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Jacob Lawrence Frey (/fraɪ/ ⓘ FRY;[1] born July 23, 1981) is an American politician and attorney who has served since 2018 as the mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, he served on the Minneapolis City Council from 2014 to 2018 and was elected mayor of Minneapolis in 2017 and reelected in 2021.[1][2][3][4]

Key Information

Born and raised in Arlington County, Virginia, Frey attended the College of William & Mary on a track and field scholarship. He later attended law school at Villanova University.

During and after law school, Frey was a noted distance runner, ranking in prominent races and receiving an athletic endorsement. After law school, he moved to Minneapolis, where he worked as an employment discrimination and civil rights lawyer before entering politics.

Early life and education

[edit]

Frey was born in Arlington County, Virginia.[5] into a Jewish family. He grew up in nearby Oakton, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., where his parents were professional modern ballet dancers; his mother is of Russian-Jewish ancestry and his father converted to Judaism.[6][7]

Frey attended the College of William and Mary after graduating from high school, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2004.[8][9] While attending, he was a distance runner on the track and field team and all-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) cross-country runner. He competed at the 2002 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships.[10][11] Frey won the 2002 CAA 5,000-meter title in track.[11]

Career

[edit]

After graduating from college, Frey received a contract from a shoe company to run professionally. He ran in several marathons across the country and competed for Team USA in the 2007 Pan American Games marathon, finishing in fourth place.[12][13]

Frey moved to Minneapolis in 2009 after graduating cum laude from the Villanova University School of Law and joined the law firm Faegre & Benson to practice employment discrimination and civil rights law before moving on to the law firm Halunen & Associates.[14][15][16][17] Frey gave his graduating class's commencement speech.[8]

In late 2011, Frey ran in a special election for an open state senate seat and came in fifth in the party primary, ahead only of someone who had dropped out of the race.[18]

In 2012, Frey founded and organized the first Big Gay Race, a 5K charity race to raise money for Minnesotans United for All Families, a political group organizing for marriage equality.[19]

In 2013, Frey was elected as a Minneapolis City Councilman, representing the 3rd ward. He served one term before becoming mayor.

Tenure

[edit]
Frey being sworn in as mayor

Frey ran in the 2013 Minneapolis City Council election to represent Ward 3. He received the Democratic–Farmer–Labor endorsement, as well as endorsements from more than 40 elected officials and organizations.[20] His platform promised better constituent services,[20] to spur residential development,[20] increase the number and variety of small and local businesses, push for full funding of affordable housing, and address climate change. He defeated incumbent Diane Hofstede with more than 60% of the vote and took office on January 2, 2014.

Frey announced his candidacy for mayor of Minneapolis in January 2017,[21] campaigning on a platform of increasing support for affordable housing and improving police-community relations. He won the 2017 election, making him Minneapolis's second Jewish mayor and its second-youngest after Al Hofstede, who was 34 when he was elected in 1973.[22][23][24]

Frey was reelected with 56.2% of the vote in 2021, defeating challenger Kate Knuth in the final round of ranked-choice voting.[25] Frey is the first mayor to serve under the executive mayor system, a power reorganization that changed the city council from a governing body to a legislative body and gave the mayor direct control over 11 city departments, including the police department, that was approved by ballot measure in 2021.[26] Frey campaigned in favor of the ballot measure the strong mayor system.[27]

Since implementing the executive mayor role, he has issued eight executive orders. The first one established Minneapolis as safe haven for reproductive rights and healthcare following the overturning of Roe v. Wade.[28] Frey has also passed orders to make Minneapolis a safe haven for individuals seeking gender affirming healthcare, to decriminalize psychedelic mushrooms, and to guarantee Minneapolis will implement all the requirements of the Department of Justice Consent Decree on police reform, despite the Trump administration pulling out of the partnership.

In 2024, Frey set a record for vetoes issued in a year—eight, with four sustained.[29] Vetoed legislation included a resolution on the Israel-Palestine conflict, a minimum wage for ride share drivers, a statement in support of amnesty for student protesters who damaged University of Minnesota property, and a charter for a labor relations board to advise the city council on labor issues.[29][30] The City Council rejected Frey’s own proposal for a ride share driver minimum wage and put forward a different version, after which Uber and Lyft threatened to cease serving the metropolitan area.[31] A later state law, which is currently in effect, is nearly identical to the Frey's ordinance .[32]

In March of 2022, Frey fired a senior policy aide, Abdi Salah, after learning he was being investigated in connection to the Feeding Our Futures fraud investigation. Frey said he was unaware of Salah's activities, which included giving Frey talking points written by the organization's leader, Aimee Bock, for an event hosted for multiple elected officials.[33][34]

In January 2025, Frey announced his intention to run for a third term, saying it would be his last mayoral campaign.[35] On July 19, the Minneapolis DFL endorsed state senator Omar Fateh over Frey.[36] On August 21, the state DFL Constitution, Bylaws and Rules Committee (CBRC) released a report detailing multiple issues with the City Convention process, including an undercount of 23% of votes cast and the erroneous elimination of candidate Dewayne Davis. After releasing the report, DFL officials withdrew the Minneapolis chapter's endorsement of Fateh.[37][38]

Political positions

[edit]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Frey, a proponent of multimodal transit in Minneapolis, signed the City’s first Transportation Action Plan (TAP) in December 2020. The TAP outlines goals around improving transit equity, reducing the city’s carbon footprint, improving air quality, and making active travel more accessible.[39]

In March of 2019, Frey signed his City Council supported concept plan of the redevelopment of the Upper Harbor Terminal site. This significant redevelopment of 48 acres of property in North Minneapolis will reshape a former barge shipping terminal into a new 20-acre park, community performing arts center, and mixed income housing, reconnecting North Minneapolis to the river.[40]

In March 2020, Frey approved the purchase of a long vacant K-Mart building on Nicollet Avenue, which had previously blocked the road and created transit issues between Lake Street and 29th Street.[41] Upon announcing the acquisition, Frey put forward the New Nicollet initiative, with the stated goal of creating new businesses, housing and public spaces.[42]

In 2022, Frey submitted his version of the Hennepin Avenue Redesign, an extension of the Transportation Action Plan that updates Hennepin Avenue between Lake St. and Douglas Ave. to add pedestrian safety elements and multimodal design improvements. The City Council amended the redesign plan, adding language that would make the existing bus lane exclusive to buses 24/7. Frey objected to having a 24/7 lane when the buses serving this corridor do not run 24/7 and issued a veto over that inclusion.[43] His veto was later sustained and he facilitated a compromise that dedicates the lane to buses during rush hour and adds an above-grade bike lane.[44]

In April of 2025, Frey announced $225 worth of infrastructure investments in Minneapolis through a series of projects that will replace 800 lead water service lines, resurface over 9 miles worth of city streets and rebuild two bridges over the Midtown Greenway.

Frey has championed the idea of turning Nicollet Mall into a "pedestrian utopia" by rerouting bus traffic (car traffic is already prohibited) to neighboring streets and encouraging social programming.[45] He has also supported open-container "social districts" in the city and attempts to turn underutilized downtown office buildings into housing.[45]

George Floyd Square

[edit]

In 2022, Frey began a series of community listening sessions to re-envision the intersection of 38th and Chicago, known as George Floyd Square.[46] In 2025, city staff presented the Mayor and Council options to redesign the street to reflect community needs, include public use space, and maintains access for residents and businesses.[47]

Frey and the Council disagreed over whether to pursue an option which would close the road to all vehicle traffic, including the existing D-Line, with Frey citing a community survey favoring the open flexible street option. This flexible option allowed the street to be temporarily closed for festivals and events, but kept the street open to businesses and residents by default. Frey ultimately vetoed the Council’s pedestrian mall option.[48]

Frey at a city hall open house in 2025

Voting rights and access

[edit]

As chair of the council's Elections Committee, Frey led the effort to pass an ordinance requiring landlords to give tenants voter registration information. The ordinance has served as a national model, with cities like Seattle and St. Paul following suit. A federal district court judge later struck down the ordinance as unconstitutional.[49] Frey also led the effort to expand early voting access in Minneapolis ahead of the 2016 election, increasing the number of early voting sites in Minneapolis from one to five.[50]

Housing and homelessness

[edit]

Frey authored an amendment to the 2015 budget that increased funding for the city's Affordable Housing Trust Fund.[51]

In 2018, Frey's first budget as mayor focused heavily on affordable housing. Its $40 million allocation to affordable housing was triple what the city previously spent on affordable housing.[52]

In 2018, the Minneapolis City Council approved for Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, a state mandated comprehensive rezoning reform plan.[53][54] According to Slate, the plan would "permit three-family homes in the city's residential neighborhoods, abolish parking minimums for all new construction, and allow high-density buildings along transit corridors."[55] Slate wrote that by implementing the plan, "Minneapolis will become the first major U.S. city to end single-family home zoning, a policy that has done as much as any to entrench segregation, high housing costs, and sprawl as the American urban paradigm over the past century."[55]

In 2019, Frey launched the pilot program Stable Homes Stable Schools, a partnership between the City of Minneapolis, Minneapolis Public Schools, Hennepin County, the Minneapolis Public Housing Authority and YMCA of the North to provide housing assistance to families with children enrolled in public schools who are experiencing or at risk of homelessness.[56] In 2020, after serving more than 2000 public school students, Frey expanded the program and made it permanent.[57] By 2025, the program had served over 6,600 children and over 2,300 families.[58]

Also in 2019, Frey signed the city’s first Inclusionary Zoning ordinance, which requires all new residential projects with 20 or more units to guarantee that a certain percentage of those units be kept at affordable rates determined by area median income, or pay an in-lieu fee that goes to the City’s Affordable Housing Trust Fund.[59]

In 2025, the City of Minneapolis announced it had invested over $400 million into affordable housing initiatives since Frey took office as mayor.[60] These investments included incentives for affordable housing development, down-payment assistance, no-interest home-improvement loans, direct rental assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, affordable housing preservation, incentives for deeply affordable housing production, down payment assistance geared to BIPOC communities, direct allocations to public housing, legal assistance for those facing evictions, and purchasing land to support affordable housing development.[61]

In April 2025, Frey cited a city dashboard in saying 27 people in the city were experiencing unsheltered homelessness.[62] He has championed clearing large encampments and attributes a reduction in homelessness to this.[63] Frey received criticism for his role in closing Camp Nenookaasi, a large encampment that was home primarily to native people, after a shooting killed one person.[64]

Frey does not support rent control, particularly on new construction.[65] He vetoed a 2021 ballot question that would have allowed rent control ballot measures to be considered in future elections.[65] In 2023, he threatened to veto a three percent limit on rent increases, citing the 80% decline in housing production after St. Paul implemented a similar policy.[66][67]

Police reform

[edit]
Further information: Murder of George Floyd and George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Frey has consistently championed significant annual increases in the MPD budget.[68][69] Community groups have protested these increases and the lack of significant investment in community-led safety alternatives.[70][71][72]

Frey introduced reforms to the Minneapolis Police Department's body camera policy in April 2018, tying non-compliance to stricter disciplinary consequences.[73] In 2019, Frey announced during his State of the City address the banning of "warrior" training for police officers, which had been taken by the officer who killed Philando Castile.[74]

On May 27, 2020, after the start of protests sparked by the murder of George Floyd, Frey backed the firing of the four police officers involved in the death. The next day, he called for criminal charges against Derek Chauvin, the arresting officer who pressed his knee on Floyd's neck, saying, "If you had done it or I had done it, we would be behind bars right now."[75]

On June 5, 2020, Frey directed changes to the MPD that the City Council approved to go into effect immediately.[76] These included banning chokeholds and neck restraints, requiring police officers to report and intervene against the use of excessive force by other officers, and requiring authorization from the police chief or deputy police chiefs before using crowd-control weapons such as chemical agents and rubber bullets.[77][78]

In November 2020, Frey announced that the MPD had been banned from using no-knock warrants.[79] In the wake of the killing of Amir Locke, Frey admitted that no such ban had actually been implemented.[79] He was further criticized for walking out of a press conference on the subject.[80]

On June 6, 2020, thousands of protesters pushing for the abolition of the MPD marched to Frey's apartment and demanded he come out to address the crowd.[81] Protestors asked Frey, who was wearing a face mask with the words "I can't breathe" on it, whether he would commit to defunding the MPD.[81] He answered, "I do not support the full abolition of police."[82] Attendees chanted "go home" and "shame" at Frey as he left following his answer.[83][84]

On April 20, 2021, after Derek Chauvin was found guilty of murder, Frey wrote[85] on Twitter: "George Floyd came to Minneapolis to better his life. But ultimately his life will have bettered our city. The jury joined in a shared conviction that has animated Minneapolis for the last 11 months. They refused to look away and affirmed he should still be here today." This statement was heavily criticized and many called on Frey to fire his communications staff.[86]

In August 2022, it was announced that the MPD, while under Frey's control, had "decided to use drones".[87] The purchase of drones and drone use policy continued despite criticism from the vast majority of attendees of the city council committee meeting at which it was discussed.[87]

Frey has said that he lobbied Governor Tim Walz to deploy the National Guard to quell the uprising when Walz was hesitant to do so.[88] It has been documented that the force the National Guard used against protesters during the uprising caused substantial levels of injury, and the University of Minnesota found that it violated United Nations guidelines.[89][90] There were multiple reports that the MPD consistently used excessive force against protesters during the uprising.[91]

In July 2023, Frey signed an executive order instructing the MPD to make enforcement of laws concerning entheogenic plants, such as psychoactive mushrooms, the "lowest law enforcement priority".[92] Frey has also consistently been supportive of the cannabis industry and legalization.[93]

In 2025, Frey vetoed a City Council measure to turn George Floyd Square into a pedestrian mall supported by community groups.[48] In October 2024, the Frey administration proposed an overhaul of the area that would allow traffic to fully return to the street.[48]

In May 2025, after the US Justice Department withdrew the consent decree mandating reform to the MPD, Frey said the city would continue to implement the reforms laid out in the decree.[94]

Sanctuary city status

[edit]

In January 2025, after the University of Minnesota said it would comply with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Frey told the media that the City of Minneapolis would not aid in identifying undocumented immigrants and that the MPD would not aid ICE.[95]

In March 2025, Frey said that Minneapolis would remain a sanctuary city for undocumented immigrants.[96]

On June 4, 2025, the Minneapolis Police Department performed crowd control during a Homeland Security operation in South Minneapolis with uniformed ICE agents present. An independent report by the Minneapolis City Auditor found that the Minneapolis Police Department did not cooperate with ICE officials.[97][98]

Environment

[edit]

In 2016, Frey authored an ordinance requiring polluters to pay fees based on the amount of pollution they produce. The fees are used to support green business improvements. Since the program's launch, emissions linked to climate change have declined substantially. Frey and the City of Minneapolis were honored at the 2018 U.S. Conference of Mayors for the program's success.[99]

Roof Depot

[edit]

In 2016, the City of Minneapolis purchased the Roof Depot property in the Phillips neighborhood, the former site of a pesticide producer, for $6.8 million, with plans to expand its Public Works campus. The project was intended to replace an aging waterworks facility.

The site was known to be extensively contaminated by arsenic, which led to community concern about health risks from the demolition that would be needed to repurpose the site.[100] Frey said the demolition could proceed safely with strict precautions, but local residents—many from low-income BIPOC backgrounds—maintained strong opposition. Residents of Little Earth, a Native American neighborhood near the site, were prominent critics of the project.[100]

Opposition to the demolition was led by the East Phillips Neighborhood Institute (EPNI), which advocated transforming the property into an urban farm, complete with sustainable agriculture and community spaces.[100]

In 2022, after a contentious City Council vote to suspend the project, Frey issued a veto that kept the demolition plans on track.[100]

In February 2023, local activists staged a brief occupation of the Roof Depot site in an attempt to halt the demolition. Frey’s administration directed the MPD to clear the occupation, resulting in the arrest of six protesters, many of whom are involved in the American Indian Movement.[100]

Shortly after the demonstration, the Minnesota Court of Appeals temporarily blocked the demolition, offering activists a brief window to pursue an appeal. But Frey has shown little inclination to halt the project, emphasizing the city’s commitment to the public works campus.[100]

Frey has made offers to split the property for both public works and community use, but EPNI and other activist groups argue that such a compromise would still prioritize industrial development over area residents' health.[100]

In August 2025, Frey was scheduled to meet with EPNI about a looming deadline to purchase the Roof Depot for $16 million. EPNI had raised more than $10 million and disputed the purchase price on the grounds that a recent appraisal of the property had found it to have a market value of roughly $3.7 million. Frey canceled the meeting after learning that the Climate Justice Committee, an unrelated local environmental organization, was planning a rally supporting EPNI's purchase of the Roof Depot that would have ended outside his residence. The rally was moved at the behest of EPNI staff, but the meeting was not rescheduled.[101]

Labor relations

[edit]

Frey was involved in drafting the council's 2016 paid sick leave ordinance and the 2017 minimum wage ordinance. He was one of the first council members to support a minimum wage ordinance.[102] Frey authored the amendment to the minimum wage ordinance that gave small businesses a longer phase-in than large businesses for implementing the minimum wage.[103]

Frey has vetoed two pieces of legislation intended to ensure that rideshare services like Uber and Lyft provide compensation equal to at least the city minimum wage.[104]

During his 2023 State of the City address, Frey pleaded with workers to return to their downtown offices at least three days a week.[105]

In early 2024, Frey told attendees of the Minneapolis Downtown Council annual meeting that people who work from home for more than three months become "losers", possibly signaling support of return-to-office efforts to commercial real estate interests.[105] Frey has said that this was a misconstrued joke.[105]

In September 2024, Frey vetoed the establishment of a labor standards board that would have offered policy recommendations to the City Council.[106] After the City Council disregarded their initial plea, 40 business owners of color organized a petition, collecting signatures from over 400 local and small businesses, to persuade the mayor to veto the board.[107] Frey had supported the idea two years earlier but vetoed it when City Council amendments caused business leaders to pull out, unwilling to serve on a board they considered one-sided.[108][109]

Responses to pro-Palestinian activism

[edit]

In early 2024, Frey vetoed a ceasefire resolution the City Council developed in response to the Gaza war following the October 7 attacks, calling the passed version "one-sided" because it "all but erases [the history] of Israeli Jews".[110] Frey put together his own version of the ceasefire resolution that endorsed a two-state solution.[110]

In December 2024, Frey vetoed a statement of support for amnesty for students who were being punished by the University of Minnesota after they occupied a campus building in hopes of getting the university to divest from Israeli securities and weapons manufacturers.[111] Frey said he vetoed the resolution "without hesitation" because he did not support "damaging property and endangering the safety of others".[111]

Plans to rebuild the third precinct

[edit]

In October 2024, after a visit by JD Vance to the site of Minneapolis's 3rd Police Precinct, which was burned during the 2020 uprising, Frey urged the City Council to approve a plan that replaced the existing structure with a "democracy center".[112][113][114] Critics of the plan have expressed dismay that solicited proposals for alternative uses submitted by community groups were dismissed without due consideration in favor of the democracy center.[115]

The mayor's office performed community engagement to aid in deciding where the 3rd Precinct should be rebuilt, reported results of which pointed toward not rebuilding at the same location.[116] The public engagement process was heavily criticized as designed to manufacture consent for a predetermined plan to rebuild the precinct by way of not allowing respondents to say they did not want the precinct rebuilt at all.[116]

Frey at a Minneapolis City Council budget hearing in 2015

Electoral history

[edit]

2025 Minneapolis mayoral election

[edit]
See also: 2025 Minneapolis mayoral election

Frey is running for reelection in the 2025 Minneapolis mayoral election.

He sought the Minneapolis DFL endorsement alongside DeWayne Davis, Omar Fateh, Jazz Hampton, and Brenda Short at the endorsing convention on July 19, 2025.[117] The convention endorsed a mayoral candidate in a contested race for the first time since 1997, with Fateh winning the endorsement after receiving 43.58% of the vote in the first round and over 60% in the second.[118] Frey's supporters allegedly participated in a walkout during the second vote, a tactic intended to break quorum.[119] Frey's campaign appealed Fateh's victory to the state party.[120]

As of July 28, 2025, Frey had raised $538,000 in campaign funds, the most of any candidate in the race, ahead of Fateh's $213,000.[121] He is endorsed by All of Minneapolis, a political action committee dedicated to advancing centrist democrats for political office in Minneapolis.[122][123]

On August 21, 2025, the Minnesota DFL revoked Fateh's endorsement following the appeal, citing failures in the voting process including an error in ballot software usage that resulted in an undercount in the first round and a poorly secured registration spreadsheet. The state DFL placed the Minneapolis DFL on a two-year probation and forbade it from holding a second convention or otherwise endorsing in the 2025 mayoral election.[124] The Minneapolis DFL appealed, challenging both the revocation and the bans on future endorsements, citing conflicts of interest and claiming that the committee that made the determination was acting outside of the authority given to it by the DFL's constitution.[125]

2021 Minneapolis mayoral election

[edit]
See also: 2021 Minneapolis mayoral election
2021 Minneapolis mayoral general election
Party Candidate Maximum
round 		Maximum
votes 		Share in
maximum
round 		Maximum votes
  First round votes   Transfer votes
Democratic (DFL) Jacob Frey (incumbent) 2 70,669 56.2%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Kate Knuth 2 55,007 43.8%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Sheila Nezhad 1 30,368 21.1%
​​
Democratic (DFL) A.J. Awed 1 6,860 4.8%
​​
Republican Laverne Turner 1 4,620 3.2%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Clint Conner 1 4,309 3.0%
​​
Republican Bob Carney 1 2,788 1.9%
​​
Various All others[a] 1 6,796 4.60%
​​
Write-in 1 145 0.1%
​​

2017 Minneapolis mayoral election

[edit]
See also: 2017 Minneapolis mayoral election
2017 Minneapolis mayoral election[126]
Party Candidate Maximum
round 		Maximum
votes 		Share in
maximum
round 		Maximum votes
  First round votes   Transfer votes
Democratic (DFL) Jacob Frey 5 46,716 57.2%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Raymond Dehn 5 34,971 42.8%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Betsy Hodges (incumbent) 4 26,875 28.7%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Tom Hoch 3 22,754 22.8%
​​
Democratic (DFL) Nekima Levy-Pounds 2 16,189 15.9%
​​
Libertarian Charlie Gers 1 1,233 1.2%
​​
Various All others[a] 1 4,178 4.00%
​​
Write-in 1 138 0.1%
​​

2013 Minneapolis City Council ward 3 election

[edit]
See also: 2013 Minneapolis City Council election
2013 Minneapolis City Council Ward 3 election, first round[127]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic (DFL) Jacob Frey 3,722 61.31%
Democratic (DFL) Diane Hofstede 1,614 26.59%
Libertarian Michael Katch 363 5.98%
Green Kristina Gronquist 357 5.88%
Write-in 15 0.25%
Total votes 6,071 100.00%
Turnout 6,206[b] 30.99%
2012 Minneapolis Senate District 59 special election, DFL primary [128]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic (DFL) Kari Dziedzic 1,965 32.11
Democratic (DFL) Mohamud Noor 1,626 26.57
Democratic (DFL) Peter Wagenius 1,089 17.80
Democratic (DFL) Paul Ostrow 792 12.94
Democratic (DFL) Jacob Frey 473 7.73
Democratic (DFL) Alicia Frosch 36 0.59
Total votes 5,981 100

Personal life

[edit]

Frey married his first wife, Michelle Lilienthal, in 2009, but they divorced shortly after.[129][130][131]

Frey married his second wife, Sarah Clarke, in 2016. Clarke is a lobbyist for Hylden Advocacy & Law, where she represents several business, nonprofits, and community organizations at the Minnesota legislature and executive branch agencies.[132] In 2020, the couple had their first child.[133][134] Their second child was born in July 2025.[135]

Frey, a Reform Jew, attends a Reform synagogue in Minneapolis, Temple Israel, together with his wife, a Jewish convert.[136]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jacob Frey

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Jacob Lawrence Frey (born July 23, 1981) is an American attorney and politician who has served as the 48th of , , since January 2018. A member of the , Frey previously represented Ward 3 on the from 2014 to 2017 after winning election in 2013. Educated at the , where he earned a degree in on a track and field scholarship, and , Frey worked as an employment and civil rights attorney and community organizer in prior to his political career. Frey's mayoral tenure has emphasized priorities including expanding —producing over eight times more deeply affordable units than the previous administration—strengthening community-police relations through policy updates on body cameras and , advancing climate goals toward carbon neutrality by 2050, fostering inclusive via cultural districts and opportunity funds, and implementing structural governance reforms approved in . He was reelected in amid a competitive field criticizing his leadership. Frey's administration drew national scrutiny during the 2020 civil unrest following George Floyd's death in police custody, which escalated into riots causing extensive and the abandonment of a . Rejecting demands from progressive activists to defund or abolish the police, Frey advocated for reform through increased funding and requested deployment to restore order, positions that led to public confrontations including being booed at Floyd's memorial for insisting "to change policing, you have to actually fund it." These stances, rooted in a commitment to maintaining public safety amid causal links between underfunding and disorder, isolated him from segments of the local left-wing establishment but aligned with empirical needs for effective , as evidenced by subsequent after-action reviews highlighting failures in initial emergency planning.

Early life and education

Family background and upbringing

Jacob Frey was born on July 23, 1981, in , and raised in the nearby suburb of Oakton, part of the , metropolitan area. His parents were both professional modern dancers early in their careers; his father later transitioned to working as a chiropractor. Frey's mother is of Jewish descent, and he has publicly identified with Jewish heritage, though details on his religious upbringing remain limited in . Frey grew up in a suburban household in alongside his younger brother, Jamie, in an environment shaped by his parents' artistic backgrounds and subsequent professional shifts. The family's move toward stability, exemplified by his father's practice, reflected a practical adaptation from to healthcare, influencing Frey's early exposure to discipline and physical rigor—traits later evident in his athletic pursuits. This upbringing in a middle-class provided a foundation of relative privilege near the nation's capital, fostering an interest in amid proximity to federal institutions, though Frey has described it as unremarkable beyond familial emphasis on perseverance.

Academic achievements

Frey earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in government from the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, where he attended on a track and field scholarship. He participated in collegiate track events, earning All-East honors in 2004 as a senior competitor in distance running. Following undergraduate studies, Frey pursued legal education at Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, graduating with a Juris Doctor in 2009. During law school, he balanced academics with professional marathon running, though no specific academic honors such as cum laude distinctions are documented in available records.

Pre-political career

Prior to entering , Jacob Frey practiced as an and civil rights litigator in , focusing on cases involving workplace inequities, housing rights, and racial justice issues. After earning his J.D. from in 2009, he joined the firm Faegre & Benson (subsequently Faegre Baker Daniels), where he handled civil rights matters including advocacy for marriage equality and support for tenants displaced by foreclosures in North Minneapolis amid the post-2008 . Frey's civil rights litigation extended to pro bono work addressing systemic racial disparities, notably a post-conviction challenge in a death penalty case for Brandyn Benjamin, a man sentenced in , where he examined evidence of racial bias in the judicial process. This experience, involving disparities affecting individuals similar in age and background to Frey, reinforced his commitment to . He later transitioned to Halunen & Associates, a plaintiff-side firm specializing in disputes, continuing his focus on non-discrimination claims against employers. In recognition of his contributions, Frey received the City of Minneapolis's inaugural Award for civil rights advocacy, honoring his efforts in employee protections, tenant rights, and broader equality initiatives. His practice emphasized empirical challenges to discriminatory practices rather than abstract policy, aligning with first-hand client experiences of institutional barriers.

Community activism and organizing

Prior to entering elective office, Frey engaged in community organizing in Minneapolis following his relocation to the city in 2009 after graduating from . As a community organizer, he focused on initiatives, including efforts to advance marriage equality in ahead of the state's legislative passage of the Freedom to Marry amendment in 2013. Frey founded and organized the "Big Gay Race," an event designed to build support and raise awareness for marriage equality by mobilizing participants in a public, celebratory demonstration of LGBTQ+ rights. This initiative reflected his broader commitment to , drawing on his background in civil rights law to bridge legal and community-based strategies for policy change. Through such organizing, Frey met his wife, , who shared involvement in local activism efforts. His organizing work emphasized direct over institutional channels, aligning with his stated interest in addressing inequities through rather than solely litigious means. These activities laid the groundwork for his subsequent political involvement, though specific metrics on event turnout or direct legislative impact from the Big Gay Race remain undocumented in available records.

Entry into elective office

Minneapolis City Council tenure


Jacob Frey was elected to the representing Ward 3 on November 5, 2013, defeating incumbent Diane Hofstede with 61.4 percent of first-choice votes in a ranked-choice voting system where tabulation beyond initial preferences was unnecessary. Ward 3 encompasses neighborhoods in , including areas like Northeast, and Park.
Frey assumed office in January 2014 and served one term until resigning in December 2017 following his election as . During his tenure, he prioritized , civil rights protections, and support for small businesses, building on his prior experience as a civil rights attorney. In early 2015, Frey outlined Ward 3 priorities at a community meeting, emphasizing neighborhood engagement and local improvements such as street repairs and park enhancements.
Frey's council record included advocacy for policies aimed at increasing housing affordability amid rising costs in , though specific ordinances he sponsored are documented in city voting records accessible via public archives. His approach as an "aggressive challenger" during the 2013 campaign, backed by DFL endorsement, carried into his service, focusing on proactive community issues rather than incumbency maintenance.

Key council initiatives and votes

During his tenure representing Ward 3 from 2014 to 2017, Jacob Frey focused on housing development and economic retention in areas including Marcy-Holmes and near the . He advocated for increased options, particularly high-density developments tailored to college graduates and students, while emphasizing preservation of historic buildings. Frey oversaw the planning and groundbreaking of the Riverton project, a student in set to open in fall 2015, aimed at providing affordable living options for university students. Frey supported ordinances enabling ride-sharing services such as and to operate in , contributing to expanded transportation access in the city. He also backed measures like requiring earplugs at concert venues to enhance patron safety. In addressing local needs, Frey prioritized tackling a "" near the by advocating for an affordable grocery store to serve students. For 2015, Frey outlined Ward 3 priorities including constructing accessible grocery stores, developing a "pipeline" program with housing and job incentives to retain post-graduation students in , and advancing at least 20 development projects. Ward 3 accounted for 65% of the city's growth in , underscoring the ward's role in urban expansion under his representation.

Mayoral elections

2017 campaign and victory

Jacob Frey, then a member of the representing Ward 3, announced his candidacy for on , 2017, entering a competitive race against incumbent and 14 other candidates. Frey campaigned on themes of visibility, compromise, and addressing public safety concerns, particularly in the wake of the July 2017 fatal shooting of Justine Damond by Minneapolis Mohamed Noor, which heightened scrutiny on policing practices.) The election on November 7, 2017, utilized ranked-choice voting, allowing voters to rank up to three candidates. In the first round, Frey received 26,116 first-choice votes (approximately 25.6% of the 102,116 valid ballots), trailing Hodges's 18,915 votes but ahead of state Representative Raymond Dehn's 18,101. After six rounds of tabulation, with eliminations including Hodges in round 5, Frey secured victory over Dehn with 46,716 votes to Dehn's 34,971, achieving 44.69% in the final round amid vote exhaustion reducing the total active ballots to 104,522. The results were certified, and Frey was declared the winner on November 8, 2017.

2021 reelection amid unrest

Incumbent Mayor Jacob Frey sought reelection on November 2, 2021, in Minneapolis's first municipal election following the killing of on May 25, 2020, and the subsequent riots that caused over $500 million in and accelerated a surge in . Frey's campaign emphasized his efforts to balance police with public safety, rejecting calls to abolish the (MPD) amid a 2020 rate that reached 82, the highest since 1995, and continued elevated levels into 2021. Over a dozen challengers, primarily from left, criticized Frey for insufficiently defunding police and for his visible emotional response to the riots, including being chased from a while stating "I do not believe the police are inherently racist" in June 2020. The election featured ranked-choice voting, with voters ranking up to three candidates; Frey did not secure a first-round majority but advanced through eliminations, ultimately defeating environmental advocate Kate Knuth in the final round with approximately 56% of redistributed votes after six rounds of tabulation. Key issues included a concurrent ballot measure (Question 2) to replace the MPD with a , which failed with 56% voting no, reflecting voter preference for maintaining structured policing over abolitionist proposals amid ongoing unrest-related challenges like business closures and a 21% rise in shootings from 2020 to . Frey's victory, projected by the on November 3, , was attributed to support from moderate Democrats and independents concerned with crime recovery, despite endorsements for challengers from factions advocating deeper reforms. Frey's reelection occurred against a backdrop of causal factors from the 2020 unrest, including depleted police ranks—down 73 officers by mid-2021 due to resignations and retirements—and empirical showing correlations between reduced policing and increased victimization rates in affected neighborhoods. While progressive critics, often aligned with academic and activist institutions exhibiting systemic left-leaning biases in reform narratives, portrayed Frey as obstructive to equity goals, voter turnout of about 35% favored pragmatic , as evidenced by the defeat of multiple incumbents pushing defund policies. This outcome underscored a rejection of extreme positions, with Frey securing a second term to address lingering causal realities of unrest, such as economic displacement affecting over 1,000 minority-owned businesses destroyed or damaged.

2025 third-term bid

On January 29, 2025, incumbent Mayor Jacob Frey officially announced his candidacy for a third term, describing it as his final term and emphasizing the need for "steady, thoughtful leadership" to address ongoing city challenges. Frey's campaign platform highlights progress in , including a reported drop in crime rates, and positions the city as recovering from the 2020 unrest, arguing that continued moderate is essential amid criticisms from progressive challengers. The election, set for November 4, 2025, uses ranked-choice voting, allowing voters to rank up to three candidates, with Frey facing 14 opponents in the nonpartisan contest. His primary challenger is , a democratic socialist who secured the Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL) Party endorsement on July 20, 2025, at a contentious convention, marking a significant rebuke to Frey from the party's left wing. Fateh and other candidates formed a urging supporters not to rank Frey as a second or third choice, aiming to consolidate anti-Frey votes in the ranked-choice system. As of October 2025, with early voting underway, Frey has defended his record on issues like policing and economic recovery, contrasting it with Fateh's calls for deeper police reforms and rent control, while polls from opposition-aligned groups indicate voter fatigue with Frey's leadership. Frey's bid underscores divisions within Minneapolis politics, where his pragmatic approach has sustained support from business interests and moderates but alienated progressive activists seeking more transformative policies.

Mayoral administration

Response to George Floyd killing and riots

![Minneapolis Emergency Curfew Order during 2020 riots][float-right] Following the death of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, after his arrest by officers, Mayor Jacob Frey, a former civil rights attorney, publicly condemned the incident within a day, stating that "being Black in America should not be a death sentence" and calling for the involved officers to be held accountable. Frey advocated for the arrest of , the officer who knelt on Floyd's neck, which occurred on May 29, 2020, after initial reluctance from authorities. As protests escalated into riots beginning May 26, involving widespread , , and that damaged over 1,300 properties and caused an estimated $350 million in losses in alone, Frey requested assistance from Minnesota Governor . On May 28, amid violence in south including the torching of the Third Police Precinct, Frey telephoned Walz at 6:29 p.m. to request deployment of the , but Walz hesitated, delaying full mobilization until May 29. Frey imposed a on May 29 from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. to curb the unrest, which had spread to include attacks on civil infrastructure. Criticism mounted over the city's response, with an later revealing that Frey and police chief did not adhere to established emergency protocols, opting for ad-hoc decisions amid the chaos. Frey faced public backlash during a June 6 protest rally, where he addressed the crowd, acknowledging his personal "brokenness" and the need for structural police reform but rejecting demands to defund or abolish the department, prompting boos, chants of "Go home, Jacob, go home!" and "Shame!", and an emotional departure. He later clarified that the riots no longer represented Floyd's murder but assaults on civil society. The delayed and improvised handling contributed to the riots becoming the costliest in U.S. insurance history at over $1 billion regionally, though Frey defended his proactive calls for aid despite state-level delays.

Public safety and police reform efforts

Following the killing of on May 25, 2020, Frey advocated for comprehensive police reforms while rejecting calls to defund or abolish the (MPD). He described the department as needing a "full structural revamp" through enhanced training, accountability measures, and policy changes, but emphasized that eliminating policing would exacerbate public safety risks amid rising violence. In June 2020, Frey publicly stated he would not commit to defunding, drawing boos from protesters and highlighting tensions with progressive activists and city council members who favored budget reallocations away from policing. He opposed a November 2020 council proposal to shift nearly $8 million from the MPD budget, calling it "irresponsible" given the department's staffing shortages and crime surge. Frey's administration pursued reforms including expanded behavioral crisis response teams for non-police emergencies, new use-of- policies, and officer wellness programs to retain and recruit personnel. By early 2025, the MPD had implemented changes such as overhauled protocols, stricter controls on in certain scenarios, and systems to track and investigate misconduct, as outlined in a proposed federal negotiated with the U.S. Department of Justice under the Biden administration. Although the incoming Trump administration moved to dismiss the decree in May 2025, Frey signed 2025-01 on June 10, 2025, directing the city to codify and accelerate these reforms independently, including commitments to ongoing enhancements and accountability mechanisms. These efforts coincided with investments in a "community safety ecosystem" beyond traditional policing, such as 24/7 crisis response units, though Frey maintained that bolstering the MPD—rather than defunding it—was essential for effective . The MPD's sworn officer count had declined from 920 in March 2019 to 583 by March 2025 due to post-Floyd resignations and challenges, but applications surged 135% by May 2025 amid initiatives and pay incentives. Public safety outcomes showed marked improvements by 2025, with Frey attributing declines to sustained policing alongside reforms. Year-to-date through March 2025, categories decreased significantly: robberies by 47%, carjackings by 40%, gunshot wound victims by 32%, auto thefts by 24%, and overall homicides lower than prior peaks. In his May 6, 2025, , Frey highlighted these trends, including reduced assaults and shootings, as evidence that the city's approach—reforming without defunding—yielded safer streets after a post-2020 spike that earned the moniker "Murderapolis." Critics, including some council members, argued that persistent staffing shortages and incomplete reforms contributed to uneven results, but empirical data supported Frey's claims of progress in key metrics.

Housing and homelessness policies

Under Mayor Jacob Frey's administration, the City of Minneapolis has allocated over $400 million since 2018 toward affordable housing development, preservation, and homelessness prevention efforts, including programs like the Neighborhood Opportunity Affordable Housing (NOAH) fund, 4d incentives, and low-interest loans that have preserved 5,208 affordable rental units as of October 2025. In 2025 alone, the city funded 22 affordable rental housing projects creating 1,745 units, of which 234 were designated for formerly homeless individuals, while the Affordable Housing Trust Fund (AHTF) awarded $18.5 million for 803 additional units. Complementary initiatives include the Stable Homes, Stable Schools program, which has assisted over 6,400 students in securing or maintaining housing since its inception, and downpayment assistance serving more than 3,000 households between 2022 and 2024. Frey's housing strategy emphasizes zoning reforms to enable denser development and expand supply, including efforts to reduce regulatory barriers that delay construction, as highlighted in 2024 legislation aimed at addressing the affordable housing shortage and declining commercial property values. The administration has also supported renter protections through legal aid for over 6,100 households and 12,450 individuals since 2022, while opposing rent control measures, which Frey argued behind the scenes would deter investment from developers. Critics, including city council members and housing advocates, have faulted these policies for insufficiently prioritizing preservation tools like right-of-first-refusal ordinances for affordable units and for contributing to uneven development under the broader Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which some contend has led to suboptimal apartment construction rather than truly affordable, transit-oriented housing. On homelessness, Frey's approach has prioritized coordinated outreach, shelter offers, and encampment clearances over tolerance of street living, resulting in a 33% decline in unsheltered in Hennepin County since 2020 and an additional 14% drop from 2024 to 2025. By March 2025, visible encampments had decreased from nearly 300 individuals in late 2024 to 32, with only 21 unsheltered people in 14 small sites reported in early , and zero large encampments exceeding 150–200 residents; this shift correlated with an 85% reduction in 911 calls and increased shelter acceptances (53 versus 9 in the prior year). The administration attributes these outcomes to investments in case management, storage solutions, and rapid rehousing, contrasting with national increases in . However, opponents, including DFL Omar Fateh, argue that clearances merely displace individuals into vehicles or hidden locations without resolving underlying issues like and mental illness, characterizing the strategy as "hiding the problem" rather than providing comprehensive solutions.

Infrastructure and economic development

Under Mayor Jacob Frey's administration, Minneapolis has pursued substantial infrastructure investments, including over $225 million allocated for the 2025 construction season to fund street reconstructions, utility upgrades, and enhancements across multiple wards. The city has sustained annual activity exceeding $1 billion for 13 consecutive years through 2023, encompassing both public and private projects that support urban maintenance and expansion. Frey's proposed 2026 of $2 billion prioritizes "long-term" infrastructure resilience, generating $23 million in savings via vacancy management and targeted spending to avoid layoffs while protecting core services. Economic development initiatives have emphasized revitalization and , with the October 2024 Downtown Action Plan outlining strategies to transform the area into a 24-hour hub for living, working, and recreation, targeting and the Warehouse District through adjustments and activation projects. This includes regulatory reforms signed in September 2024 to streamline conversions of vacant office buildings into residential units, addressing post-pandemic commercial emptiness. Frey has highlighted residential expansion in during his May 2025 , alongside targeted revivals in neighborhoods like Uptown and the North Side to foster business retention and job creation. Housing-linked economic efforts include the Minneapolis Homes program, which has deployed over $4 million to redevelop more than 450 city-owned vacant lots into affordable owner-occupied units, prioritizing families of color. In August 2025, the Minneapolis Public Housing Authority broke ground on the city's largest-ever redevelopment, a multi-phase project aimed at modernizing units and integrating economic opportunities. The 2025 budget allocated $3.1 million specifically for economic equity programs to expand business ownership access, aligning with Frey's stated focus on post-2020 recovery and minority .

Social and labor policies

Frey's administration has maintained Minneapolis's $15 per hour policy, originally approved by the City Council in 2015 during his tenure as a council member, extending it to all employers including small businesses with automatic annual adjustments tied to the . In 2023, he vetoed a City Council ordinance mandating minimum earnings for rideshare drivers but noted Uber's agreement to guarantee drivers at least $5 per ride plus $1 per mile during peak hours or $0.52 per mile off-peak, effectively aligning with local wage standards. In November 2024, Frey vetoed legislation to create a Labor Standards Board, which would have advised on worker protections including scheduling and wage theft, stating it imposed undue regulatory burdens without sufficient evidence of effectiveness; the City Council fell one vote short of overriding the on December 5, 2024. Despite tensions with some progressive council members, Frey secured endorsements from a majority of local labor unions in his reelection campaign, reflecting broad union support for his pro-worker record amid criticisms from socialist factions. On social issues, Frey's prior work as a civil rights attorney specializing in cases informed early priorities, though mayoral actions have focused on targeted protections rather than sweeping reforms. In December 2022, he issued an shielding providers and recipients of medical procedures for from out-of-state legal actions, positioning as a refuge amid national debates on such interventions. Following a 2025 falsely linked to issues by some media, Frey publicly rejected efforts to stigmatize individuals, emphasizing opposition to hate while advocating for . In August 2025, the City Council under Frey's administration amended the civil rights ordinance to prohibit based on additional categories, including housing insecurity and prior criminal convictions (termed "justice-impacted status"), aiming to reduce barriers for vulnerable populations without mandating quotas or preferential treatment. Broader social goals in Frey's platform emphasize economic inclusion through job training and support, integrated with labor policies to address disparities, though implementation has drawn critique for prioritizing market-driven approaches over direct redistribution.

Handling of pro-Palestinian activism

In January 2024, the passed a resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire in the , release of Israeli held by , an end to Palestinian displacement, and accountability for alleged by all parties, which Mayor Jacob Frey criticized as one-sided for emphasizing Palestinian suffering while downplaying role in initiating the , 2023, attacks. Frey delivered a speech to the council on January 25, 2024, arguing the resolution deepened divisions in a city still recovering from 2020 unrest and failed to acknowledge Israel's right to following killing of over 1,200 . He vetoed the measure, but the council overrode it on February 8, 2024, by a 9-4 vote; Frey responded with a endorsing a cease-fire, release, Palestinian release, , and to Gaza without referencing . In November 2024, Frey urged the Educators for Palestine caucus within the Minneapolis Federation of Teachers to cancel a planned event featuring Palestinian activist Muhammad Naeem, whom he accused of promoting through rhetoric denying Jewish and justifying against Israelis. The described the invitation as "hate, pure and simple" and a betrayal of students facing rising amid campus protests, citing Naeem's past statements equating with . The event proceeded as scheduled on November 20, 2024, drawing criticism from Jewish community groups for amplifying divisive anti-Israel views in public schools. Frey vetoed a December 5, 2024, City Council resolution (2024R-430) urging the University of Minnesota to drop disciplinary actions against students involved in the October 21, 2024, occupation and vandalism of Morrill Hall, a pro-Palestinian protest that included spray-painting slogans like "Free Palestine" and "Intifada Revolution" on the building. In his December 9, 2024, veto letter, Frey affirmed support for nonviolent protest as protected speech but rejected endorsing the occupation, which disrupted university operations, caused property damage estimated at thousands of dollars, and involved over 30 arrests; he argued it set a dangerous precedent by excusing lawbreaking under the guise of activism. The council lacked the nine votes needed to override, upholding Frey's veto on December 12, 2024.

Controversies and criticisms

Police handling and reform debates

Following the killing of by (MPD) officer on May 25, 2020, widespread protests erupted, escalating into riots that caused over $500 million in property damage across the city. Frey's administration faced criticism for inadequate emergency response, as a 2022 city audit revealed that officials, including Frey and MPD leadership, failed to activate the Emergency Operations Center promptly and deviated from established protocols, contributing to the abandonment of the Third Precinct on , 2020. This lapses allowed rioters to seize and burn the precinct, exacerbating chaos that included arson, looting, and clashes persisting for days. Frey defended the response by citing resource constraints and the unprecedented scale of unrest, but critics, including community advocates, argued that the delayed deployment of troops—requested on May 28 but not fully activated until May 29—enabled further destruction. In October 2021, Frey described footage of MPD officers using aggressive tactics against protesters, such as and , as "galling," acknowledging excessive force in some instances while emphasizing the need for accountability. Subsequent reviews highlighted systemic failures in command structure, with MPD officers reportedly retreating rather than engaging rioters decisively, a decision attributed to concerns over amid heightened scrutiny. Debates over police reform intensified post-riots, pitting Frey against progressive activists and a majority of the , who in June 2020 pledged to dismantle the MPD and replace it with a community-based department. Frey publicly opposed abolition, stating on June 7, 2020, "I do not support abolishing the ," and was met with boos from protesters demanding defunding. This stance led to accusations of insufficient commitment to , with critics claiming Frey prioritized institutional preservation over addressing root causes of police violence. Voters rejected a 2021 measure to eliminate the MPD by a 56-44% margin, aligning with Frey's position and aiding his reelection. Calls to defund correlated with MPD staffing shortages, dropping to under 300 s by 2021 from over 800 pre-2020, amid a surge including homicides rising from 48 in 2019 to 82 in 2020. Frey advocated reforms like banning chokeholds and warrior-style training but resisted budget cuts, arguing they undermined public safety. In 2023, a federal mandated MPD changes including de-escalation policies and bias training; despite its 2025 dismissal under the Trump administration, Frey issued an on June 10, 2025, to codify these reforms locally, emphasizing sustained over abolition. Opponents continue to fault Frey for slow progress on , citing historical patterns of unaddressed misconduct predating his tenure.

Fiscal and policy implementation failures

During Jacob Frey's mayoral tenure, has encountered recurring fiscal shortfalls, including a $21.6 million hole revealed in discussions to maintain existing services. In 2024, the faced a projected deficit of nearly $22 million prior to adjustments in Frey's proposal, prompting considerations of new taxes amid plummeting property values. The commercial real estate sector's contribution to the 's net tax capacity declined from 35% to 27% between assessors' reports, exacerbating pressures attributed to post-2020 unrest and economic shifts. For the 2026 , Frey proposed $23 million in non-critical cuts within a $2 billion framework, reflecting ongoing strains from federal funding uncertainties. These issues led to tensions, including the City Council's investigation into the administration's financial reporting practices in October 2024, amid disputes over projected surpluses and spending allocations. Policy implementation has similarly drawn criticism for shortfalls in execution. In June 2022, the ruled that Frey failed to fulfill a legal duty under the city charter to maintain at least 731 police officers, as staffing levels remained below the minimum despite recruitment efforts. This stemmed from post-George Floyd departures, with the department down over 200 officers from prior levels by mid-2022, hindering public safety reforms. On homelessness, Frey campaigned in 2017 on ending it citywide, yet by 2025, encampments persisted despite clearance operations and investments, with critics including City Council members faulting the approach for prioritizing displacement over comprehensive solutions. Hennepin County reported declines in unsheltered individuals relative to national trends by May 2025, but Frey's administration faced accusations of failing to deliver on promised systemic reductions, leading to ongoing neighborhood disruptions and policy overrides by the Council. In January 2026, during an appearance on NBC's Meet the Press, Frey acknowledged that fraud in Minnesota government programs, particularly involving social services and aid, is real, stating "The fraud is real. The fraud is very real," and that "everybody could have done more to prevent fraud." He emphasized that those who commit fraud should be investigated, charged, prosecuted, and put in jail.

Political opposition and public backlash

Frey encountered intense public backlash in the immediate aftermath of George Floyd's killing on May 25, 2020. On June 7, 2020, while attending a march, he was met with chants of "Go home, Jacob!" and "Shame!" from demonstrators after stating he could not commit to abolishing the , leading him to leave the event in what became known as his "walk of shame." This incident crystallized opposition from activists and progressive groups demanding the department's defunding or dissolution, viewing Frey's position as insufficiently radical amid widespread calls for structural change. Political tensions escalated with the Minneapolis City Council, particularly over police reform and budgeting. In December 2020, the council approved cuts redirecting $8 million from the police budget to other public safety initiatives, a move Frey criticized as risking officer staffing levels and threatened to veto, though he ultimately signed a version after negotiations that preserved core funding. These disputes highlighted a rift with council leaders like President Lisa Bender, who advocated for deeper reallocations, and fueled accusations from progressives that Frey prioritized police preservation over transformative reform. During the 2021 mayoral election, Frey faced a crowded field of over a dozen challengers, many criticizing his police handling and perceived moderation on reform. Opponents urged voters to exclude him from ranked-choice ballots, but Frey secured re-election with 56% of first-choice votes under the system's tabulation. Persistent progressive critiques portrayed his reforms as incremental rather than systemic, with ongoing complaints about slow progress in addressing police and accountability. In the 2025 mayoral race, opposition intensified from within the Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party and activist circles. On July 20, 2025, the Minneapolis DFL endorsed state Sen. over Frey, prompting Frey's campaign to challenge the convention process on procedural grounds; the state DFL revoked the endorsement on August 22, 2025, citing irregularities and controversies including Fateh campaign staffers' comments glorifying the October 7, 2023, attacks. City Council Vice President drew condemnation on August 19, 2025, for posting a video declaring "F*** Jacob Frey," reflecting factional divides where some council members prioritized opposing the mayor over collaborative governance. A planned protest at Frey's home was relocated to a public park on August 27, 2025, amid continued public expressions of discontent over policies including public safety and . In January 2026, during Operation Metro Surge, a federal immigration enforcement operation in Minnesota, Frey questioned ICE's decision to surge resources in the state rather than in Florida, Texas, and Utah, which have larger undocumented populations, stating, "If the goal was immigration enforcement... there are countless other people who are undocumented in Florida and in Texas and Utah." Frey's comments came amid a lawsuit filed by Minnesota and Twin Cities officials, including Frey, against the Department of Homeland Security alleging unlawful operations. ICE responded that it maintains a presence in every state but requires fewer resources in cooperative jurisdictions like those states, which assist in detaining and deporting criminal undocumented immigrants through programs such as 287(g). In January 2026, Frey defended Minneapolis's non-cooperation policies with ICE when questioned by Fox News host Griff Jenkins about the Hennepin County Jail's refusal to honor detainers on German Llangari Inga, an Ecuadorian national illegally present in the U.S., who was charged with vehicular homicide for killing Victoria Eileen Harwell in a drunk driving crash on August 3, 2024. The jail released Inga twice despite ICE detainers, enabling his presence on the streets. The Department of Homeland Security criticized Frey's sanctuary policies for releasing criminal non-citizens, including Inga, stating they had released nearly 470 such individuals back onto Minnesota streets since President Trump's inauguration, directly contributing to public safety risks like Harwell's death.

Personal life

Marriage and family

Frey was previously married to Michelle Lilienthal, a professional distance runner, with the couple divorcing in early 2014. He married his second wife, Sarah Clarke, a lobbyist, in July 2016. Frey and Clarke have two daughters: Frida Jade Frey, born on September 16, 2020, weighing 7 pounds 10 ounces, and Estelle Bloom Frey, born on July 31, 2025. The family resides in .

Public persona and interests

Frey maintains a public image centered on and endurance, often drawing parallels between his athletic background and the demands of political leadership. A competitive marathon runner, he achieved a personal best time of 2:16:44 in the marathon on July 29, 2007, and placed in the top eight at the during his competitive period between 2007 and 2008. Recruited on a track scholarship to college, Frey transitioned to professional running while attending at , where he honed a discipline he later likened to the persistence required in urban politics: "You can't just show up on and win." His affinity for running extends to personal and civic promotion of health, with Frey frequently sharing runs on and advocating for outdoor exercise as integral to well-being. He has cited the 2006 —during which he decided to relocate to —as a pivotal experience shaping his connection to the city. In public statements, Frey recommends running routes like the Minneapolis Riverfront for their scenic views and encourages adaptive training, such as listening to one's body to avoid overexertion. This interest aligns with broader emphases on accessible urban spaces that support active lifestyles, reflecting his pre-mayoral role as a council member advocating for outdoor-oriented city improvements. Beyond athletics, Frey's persona emphasizes rooted in his civil rights law background, though he projects a pragmatic, results-oriented style in interactions with constituents and media. He has appeared in outlets highlighting his routine amid high-profile events, such as preparations, underscoring a hands-on approach blending with personal accessibility.

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  47. https://ballotpedia.org/Mayoral_election_in_Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota_%282025%29
  48. https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2025/07/20/omar-fateh-minneapolis-dfl-endorsement-mayor
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  53. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/05/30/as-minneapolis-burns-mayor-takes-heat-for-the-response
  54. https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/minneapolis-economic-costs-pandemic-unrest-2020/
  55. https://www.americanexperiment.org/the-truth-about-gov-walz-and-the-national-guard/
  56. https://www.startribune.com/mayor-frey-gov-walz-hesitated-to-deploy-national-guard-during-minneapolis-riots/571999292
  57. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/minneapolis-mayor-calls-national-guard-after-unrest-downtown-n1238366
  58. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/us/minneapolis-mayor-jacob-frey-walk-of-shame.html
  59. https://abc30.com/post/go-home-jacob-minneapolis-mayor-booed-out-of-protest-%7C-video/6236009/
  60. https://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/2005/30/sitroom.01.html
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  62. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/10/874210961/minneapolis-mayor-wants-full-structural-revamp-not-abolition-of-police-departmen
  63. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/mayor-frey-calls-to-defund-minneapolis-police-have-played-role-in-crime-spike/
  64. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/11/30/minneapolis-mayor-calls-proposed-police-cuts-irresponsible
  65. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3caf45c
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  67. https://www.npr.org/2025/01/07/g-s1-41297/minneapolis-police-training-force-policies
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  70. https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2025/05/23/minneapolis-police-force-recovery-george-floyd
  71. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2025/may/sotc-2025/
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  73. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3d690ef
  74. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/05/06/despite-recent-homicides-minneapolis-mayor-jacob-frey-says-city-is-becoming-safer
  75. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/25/us/minneapolis-crime-defund-invs
  76. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2025/october/way-home-report/
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  79. https://www.americanexperiment.org/mayor-frey-is-right-excessive-rules-delay-housing-development/
  80. https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2023/12/04/mayor-frey-minneapolis-rent-control-opposition
  81. https://finance-commerce.com/2024/11/right-of-first-refusal-ordinance-gets-tepid-response/
  82. https://minneapolistimes.com/reaction-to-has-minneapolis-2040-plan-made-housing-more-affordable/
  83. https://www.jacobfrey.org/vision
  84. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2025/july/q1-encampment/
  85. https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/minneapolis-mayor-says-homeless-encampments-numbers-down-significantly/
  86. https://alphanews.org/minneapolis-data-estimate-says-only-20-unsheltered-individuals-living-in-city-encampments/
  87. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/07/31/minneapolis-homelessness-report-on-encampments-shows-progress-but-raises-questions
  88. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/minnneapolis-homeless-encampment-numbers-down/
  89. https://www.facebook.com/omarfatehmn/posts/minneapolis-residents-are-sick-of-freys-failed-promises-housing-solves-homelessn/1185501323398040/
  90. https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-homeless-encampments-drop/601330631/
  91. https://www.reddit.com/r/Minneapolis/comments/1mg14pq/not_trying_to_debate_just_be_more_informed_why_is/
  92. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2025/april/2025-construction-season/
  93. https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/city-of-minneapolis-set-to-highlight-construction-projects-scheduled-for-2025/
  94. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/01/22/minneapolis-construction-projects-top-15-billion-in-2023
  95. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2025/august/budget-address/
  96. https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/mayor-frey-lays-out-his-proposed-minneapolis-budget-plan-for-2026/89-bcc46298-0b9b-4ef0-b751-da4343f3d49c
  97. https://www.startribune.com/downtown-minneapolis-action-plan-mayor-jacob-frey-nicollet-mall/601171004/
  98. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/mayor/issues-and-priorities/economic-inclusion/downtown-reimagined/
  99. https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/09/24/minneapolis-cuts-red-tape-for-developers-turning-office-buildings-into-housing/
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  105. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/city-labor-standards-board-frey-veto/
  106. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/12/05/minneapolis-city-council-fails-to-override-veto-on-labor-standards-board
  107. https://www.facebook.com/JacobFreyForMpls/posts/im-honored-to-have-the-support-of-the-vast-majority-of-labor-unions-that-have-en/1336088287886770/
  108. https://www.jacobfrey.org/
  109. https://rainbowhealth.org/news/mayor-frey-signs-executive-order-establishing-minneapolis-as-a-safe-haven-for-gender-affirming-care/
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  116. https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/minneapolis-city-council-overrides-jacob-freys-veto-of-gaza-cease-fire-resolution/
  117. https://minnesotareformer.com/briefs/minneapolis-mayor-calls-on-teachers-union-to-cancel-event-with-controversial-palestinian-activist/
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  119. https://sahanjournal.com/news-partners/minneapolis-mayor-frey-wantsteachers-to-cancel-with-anti-zionist/
  120. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/12/09/minneapolis-mayor-jacob-frey-vetoes-resolution-supporting-university-of-minnesota-protesters
  121. https://www.startribune.com/frey-vetoes-resolution-urging-amnesty-for-pro-palestinian-protesters-at-university-of-minnesota/601192912
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  125. https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/damning-report-slams-mpd-frey-city-leaders-for-response-to-george-floyd-riots
  126. https://takeactionminnesota.org/after-action-report-reveals-jacob-frey-mpd-ignored-emergency-protocol-in-wake-of-george-floyd-murder/
  127. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/minneapolis-mayor-calls-police-conduct-during-george-floyd-protests-galling-n1281147
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  134. https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-facing-216-million-budget-hole/600367430
  135. https://www.americanexperiment.org/minneapolis-cannot-tax-its-way-out-of-its-downward-spiral/
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  165. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/09/17/minneapolis-mayor-frey-and-wife-are-new-parents
  166. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3ebeb9d
  167. https://www.startribune.com/mayor-jacob-frey-wife-has-baby/601447356
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  173. https://www.startribune.com/my-outdoor-life-minneapolis-council-member-s-life-on-the-run/320921141
  174. https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/general-interest/a-day-in-the-life-of-minneapolis-new-mayor-jacob-frey/
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