries them.[3] The system allows its operator to "grab" a thermal image from a vehicle or other object for display.[6]

Adaptiv was developed by BAE Systems AB's survivability programme at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, initially for Combat Vehicle 90 infantry fighting vehicles.[4] The company has developed a lighter version which has been tested on helicopters.[7][2] A version for ships could in principle use larger panels.[4] A somewhat similar system was prototyped to an early stage by the Israeli company Eltics in 2010.[8]

References

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Adaptiv

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Adaptiv is an active camouflage technology developed by to conceal military vehicles from imaging and detection by dynamically altering the vehicle's external thermal signature to blend with the environment or imitate benign objects such as civilian cars. The system, first publicly demonstrated in , earned recognition from as the most adaptable electronic camouflage system for its ability to function across multiple platforms including tanks, , and ships. Developed by in during the early 2010s, Adaptiv employs approximately 1,000 hand-sized hexagonal tiles affixed to a vehicle's hull or armor, each functioning as a Peltier element capable of rapid heating or cooling to adjust temperature independently. These tiles operate like pixels on an infrared "television screen," powered by the vehicle's electrical system, and use low-heat-capacity materials to enable quick thermal changes that match surrounding infrared signatures or replicate stored thermal profiles of everyday objects. Key benefits include significantly reducing detection range by infrared sensors and heat-seeking munitions, enhancing stealth for covert operations, and providing options for encoding identification data like barcodes for allied recognition without compromising camouflage. Demonstrations, such as on the CV90 , have shown Adaptiv projecting environmental backgrounds onto the vehicle's surface or disguising it as a smaller vehicle to evade . While primarily designed for ground vehicles, the technology extends to maritime vessels and static installations, offering versatile protection against advanced surveillance in scenarios. Limitations include dependency on infrared-specific threats, potential challenges with heat sources like vehicle exhaust, and reduced efficacy against non-thermal detection methods such as .

Overview and History

Description

Adaptiv is an active camouflage technology developed by BAE Systems AB to protect military vehicles from detection using far-infrared (IR) night vision devices. The system's primary goal is to reduce the thermal signatures of vehicles by mimicking environmental IR patterns, allowing them to blend into the background or resemble innocuous objects such as rocks or bushes. A key capability of Adaptiv is its ability to reduce the detection range of thermal imaging systems to under 500 meters. The technology was initially demonstrated on 5 2011 and formally announced by at the exhibition on 14 2011. Adaptiv achieves coverage through approximately 1,000 hexagonal panels mounted on vehicle surfaces.

Development Timeline

Adaptiv was developed by , a subsidiary based in , , as part of advanced research into technologies. The project was commissioned by the (FMV), reflecting influences from Swedish defense priorities on infrared signature management for armored vehicles. Initial efforts focused on integrating the system with the () , aiming to provide adaptive thermal compatible with existing platforms. The technology underwent early testing in mid-2011, with trials demonstrating its ability to render one side of a CV90 effectively invisible to sensors or mimic nearby objects such as civilian vehicles. This marked a key milestone, as the system was first publicly showcased in September 2011 at the defense exhibition in , using a full-scale CV90 mockup fitted with hexagonal panels to illustrate real-time effects. For its innovative design, Adaptiv earned the for the most adaptable electronic system in 2011. The demonstration highlighted Adaptiv's potential within broader initiatives on adaptive signature reduction, funded through Swedish defense collaborations. Following the 2011 unveiling, public updates on Adaptiv remained limited, though reports indicated ongoing internal testing and patenting efforts through at least 2015, emphasizing refinements for vehicle integration. As of 2025, no confirmed operational deployments of the system have been reported, with development appearing to have progressed primarily in prototype and evaluation phases without widespread adoption.

Technical Principles

Core Components

The Adaptiv system comprises approximately 1,000 hand-sized hexagonal Peltier plates as its primary elements, arranged in a flexible tile array to cover vehicle surfaces. These plates enable conformal application to curved or irregular vehicle contours. These Peltier plates are semiconductor-based thermoelectric modules that facilitate rapid adjustments, heating or cooling to match required temperatures as needed. Supporting hardware includes onboard infrared (IR) cameras that scan the surrounding environment, a for actuating the panels, and a integrated with the host vehicle's electrical systems to provide low-consumption operation. Design features emphasize durability and multifunctionality: the panels serve as lightweight armor, enhancing ballistic protection without adding significant weight, and are encased in weather-resistant materials suitable for rugged military environments. The system's modularity allows scalable array configurations based on vehicle dimensions, such as full coverage for a typical 6 m × 3 m surface area on armored platforms like infantry fighting vehicles.

Operational Mechanism

The Adaptiv system operates through a real-time cycle of infrared (IR) data acquisition, computational analysis, and thermal panel modulation to achieve adaptive camouflage. Onboard thermal cameras, positioned to provide a 360-degree field of view, continuously scan the surrounding environment, capturing far-IR wavelengths in the 8-12 μm range, which is the primary spectrum used by thermal imaging devices for detection. Control software processes these captured IR images by analyzing the thermal patterns and comparing them to a pre-loaded of environmental signatures, such as features, rocks, or other . This matching process determines the required thermal profile for the vehicle, enabling two primary modes: , which blends the vehicle into background by replicating ambient thermal variations, and , which imitates the IR signature of a specific object, such as a civilian car, to deceive observers. Following analysis, the system actuates an array of hexagonal Peltier plates covering the vehicle's surface, with each plate functioning independently as a pixel in a thermal display. By applying electrical current, the plates adjust their temperature to replicate the selected signature, leveraging the Peltier effect for precise heating or cooling. The basic heat transfer in each plate is approximated by the equation Q=S⋅I⋅TQ = S \cdot I \cdot T where QQ is the heat pumped, SS is the Seebeck coefficient of the material, II is the applied current, and TT is the temperature at the junction (Note: standard Peltier equation from thermoelectric principles.) The panels achieve temperature changes in seconds, supporting dynamic during vehicle movement and maintaining effectiveness against moving sensors. This closed-loop process repeats continuously, ensuring the vehicle's projected image evolves with environmental changes.

Applications and Adaptations

Military Vehicle Integration

The Adaptiv system has been demonstrated on the CV90 family of infantry fighting vehicles, where hexagonal panels are mounted across the hull and turret surfaces to provide comprehensive coverage. These panels connect to the vehicle's existing and suite, including onboard cameras for real-time environmental scanning, enabling dynamic adjustment of the thermal signature without requiring major structural modifications. The integration process leverages commercial technology for the Peltier elements, ensuring compatibility with standard electronics while adding minimal weight. This setup enhances vehicle survivability against infrared-guided missiles by actively mimicking the surrounding thermal environment, thereby reducing detection ranges to below 500 meters and complicating sensor lock-on in operational theaters. In simulations and demonstrations, the system has shown significant reduction in lock-on probability for thermal , allowing vehicles to evade threats that rely on heat signatures for targeting. Overall, Adaptiv's reduction capability supports broader strategies by blending the vehicle with backgrounds or disguising it as innocuous objects like cars. Field demonstrations in 2011, conducted by , validated the system's effectiveness on a CV90 , showcasing seamless blending in diverse terrains such as and urban settings through real-time thermal adaptation. These trials also confirmed compatibility with traditional visual netting, permitting layered protection without interference. The low power draw—sourced directly from the vehicle—ensures sustained operation during extended missions. In operational contexts, Adaptiv proves particularly valuable for armored units during movements, where it minimizes exposure to long-range IR surveillance, or in static positions, enabling to maintain low while awaiting threats. Potential extensions to heavier platforms, such as the , could similarly apply these panels to larger hulls for enhanced tactical concealment in mechanized operations. As of 2025, Adaptiv remains in demonstration phase with no confirmed operational deployments.

Extensions to Other Platforms

Adaptiv has been conceptually extended to aerial platforms, with particular emphasis on to counter infrared detection from ground-based sensors. At the 2011 DSEI exhibition in , BAE Systems presented marketing materials depicting the technology applied to an , illustrating potential coverage on undersides and fuselages using lighter, flexible hexagonal tiles. This adaptation aims to reduce the thermal signature of helicopters during low-altitude operations, though significant development is required to mitigate weight and aerodynamic constraints. For , the system's modular panels can be scaled and resized to cover larger surfaces like fuselages, enabling effective evasion at varying detection ranges. In naval applications, Adaptiv is designed to scale for maritime assets, where larger panel configurations can be fitted to ships to blend with surrounding environments and remain undetected by enemy systems. has highlighted the technology's suitability for warships, utilizing bigger pixels for broader coverage on hulls or superstructures, which prioritizes stealth at longer distances rather than close-range detail. As of 2025, no confirmed naval demonstrations or deployments have been publicly reported. For fixed military installations, Adaptiv offers stationary array configurations to mimic natural signatures, enhancing concealment against . This includes potential integration on structures like bunkers or sites, where the panels' ability to project environmental temperatures provides passive defense without mobility constraints. Scaling to such larger, non-mobile surfaces involves deploying extensive panel networks, which demand higher power inputs and modular setups for efficient installation. Demonstrations to date have been limited to conceptual mockups, such as the 2011 helicopter imagery, with no verified operational tests for fixed or naval platforms by 2025.

Limitations and Future Prospects

Technical Challenges

One of the primary technical challenges of the Adaptiv system is its high power consumption, which can reach up to 10 kW for a full array covering a typical , placing significant strain on vehicle batteries during extended operations. This electrical draw arises from the need to power the Peltier effect in each hexagonal tile to rapidly heat or cool surfaces, with estimates indicating approximately 70 watts per square meter for control alone. Such demands limit operational endurance, particularly on platforms without units, and contribute to overall system weight, exacerbating logistical burdens. Environmental factors further constrain Adaptiv's performance, as the system's reliance on ambient temperature matching is complicated by internal heat sources, such as vehicle engines, which generate persistent hot spots that are difficult to mask without additional cooling measures like refrigerants. These issues reduce effectiveness in dynamic or adverse conditions, where rapid environmental changes outpace the tiles' adjustment capabilities. The hexagonal design imposes resolution limits, with each —typically around 14 cm across—providing coarse that struggles to render fine details at close ranges under 100 meters, where individual become distinguishable to observers or sensors. This pixel-like structure excels at blending from afar but fails to replicate subtle gradients up close, potentially revealing the vehicle's outline in high-threat scenarios involving short-distance detection. Maintenance presents ongoing challenges, as the Peltier plates are susceptible to wear from repeated thermal cycling, which induces fatigue in the and solder joints, shortening module lifespan in demanding applications. Regular of the integrated cameras is also required to maintain accurate environmental scanning and tile actuation, adding to operational downtime and needs. Spectral limitations restrict Adaptiv to the far-infrared band of 8-12 μm (long-wave ), where it effectively mimics thermal signatures against standard sensors but proves less capable against advanced multi-band systems operating in near- (0.7-1.4 μm) or mid-wave (3-5 μm) ranges. This narrow optimization leaves vulnerabilities to evolving detection technologies that fuse multiple spectra for enhanced discrimination.

Deployment Status and Potential Advancements

As of November 2025, the Adaptiv camouflage system has not achieved widespread adoption and continues to exist primarily in prototype and testing phases managed by . Despite initial demonstrations on a CV90 in 2011, no evidence of large-scale procurement or operational deployment by any armed forces has emerged. The technology remains available as a demonstrator, with integration explored for the Swedish-developed CV90 platform through Hägglunds. It has been incorporated into defense evaluations in , where the CV90 serves as a core vehicle, but has not been exported or standardized in international variants. At DEFEA 2025, ADAPTIV was highlighted as an optional feature for the CV90 MkIV. Potential advancements focus on expanding Adaptiv to multispectral capabilities, covering alongside visible and other wavelengths, as proposed in recent CV90 configurations. ' research from 2011 onward, including a 2015 technology overview, has laid groundwork for such enhancements, potentially enabling hybrid systems that combine thermal management with visual-spectrum adaptation. Future prospects include applications beyond ground vehicles, such as fixed installations and ships, though practical realization depends on overcoming adoption barriers. High costs and technical complexity have historically impeded similar efforts, limiting progress to specialized evaluations rather than routine use.

References

  1. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/101301-most-adaptable-electronic-camouflage-system
  2. https://interestingengineering.com/military/ghost-tanks-adaptive-camouflage-realities-myths
  3. https://hackaday.com/2021/01/07/active-camouflage-material-shows-promise-at-hiding-from-infrared-or-visual-detection/
  4. https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/product/adaptiv
  5. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-14788009
  6. https://defense-update.com/20110905_bae-adaptiv_camouflage.html
  7. https://newatlas.com/adaptiv-ir-invisibility-cloak/19748/
  8. https://www.flightglobal.com/dsei-bae-eyes-adaptiv-camouflage-to-cloak-helicopters/102031.article
  9. https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/story/adativ-cloak-of-invisibility
  10. https://www.newatlas.com/adaptiv-ir-invisibility-cloak/19748/
  11. https://rpdefense.over-blog.com/article-dsei-2011-bae-systems-launches-invisibility-cloak-84256347.html
  12. https://www.wired.com/story/bae-invisibility-cloak/
  13. https://phys.org/news/2011-09-camouflage-technology-bae-war-machines.html
  14. https://www.army-technology.com/features/featurehidden-threat-military-cloaking-technology/
  15. https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/bae-systems-conjures-up-invisibility-cloak
  16. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD1030159.pdf
  17. https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Cloaked_Tank_Masquerades_as_Car_or_Cow/a48282
  18. https://en.topwar.ru/172219-zaschita-nazemnoj-boevoj-tehniki-ukrytsja-i-uklonitsja.html
  19. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2019/april/promise-infrared-camouflage
  20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775319308547
  21. https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2025/defea-2025-could-the-swedish-cv90-mkiv-infantry-fighting-vehicle-be-the-future-of-greek-mechanized-infantry
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