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The Italy Star
TypeMilitary campaign medal
Awarded forEntry into operational area
Country United Kingdom
Presented bythe Monarch of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India
EligibilityAll Ranks
CampaignItaly 1943–1945
EstablishedMay 1945
Ribbon bar
Order of wear
Next (higher)Burma Star
Next (lower)France and Germany Star
RelatedFrance: Italian campaign medal 1943–44

The Italy Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to British Commonwealth forces who served in the Italian Campaign from 1943 to 1945, during the Second World War.[1][2]

The Second World War Stars

[edit]

On 8 July 1943, the 1939–43 Star (later named the 1939–1945 Star) and the Africa Star became the first two campaign stars instituted by the United Kingdom, and by May 1945 a total of eight stars and nine clasps had been established to reward campaign service during the Second World War.[1] One more campaign star, the Arctic Star, and one more clasp, the Bomber Command Clasp, were belatedly added on 26 February 2013, more than sixty-seven years after the end of the war.[3][4][5]

Including the Arctic Star and the Bomber Command clasp, no-one could be awarded more than six campaign stars, with five of the ten clasps denoting service that would have qualified for a second star. Only one clasp could be worn on any one campaign star. The maximum of six possible stars are the following:[3][5][1]

All recipients of campaign stars also received the War Medal.[14]

Institution

[edit]

After their victory in North Africa, the Allies used their positions in Tunisia and Malta to invade Sicily, a campaign that lasted from 10 July to 17 August 1943. After this swift victory, the Allies pressed on into Italy on 3 September 1943, they also invading Italian-occupied Greece, Yugoslavia, Corsica and Sardinia. The campaign in Italy itself continued until the end of the war in Europe on 8 May 1945.[15][16]

The Italy Star was instituted by the United Kingdom in May 1945 for award to those who had served in operations during the Italian Campaign, from the capture of Pantelleria on 11 June 1943 to the end of active hostilities in Europe on 8 May 1945.[1][2][17]

Award criteria

[edit]

The eligibility criteria for the award of the Italy Star was different for service at sea, on land and in the air.[2]

Service afloat

[edit]

The qualifying sea areas for the award of the Italy Star were the Mediterranean Command, the Aegean, and Albanian and Cretan waters between 11 June 1943 and 8 May 1945 inclusive. Entry into operational service in an operational area in the Mediterranean or in naval operations during the invasion of the South of France counted, on condition that the six months service requirement for the award of the 1939-1945 Star had been completed.[2][15]

Casual entry into the qualifying sea areas which was not directly connected with actual operations, service in Merchant Navy vessels landing troops or supplies at ports in North Africa, Palestine, Syria and in Cyprus, or service in vessels at ports in Spain, the Balearic Islands and Turkey east of 30° East, were not regarded as qualifying service for the Italy Star.[2]

The award of a gallantry medal or Mention in Dispatches for action while serving in a qualifying area, qualified the recipient for the award of the Italy Star, regardless of service duration. Personnel whose required service period was terminated prematurely by death, disability or wounds due to service were also awarded the Star regardless of service duration.[2]

Certain special conditions applied governing the award to Naval personnel who entered operational service less than six months before the end of the War. Those who entered operational service in the qualifying area on or after 10 November 1944 were awarded the Italy Star but, in such cases, the 1939-1945 Star could not be awarded for service of less than 180 days.[2][15]

Service ashore

[edit]

No prior time qualification was required for service on land, with qualifying service by Army, Naval shore-based and Royal Air Force non-air crew personnel being entry into an operational area as part of the establishment in the following areas, all dates inclusive:[2][3]

  • Aegean from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.
  • Corsica from 11 June to 4 October 1943.
  • Dodecanese from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.
  • Greece from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.
  • Italy, including Elba, from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.
  • Pantelleria on 11 June 1943.
  • Sardinia from 11 June to 19 September 1943.
  • Sicily from 11 June to 17 August 1943.
  • Yugoslavia from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945.

Army personnel who entered Austrian territory during the closing stages of hostilities in Europe were eligible for the Italy Star, and not for the France and Germany Star.[2]

Airborne Service

[edit]

Air crew who flew on operations against the enemy in the Mediterranean theatre, or over Europe from bases in the Mediterranean area, required no prior time qualification and qualified by one operational sortie. The Italy Star could not, however, be awarded to air crew based elsewhere than in the Mediterranean area. The qualification for flying personnel posted or employed on air transport or ferrying duties was at least three landings in any of the qualifying areas during the stipulated dates. Army airborne troops who took part in airborne operations in a qualifying army area were also eligible.[2][3][15]

Flights to Europe from bases in the Mediterranean area during the period from 11 July 1943 to 8 May 1945 qualified for the Italy Star, not the France and Germany Star.[2][3]

Description

[edit]

The set of nine campaign stars was designed by the Royal Mint engravers. The stars all have a ring suspender which passes through an eyelet formed above the uppermost point of the star. They are six–pointed stars, struck in yellow copper zinc alloy to fit into a 44 millimetres diameter circle, with a maximum width of 38 millimetres and 50 millimetres high from the bottom point of the star to the top of the eyelet.[18]

Obverse

The obverse has a central design of the Royal Cypher "GRI VI", surmounted by a crown. A circlet, the top of which is covered by the crown, surrounds the cypher and is inscribed "THE ITALY STAR".[18]

Italy Star awarded to a South African, 25307 R.W. Maccale
Reverse

The reverse is plain.

Naming

The British Honours Committee decided that Second World War campaign medals awarded to British forces would be issued unnamed,[19] a policy applied by all but three British Commonwealth countries. The recipient's details were impressed on the reverse of the stars awarded to Indians, South Africans and, after a campaign led by veteran organisations, to Australians. In the case of Indians, naming consisted of the recipient's force number, rank, initials, surname and service arm or corps, and for South Africans and Australians, of the force number, initials and surname, in block capitals.[3][18][20][21][22]

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 7 millimetres wide red band and a 6 millimetres wide white band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 6 millimetres wide green band. The colours are those of the Flag of Italy.[1][15][18]

The ribbons for this medal and the Defence Medal as well as those of the other Second World War campaign stars, with the exception of the Arctic Star, were devised by King George VI.[1][23]

Order of wear

[edit]

The order of wear of the Second World War campaign stars was determined by their respective campaign start dates and by the campaign's duration. This is the order worn, even when a recipient qualified for them in a different order. The Defence Medal and War Medal are worn after the stars.[24] The Canadian Volunteer Service Medal is worn after the Defence Medal and before the War Medal, with other Commonwealth war medals worn after the War Medal.[24]

The Italy Star is therefore worn as shown:[24]

Order of Wear

1939–1945 Star

Africa Star

Burma Star

Italy Star

Defence Medal

War Medal

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Italy Star

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Italy Star is a military campaign medal established by the in May 1945 to recognize service by British and forces during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War, specifically for operational duties in or from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945. It was one of eight campaign stars issued for the conflict, honoring personnel from the Army, , , and who contributed to the Allied invasion and subsequent operations against Axis forces in the Mediterranean theater. Eligibility extended beyond mainland Italy to include service in related areas such as (until 19 September 1943), (until 4 October 1943), the Aegean, , , , and , as well as RAF aircrew operations from Mediterranean bases and naval service in those waters, but excluded later occupations in liberated islands. The medal required only one day of qualifying service and could be awarded posthumously, with no clasps authorized to denote specific actions within the campaign. Reflecting the scale of the grueling campaign that involved key battles like and the , where Allied forces faced harsh terrain and determined German resistance. The medal features a six-pointed star crafted from yellow copper zinc alloy, measuring 44 mm across, with the obverse displaying the Royal and Imperial cypher of King George VI ("GRI VI") surmounted by a and encircled by the inscription "THE ITALY STAR." The reverse is plain for engraving the recipient's name and unit, though Australian issues specifically included such engravings. It is suspended from a straight bar on a of five equal vertical stripes in red, white, green, white, and red, symbolizing the colors of the Italian national flag to commemorate the liberation efforts. When worn with other stars, it is positioned after the and before the in the order of precedence.

Background and Institution

The Second World War Stars

The Second World War campaign stars comprise a series of eight British military decorations instituted to honor service by British and Commonwealth personnel in designated theaters of operation during the conflict. These include the 1939–1945 Star, Atlantic Star, Air Crew Europe Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, Burma Star, Italy Star, and France and Germany Star. The awards were designed to provide targeted recognition for operational contributions in key areas, from naval battles in the Atlantic to ground campaigns in Africa and Asia, spanning the period from the United Kingdom's entry into the war on 3 September 1939 to the conclusion of hostilities in 1945. A defining characteristic of the series is their uniform design, consisting of a six-pointed star measuring 44 mm in height and 38 mm in maximum width. The obverse features a central circular disc with the royal cypher "GRI VI" encircled by a garland and surmounted by a , symbolizing the reign of King George VI. The reverse is plain, typically impressed with the recipient's name, rank, and unit around the upper edge; British-issued stars were generally unnamed, while those for certain forces included full naming. Each star's incorporates colors evocative of its associated theater or service branch, such as and for the representing the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The stars served to distinguish specific campaign service from the broader , which covered general wartime participation. Eligibility varied by star but generally required a minimum period of operational service, with clasps authorized for those qualifying for multiple awards to avoid wearing several stars simultaneously—only the first-earned star was worn, with clasps denoting others. The core series was announced in an official statement in under the approval of King George VI, applying retrospectively to qualifying service from 3 September 1939; the Arctic Star was added later, instituted on 19 December 2012, to recognize previously overlooked Arctic operations between 1939 and 1945. The Italy Star forms part of this framework, specifically acknowledging service in the Mediterranean theater.

Italian Campaign Context

The Italian Campaign during represented a major Allied effort to liberate from Axis control, initiated as part of the broader strategy to weaken by targeting what British Prime Minister described as the "soft underbelly of ." This approach aimed to knock out of the war, secure Mediterranean airfields, and divert German resources from other fronts, but it encountered severe obstacles including mountainous terrain, harsh weather, and tenacious German defenses under , transforming what was expected to be a swift operation into a grueling, protracted conflict lasting nearly two years. The campaign began with Operation Husky, the on July 10, 1943, involving over 180,000 troops from the British Eighth Army under General and the U.S. Seventh Army under General George Patton, marking the largest amphibious assault of the war up to that point. Following the swift capture of by August 17, 1943, which prompted the fall of Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, the Allies launched with landings at on September 9, 1943, by the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark , establishing a mainland beachhead despite fierce German counterattacks. As the campaign progressed, multinational forces—including Canadian, Polish, Indian, French, New Zealand, and other Allied units under the commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander—faced brutal battles such as those at and in early 1944, before advancing to liberate on June 4, 1944, the first Axis capital to fall to the Allies. The final phase centered on breaching the Gothic Line, a formidable German defensive network across northern Italy, where Allied offensives from August 1944 through April 1945 involved coordinated assaults by the Eighth and Fifth Armies, supported by Polish II Corps and Italian partisans, amid heavy fighting in the Apennines. These operations incurred staggering losses, with Allied casualties exceeding 312,000, including over 19,000 American and 12,000 British Commonwealth troops killed. The campaign concluded with the unconditional surrender of German Army Group C on May 2, 1945, following the Allied capture of Bologna and advances across the Po Valley, effectively ending organized Axis resistance in Italy one week before the overall German capitulation in Europe.

Establishment and Announcement

The Italy Star was instituted in May 1945 under the authority of King George VI, with the design approved by the Royal Mint. The creation of the medal was announced publicly around this time. Administration of the medal fell to the Army Council, Air Council, and Admiralty, who oversaw retrospective awards for qualifying service in the Italian Campaign from 11 June 1943—the date of the Allied capture of —to 8 May 1945, or until 2 May 1945 for personnel with certain units in adjacent theaters such as or . Initial production occurred at the Royal Mint, where the bronze medals were struck; by 1948, over 300,000 had been issued to eligible British and personnel.

Eligibility and Criteria

General Service Requirements

The Italy Star was awarded for one day of operational service in qualifying areas during the Italian Campaign from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945, with specific periods for certain locations. Qualifying areas included (11 June to 17 August 1943), mainland (3 September 1943 to 8 May 1945), (11 to 14 June 1943), (until 19 September 1943), (until 4 October 1943), , the Aegean, , , and (up to 8 May 1945). Service required prior qualification for the 1939-1945 Star for and personnel (earned via six months' sea service), but no prior qualification for , RAF, or naval/RAF shore-based personnel. Exceptions applied for those killed, wounded, or decorated in qualifying service, regardless of duration. RAF aircrew qualified with one operational over qualifying areas or from Mediterranean bases supporting the campaign. The award could be posthumous, with no clasps.

Service Afloat

The Italy Star was awarded to naval personnel for operational service afloat in support of the Italian campaign during the Second World War, specifically from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945. Qualifying operations included service in ships operating in Italian waters, such as the invasions of (Operation Husky), (Operation Avalanche), and (Operation Shingle), as well as convoy duties to Italian ports like , , and . These duties encompassed naval bombardments, anti-submarine patrols, and logistical support in the Mediterranean theatre directly connected to active operations against Axis forces in and adjacent areas. Specific requirements for eligibility mandated that personnel be on board qualifying vessels for at least one day within the operational areas, which encompassed Mediterranean waters associated with the Italian campaign, excluding regions south of such as or the beyond certain longitudes. For personnel, prior qualification for the 1939-1945 Star was required, followed by this one-day operational service afloat; merchant seamen similarly needed to have earned the 1939-1945 Star through six months' prior sea service before undertaking qualifying voyages in vessels landing troops, equipment, or supplies at designated Mediterranean ports. Service duration for the Italy Star itself was irrespective of length if it directly supported operations, though exceptions applied for those killed, wounded, or decorated during such duties. Eligible roles extended to members of the Royal Navy, , and other British Commonwealth naval forces engaged in these sea-based activities, including officers and ratings on warships, auxiliaries, and merchant vessels. This encompassed a range of tasks such as providing gunfire support during landings, escorting supply convoys through contested waters, and conducting patrols to counter threats in the central Mediterranean. For instance, crew members of qualified through their ship's participation in the bombardment of during in September 1943, while merchant seamen on vessels delivering supplies to ports like Augusta or Syracuse after the Sicilian invasion met the criteria through direct operational involvement.

Service Ashore

The Service Ashore criteria for the Italy Star encompassed operational service by personnel and ground support elements in qualifying areas during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War. Qualifying activities involved direct participation in ground operations, including assaults on fortified positions, defensive engagements against Axis forces, and logistical support critical to sustaining the campaign, such as supply convoys and engineering tasks in forward areas. These activities occurred in (11 June to 17 August 1943), the Italian mainland (3 September 1943 to 8 May 1945), and adjacent areas including (11 to 14 June 1943), (until 19 September 1943), (until 4 October 1943), , the Aegean, Dodecanese, , and (up to 8 May 1945). Specific criteria required physical presence in the designated qualifying areas for one day or more, with no additional minimum duration for members or non-aircrew and Naval shore-based personnel. This included medical teams providing care and administrative staff managing unit operations, provided they were formally attached to combat formations as part of the operational establishment. Personnel whose service ended prematurely due to or service-related also qualified regardless of time served. Service in adjacent areas such as , , the Aegean, and qualified if part of operations in the Italian theatre up to 8 May 1945. Eligible units consisted of British, , and Allied ground forces deployed to the Italian front, such as divisions, armored brigades, and regiments. Representative examples include troops involved in the multi-phase Battles of (January–May 1944), where Allied forces overcame the German Gustav Line defenses to advance toward , and the Spring 1945 offensive culminating in the rapid advance across the (April–May 1945), which encircled remaining Axis units and hastened the German surrender in Italy.

Airborne Service

The Airborne Service criteria for the Italy Star provided recognition to personnel engaged in parachute or glider-borne insertions as part of the Allied operations in the Italian theater from 11 June 1943 to 8 May 1945. Unlike broader ground service requirements, airborne qualification was achieved through participation in a specific operational drop or landing within qualifying areas such as or mainland , effectively requiring verification of one day's involvement in such a mission. This provision applied to Army airborne troops under the command of formations like the British 1st Airborne Division, emphasizing the high-risk nature of aerial assaults that supported amphibious landings and advanced the campaign against Axis forces. Eligible individuals encompassed paratroopers from parachute brigades, airlanding infantry delivered by glider, glider pilots from the Glider Pilot Regiment, and associated support crews such as those operating tow aircraft. Qualification demanded substantiation via unit records, mission manifests, or operational logs to confirm presence during the insertion phase, ensuring only those directly exposed to the perils of deployment— including navigation challenges, flak, and scattered landings—received the award. This focused approach highlighted the specialized role of in seizing key objectives ahead of main ground elements, as seen in the contributions of units like the 1st Brigade and 1st Airlanding . Prominent qualifying operations included Operation Ladbroke, launched on the night of 9-10 July 1943 during the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), where elements of the 1st Airlanding Brigade attempted to glide 147 aircraft-towed gliders from North Africa to secure the Ponte Grande bridge and Syracuse port facilities. Despite severe losses from stormy weather, inaccurate towing, and enemy fire—resulting in only about 12 gliders landing near the target—the surviving troops disrupted Italian defenses and facilitated the rapid link-up with seaborne commandos, aiding the overall capture of eastern Sicily. Another critical mission was Operation Fustian on 13-14 July 1943, involving a nighttime parachute drop by the 1st Parachute Brigade south of Catania to capture the Primosole Bridge over the Simeto River. Navigational errors dispersed the approximately 2,000 paratroopers across a wide area, leading to intense fighting against German Fallschirmjäger; although the initial assault failed to hold the bridge intact, brigade elements delayed enemy reinforcements for two days, enabling British ground forces from the 51st (Highland) Division to cross and press the advance. These operations exemplified the tactical value of airborne insertions in the early phases of the Italian Campaign, with participants earning the Italy Star for their direct involvement.

Design and Appearance

Medal Obverse and Reverse

The Italy Star medal is struck in yellow copper , forming a six-pointed radiant star that fits within a 44 mm diameter circle, with rays extending between each of the points. The obverse bears a central of the Royal cipher "GRI VI" (denoting George Rex Imperator VI), surmounted by a and encircled by a raised border containing the inscription "THE ITALY STAR" in capital letters. The reverse is plain and unmarked, without any central inscriptions or designs; for Commonwealth recipients, particularly and , the recipient's name, rank, and unit were typically impressed along the edge in sans-serif capital letters, while British-issued medals followed a no-naming policy and were left blank. The medal measures approximately 1.5 mm in thickness and is suspended from a fixed straight bar via a small ring passing through an eyelet at the upper point of the star. No official design variants were authorized, though all examples were produced by the Royal Mint during and after the war, resulting in minor production differences such as subtle variations in alloy tone or edge finish due to wartime constraints.

Ribbon Design

The ribbon of the Italy Star measures 32 mm in width and consists of five vertical stripes of equal width coloured red, white, green, white, and red. This design directly incorporates the national colours of the Italian flag, symbolizing the location and nature of the campaign for which the medal was instituted. Constructed from silk, as was standard for British Second World War campaign , the is woven for durability and attaches via a ring to the medal's suspension lug on the obverse. In uniform, it is worn suspended from the left breast, with a 6-inch length used in undress orders; full-length ribbons appear in court-mounted sets, while miniature versions (16 mm wide) are provided for evening wear. The was issued alongside the medal itself to recipients.

Usage and Legacy

Order of Wear

The Italy Star occupies the eighth position in the sequence of Second World War campaign stars in the official British order of wear, following the and preceding the . The full sequence of these stars begins with the 1939–45 Star, followed by the , , , , , and , with the Italy Star positioned after the latter. British campaign medals, including the Italy Star, are typically court-mounted, with the medals sewn securely onto a rigid bar backed by the corresponding ribbon for display on the left breast. This mounting method ensures the stars do not overlap unless clasps are present, though the Italy Star was issued without any clasps. In Commonwealth nations, the Italy Star follows a similar precedence within their honours systems: after the Burma Star and before the France and Germany Star in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. This positioning reflects the chronological order of campaigns during the Second World War. The Star remains part of the current official order of wear, allowing eligible veterans and their to display it in accordance with established protocols for commemorative and remembrance purposes.

Numbers Awarded and Recipients

Over 500,000 Italy Stars were issued to personnel from British and forces. Approximately 91,000 were awarded to Canadian personnel. Awards were distributed primarily to Army personnel, who formed the majority of recipients due to the land-based nature of the Italian Campaign, with significant numbers also awarded to the for service afloat and to the Royal Air Force for airborne operations and logistical support. Among notable recipients was Harold Alexander, the Allied ground forces commander in Italy who oversaw key advances from to the . Another was Fusilier Frank Jefferson of the , who received the for single-handedly destroying a German assault gun with a weapon during the assault on the Gustav Line in May 1944. Following the end of , applications for the Italy Star continued to be processed into the , allowing delayed claims from eligible veterans. Merchant Navy personnel were eligible for the for qualifying operational service in the relevant areas.

References

  1. https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/remembrance/medals-and-decorations/medals/italy-star
  2. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/collections-second-world-war/medals-and-memorials/italy-star/
  3. https://www.defence.gov.au/adf-members-families/honours-awards/imperial-awards/italy-star
  4. https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/35/Italy-Star.htm
  5. https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/subject/657810691/italy-star
  6. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medals-campaigns-descriptions-and-eligibility
  7. https://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/medals/ww2_stars/stars.html
  8. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/british-military-campaign-and-service-medals/
  9. https://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/hmso/campaign_stars_defence.htm
  10. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/allied-campaign-italy-1943-45-timeline-part-one
  11. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/italian-campaign
  12. https://www.veterans.gc.ca/en/military-history/second-world-war/italian-campaign
  13. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/allied-campaign-italy-1943-45-timeline-part-two
  14. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/allied-campaign-italy-1943-45-timeline-part-three
  15. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/italian-campaign
  16. https://www.researchingww2.co.uk/italy-star/
  17. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30009946
  18. https://www.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-08/WWII-Summary-of-Conditions.pdf
  19. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/merchant-seamens-campaign-medal-records-1939-1945/
  20. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a81dda3e5274a2e87dbfe4f/MEDALS_QUALIFICATIONS_LEAFLET-new.pdf
  21. https://digitize-vwma.s3.amazonaws.com/I/documents/15369/file/WWII-Summary-of-Conditions_6.pdf
  22. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/monte-cassino-the-bloodiest-battle-of-the-italian-campaign
  23. https://www.birkenheadrsamedals.nz/medals/regulations/270.pdf
  24. https://paradata.org.uk/content/4657222
  25. https://war-experience.org/accession/2001-0882/
  26. https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/operation_fustian.html
  27. https://www.identifymedals.com/database/medals-by-period/ww2-medals/the-italy-star-medal/
  28. https://www.onlinemedals.co.uk/medal-encyclopaedia/ww2-medals/italy-star
  29. https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C288440
  30. https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/collections/record/657872
  31. https://www.awardmedals.com/italy-star.html
  32. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62529/supplement/326/data.pdf
  33. https://support.britishlegion.org.uk/app/answers/detail/a_id/2290/~/medals-faq
  34. https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/wearing-awards-order-of-wearing.pdf
  35. https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our-programmes/new-zealand-royal-honours/honours-lists-and-recipients/information-honours-recipients/order-of-wear-orders-decorations-medals-in-new-zealand
  36. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harold-Rupert-Leofric-George-Alexander-1st-Earl-Alexander-of-Tunis
  37. https://www.lancs-fusiliers.co.uk/feature/jefferson/Frankjeffersonvc.htm
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