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Jewish Bolshevism
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Jewish Bolshevism
Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an antisemitic, anti-communist conspiracy theory, and myth that claims that a Jewish conspiracy was behind the Russian Revolution of 1917, controlled the Soviet Union and international communist movements, and had a secret plan to control or destroy Western civilization; or, more generally, it is the antisemitic myth that Bolshevism was fundamentally Jewish. It was one of the main Nazi beliefs that served as an ideological justification for the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Holocaust.
After the Russian Revolution, the catchword was the title of the pamphlet The Jewish Bolshevism, which featured in the racist propaganda of the anti-communist White movement forces during the Russian Civil War (1918–1922). During the 1930s, the Nazi Party in Germany and the German American Bund in the United States propagated the antisemitic theory to their followers, sympathisers, and fellow travellers. Nazi Germany used the trope to implement anti-Slavic policies and initiate racial war against the Soviet Union, portraying Slavs as inferior humans controlled by Jews to destroy Aryan people.
In Poland, Żydokomuna was a term for the antisemitic opinion that the Jews had a disproportionately high influence in the administration of Communist Poland. Although a sizeable minority of Polish Communists were Jewish, Polish Jews were equally supportive of Communism as Catholics at around 7% by vote, and much of the party's support came from Belarusians and Ukrainians. In far-right politics, "Jewish Bolshevism", "Jewish Communism", and the ZOG conspiracy theory are catchwords asserting that Communism is a Jewish conspiracy.
The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of Russia during World War I. When the revolutions of 1917 crippled Russia's war effort, conspiracy theories developed far from Berlin and Petrograd. Some commentators in Britain ascribed the revolution to an "apparent conjunction of Bolsheviks, Germans and Jews".
In 1917, many Russian Jews were manual workers, artisans, or petite-bourgeoisie, and most were not Bolsheviks. Most Jewish socialists tended to go for the Jewish Labor Bund or Menshevik gradualism. As epitomized by Simon Dubnow, the majority of Russian Jews believed Leninism would lead to bloodshed. However, in the Soviet leadership, literate, urban Jewish people were able to obtain more representation than in the average European cabinet. By December 1917, five of the twenty-one members of the Communist Central Committee were Jewish, the commissar for foreign affairs, the president of the Supreme Soviet, the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, the president of Petrograd Soviet, and the deputy director of the Cheka secret police. During the 1920s, 15 to 20 percent of party delegates were Jewish, as were many technocrats such as clerks, researchers, teachers, and administrators. During the Russian Civil War, Jews sought protection from the Red Army as massacres were perpetrated by anti-Bolshevik forces such as Symon Petliura and those carried out by Anton Denikin, even though in some cases the Red Army itself committed atrocities against Jews. But, these were atypical as Lenin issued orders of protection, leading to young Jews volunteering for the military. While Jews were overrepresented in Bolshevism relative to their proportion of the population, so were Latvians and Caucasians. The children of Orthodox priests, generally well-educated and lacking economic opportunities, were also overrepresented in the ranks of the revolutionary organizations. Jews were the most important ethnic group after Russians politically and numerically, but Bolshevism was not "Jewish." The majority of revolutionaries were non-Jewish. Later, Bolshevism Russianized and Jews were among the first of the ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union to suffer from it as Jews, like all non-Russians, were killed disproportionately in Stalin's purges.
The worldwide spread of the Jewish Bolshevism conspiracy theory in the 1920s is associated with the publication and circulation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent document that purported to describe a secret Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination. The expression made an issue out of the Jewishness of leading Bolsheviks, such as Leon Trotsky. Daniel Pipes said that "primarily through The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Whites spread these charges to an international audience." James Webb wrote that it is rare to find an antisemitic source after 1917 that "does not stand in debt to the White Russian analysis of the Revolution".
Antisemitism in the Russian Empire existed both culturally and institutionally. The Jews were restricted to live within the Pale of Settlement, and they also suffered pogroms.
As a result, many Jews supported gradual or revolutionary changes to the Russian Empire. Those movements ranged among the far left (Jewish Anarchism, Bundists, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks,) and moderate left (Trudoviks) and constitutionalist (Constitutional Democrats) parties. According to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were 19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5.21% of the total, and in the 1920s of the 417 members of the Central Executive Committee, the party Central Committee, the Presidium of the Executive of the Soviets of the USSR and the Russian Republic, the People's Commissars, 6% were ethnic Jews. Between 1936 and 1940, during the Great Purge, Yezhovshchina and after the rapprochement with Nazi Germany, Stalin had largely eliminated Jews from senior party, government, diplomatic, security and military positions.
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Jewish Bolshevism
Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an antisemitic, anti-communist conspiracy theory, and myth that claims that a Jewish conspiracy was behind the Russian Revolution of 1917, controlled the Soviet Union and international communist movements, and had a secret plan to control or destroy Western civilization; or, more generally, it is the antisemitic myth that Bolshevism was fundamentally Jewish. It was one of the main Nazi beliefs that served as an ideological justification for the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Holocaust.
After the Russian Revolution, the catchword was the title of the pamphlet The Jewish Bolshevism, which featured in the racist propaganda of the anti-communist White movement forces during the Russian Civil War (1918–1922). During the 1930s, the Nazi Party in Germany and the German American Bund in the United States propagated the antisemitic theory to their followers, sympathisers, and fellow travellers. Nazi Germany used the trope to implement anti-Slavic policies and initiate racial war against the Soviet Union, portraying Slavs as inferior humans controlled by Jews to destroy Aryan people.
In Poland, Żydokomuna was a term for the antisemitic opinion that the Jews had a disproportionately high influence in the administration of Communist Poland. Although a sizeable minority of Polish Communists were Jewish, Polish Jews were equally supportive of Communism as Catholics at around 7% by vote, and much of the party's support came from Belarusians and Ukrainians. In far-right politics, "Jewish Bolshevism", "Jewish Communism", and the ZOG conspiracy theory are catchwords asserting that Communism is a Jewish conspiracy.
The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of Russia during World War I. When the revolutions of 1917 crippled Russia's war effort, conspiracy theories developed far from Berlin and Petrograd. Some commentators in Britain ascribed the revolution to an "apparent conjunction of Bolsheviks, Germans and Jews".
In 1917, many Russian Jews were manual workers, artisans, or petite-bourgeoisie, and most were not Bolsheviks. Most Jewish socialists tended to go for the Jewish Labor Bund or Menshevik gradualism. As epitomized by Simon Dubnow, the majority of Russian Jews believed Leninism would lead to bloodshed. However, in the Soviet leadership, literate, urban Jewish people were able to obtain more representation than in the average European cabinet. By December 1917, five of the twenty-one members of the Communist Central Committee were Jewish, the commissar for foreign affairs, the president of the Supreme Soviet, the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, the president of Petrograd Soviet, and the deputy director of the Cheka secret police. During the 1920s, 15 to 20 percent of party delegates were Jewish, as were many technocrats such as clerks, researchers, teachers, and administrators. During the Russian Civil War, Jews sought protection from the Red Army as massacres were perpetrated by anti-Bolshevik forces such as Symon Petliura and those carried out by Anton Denikin, even though in some cases the Red Army itself committed atrocities against Jews. But, these were atypical as Lenin issued orders of protection, leading to young Jews volunteering for the military. While Jews were overrepresented in Bolshevism relative to their proportion of the population, so were Latvians and Caucasians. The children of Orthodox priests, generally well-educated and lacking economic opportunities, were also overrepresented in the ranks of the revolutionary organizations. Jews were the most important ethnic group after Russians politically and numerically, but Bolshevism was not "Jewish." The majority of revolutionaries were non-Jewish. Later, Bolshevism Russianized and Jews were among the first of the ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union to suffer from it as Jews, like all non-Russians, were killed disproportionately in Stalin's purges.
The worldwide spread of the Jewish Bolshevism conspiracy theory in the 1920s is associated with the publication and circulation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a fraudulent document that purported to describe a secret Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination. The expression made an issue out of the Jewishness of leading Bolsheviks, such as Leon Trotsky. Daniel Pipes said that "primarily through The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the Whites spread these charges to an international audience." James Webb wrote that it is rare to find an antisemitic source after 1917 that "does not stand in debt to the White Russian analysis of the Revolution".
Antisemitism in the Russian Empire existed both culturally and institutionally. The Jews were restricted to live within the Pale of Settlement, and they also suffered pogroms.
As a result, many Jews supported gradual or revolutionary changes to the Russian Empire. Those movements ranged among the far left (Jewish Anarchism, Bundists, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks,) and moderate left (Trudoviks) and constitutionalist (Constitutional Democrats) parties. According to the 1922 Bolshevik party census, there were 19,564 Jewish Bolsheviks, comprising 5.21% of the total, and in the 1920s of the 417 members of the Central Executive Committee, the party Central Committee, the Presidium of the Executive of the Soviets of the USSR and the Russian Republic, the People's Commissars, 6% were ethnic Jews. Between 1936 and 1940, during the Great Purge, Yezhovshchina and after the rapprochement with Nazi Germany, Stalin had largely eliminated Jews from senior party, government, diplomatic, security and military positions.
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