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Junaluska (Cherokee: Tsunu’lahun’ski) (c.1775 – November 20, 1858), was a leader of the Cherokee who resided in towns in western North Carolina in the early 19th century. He fought alongside Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812/Creek War. In the course of the battle he saved Jackson's life, an act he reportedly regretted later in life.

Key Information

Although he was removed with most Cherokee on the Trail of Tears, Junaluska returned to North Carolina in the late 1840s. The state legislature granted him citizenship and some land near present-day Robbinsville. He was among the Cherokee who lived in North Carolina from the 19th century, and were ancestors to the federally recognized tribe of Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. This group organized in the 20th century.

Name and noms de guerre

[edit]

Junaluska was born around 1775,[1][2] approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of Franklin, North Carolina, near present-day Dillard, Georgia. A few days after his birth, the cradle-board holding him fell over. He was called Gu-Ka-Las-Ki or Gulkalaski in the Cherokee language,[3] meaning "one who falls from a leaning position".

Later as an adult, after an unsuccessful military venture, he was named Tsu-Na-La-Hun-Ski or Tsunulahunski ("one who tries but fails").[4] Junaluska described this warfare events by the term, Detsinulahungu (meaning "I tried, but could not").[3]

Allies and enemies

[edit]

Oral tradition has it that Junaluska met with Tecumseh in Soco Gap in 1811. This has not been verified. Junaluska is known to have informed Tecumseh that the Cherokee in his region would not join an Indian confederacy against the European-American settlers.

"As long as the sun shines and the grass grows, there shall be friendship between us, and the feet of the Cherokee shall be toward the east." —Andrew Jackson to Junaluska[3]

In 1813, when the Cherokee raised up 636 men against the Red Stick faction of the Creek Indians in Alabama, Junaluska personally recruited over a hundred men to fight at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Cherokee unit was incorporated into the combined Creek-Cherokee-Yuchi-Choctaw army under the command of Brig. General William McIntosh, a "friendly" Creek from Georgia. Junaluska's actions turned the tide when he swam the Tallapoosa River, retrieving Redstick canoes in order to ferry the Cherokee to the rear of the Creek. He is also credited with saving Andrew Jackson's life during this battle.

According to the provisions of an 1819 treaty with the United States, Junaluska applied for 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land at Sugar Creek near Franklin, North Carolina. When his land was usurped by white settlers, he moved to the remaining portion of the Cherokee Nation.

Contention with Jackson

[edit]
A 25 ft (7.6 m) high sculpture of Junaluska at the Trail of the Whispering Giants in Johnson City, Tennessee

Jackson reportedly met with Junaluska regarding the Indian Removal Act, but the president said, "Sir, your audience is ended. There is nothing I can do for you."[3][5]

During the infamous Trail of Tears in 1838, Junaluska and many other Cherokee people were incarcerated and held in nearby stockades prior to the march. Fort Montgomery was located near present day Robbinsville, North Carolina. From this stockade, Junaluska and thousands of other Cherokee were forced to walk overland to the Indian Territory, in present-day eastern Oklahoma.[6] Junaluska was assigned to a detachment led by Jesse Bushyhead.

"If I had known that Jackson would drive us from our homes, I would have killed him that day at the Horseshoe".[7]

About seven weeks into the journey, Junaluska and approximately 50 other Cherokee escaped. He and his band were soon captured and returned to the journey. After several years, Junaluska returned to North Carolina on foot. In 1847, after a plea by Col. William Holland Thomas, a white man who had been adopted into the Cherokee tribe, the state legislature rewarded Junalaska for his service. It granted him state citizenship and land near present-day Robbinsville, North Carolina.

Personal life

[edit]

Junaluska married Ni-suh and had three children, boys Jim-my and Sic-que-yuh, and daughter Na-lih.[citation needed]

Junaluska died November 20, 1858,[8] and was buried in Robbinsville. His grave was originally marked, in traditional Cherokee style, with a pile of stones.[6] In 1910 the General Joseph Winston Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (Winston-Salem) erected a monument at his grave site.[3]

Legacy

[edit]
Junaluska Museum, located in Robbinsville, North Carolina

During the American Civil War, the Confederate States Navy named one of its ships, the CSS Junaluska for him.[9] It had persuaded most of the Cherokee and other nations of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory to become allies of the Confederacy. Not all Cherokee people agreed to this. The CSA leaders promised the Native Americans to give them their own state if they were successful in the war.

Numerous places and physical features have been named for this leader: Lake Junaluska, Junaluska Creek, Junaluska Gap, Junaluska Ridge, the Junaluska Salamander, and Mount Junaluska (now known as North Eaglenest Mountain).[citation needed]

A giant sculpture was installed honoring him, along the Trail of the Whispering Giants in Metro-Kiwanis Park in Johnson City, Tennessee.[10]

A museum and memorial in his honor were erected in Robbinsville in the late 20th century.

References

[edit]
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Junaluska

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from Grokipedia

Junaluska (c. 1779 – November 20, 1858) was a warrior and influential leader who participated in the against the and vocally opposed the removal of the from their southeastern homelands. Born near the headwaters of the in what is now or northern Georgia, he earned renown for recruiting over one hundred fighters in 1813 and leading them in the decisive U.S. victory at the on March 27, 1814, where he sustained a while helping to outflank the enemy stronghold. Historical accounts credit him with saving the life of during the battle by intervening against a Creek assailant poised to strike the future president, though this episode lacks corroboration from primary sources and persists as tradition. Despite his earlier alliance with Jackson, Junaluska resisted the and the of 1830; he was forcibly relocated westward in 1838 along the , during which several family members died, before escaping and walking back to around 1843. In recognition of his wartime service to the , the legislature granted him citizenship, a , and 337 acres of land in 1847, allowing him to live out his later years farming near present-day Robbinsville until his death at age 79 while en route to healing springs.

Early Life

Birth and Upbringing

Junaluska was born circa 1779 near the headwaters of the , likely in the Cherokee village of Echoee (or Echoe), situated close to present-day Dillard, Georgia, on the border region with . This estimate aligns with his self-reported age of about seventy in 1849 affidavits and seventy-two in the 1851 federal Cherokee . While precise parentage remains undocumented, he was raised within traditional Cherokee society in the Appalachian homelands, where boys typically learned , , and skills through familial and communal instruction. Accounts of his early years are sparse and vary in specifics, with historical records providing little detail until his emergence as a spokesperson for the around 1811. His , Gul-ka-la-ski (translated as "one falling from a leaning position"), stemmed from a childhood mishap involving a fall, according to Cherokee oral traditions recorded in historical accounts. This name reflected early resilience, though it preceded his later renaming to Tsu-na-la-hun-ski (anglicized as Junaluska) after military events in 1814.

Cherokee Cultural and Social Context

The Cherokee maintained a matrilineal in the late , wherein descent, inheritance, and membership passed through the female line, with children belonging to their mother's and women holding authority over household and land use rights. Society was organized into seven primary clans—, , , Deer, , , and —each functioning as extended kinship groups where members were considered siblings, prohibiting marriage within the same to preserve and alliance-building. Clan affiliations dictated social roles, rituals, and prohibitions, fostering a decentralized yet cohesive tribal identity amid autonomous towns scattered across the Appalachian region. Cherokee towns, numbering over 60 by the mid-18th century, served as semi-independent political and economic units along river valleys, typically comprising a townhouse for council meetings, dwellings, and surrounding fields. Each town operated under a council of elders, peace chiefs, and war leaders, with decisions reached through consensus rather than centralized authority, reflecting a balance between diplomacy and martial traditions. Men primarily engaged in hunting, warfare, and diplomacy to gain prestige, while women managed agriculture—cultivating the "Three Sisters" crops of corn, beans, and squash—pottery production, and child-rearing, underscoring their pivotal economic and familial influence. Cultural practices emphasized oral traditions, spirituality tied to the natural world, and seasonal ceremonies like the for renewal and purification, which reinforced communal bonds and moral codes. By the 1770s–1790s, during the era of figures like Junaluska's birth near the village of Echoe, Cherokee populations exceeded 10,000 but faced disruptions from colonial wars, epidemics, and land encroachments, prompting gradual adaptations such as selective adoption of European tools and livestock while preserving core matrilineal and -based customs. These elements shaped individual upbringings, instilling values of loyalty, warrior ethos, and resilience against external pressures.

Military Service

Participation in the Creek War

In response to the (1813–1814), in which the Red Stick faction of the Creek Confederacy conducted raids on American settlements such as the on 30 August 1813, Junaluska recruited approximately 100 warriors from western North Carolina in November 1813. He led this contingent southward to , joining a broader force of several hundred auxiliaries allied with U.S. troops under Major General to suppress the Red Sticks, who had received encouragement from the Shawnee leader and indirect British support during the War of 1812. The participation, including Junaluska's group, reflected longstanding tensions between the tribes and a pragmatic alignment with federal interests to neutralize the militant Creek threat along shared frontiers. These warriors engaged in scouting, skirmishes, and support operations against Creek strongholds in northern , contributing to Jackson's campaign to dismantle Red Stick resistance over four months of service. Junaluska, recognized as a prominent though not formally titled leader, sustained a wound during these engagements, underscoring the risks borne by the fighters.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Heroism

The occurred on March 27, 1814, along the in present-day , where U.S. forces under , including allied warriors, decisively defeated a fortified Red Stick Creek position. Junaluska, a prominent warrior, played a pivotal role by leading auxiliaries who comprised about 636 men in the broader effort, personally recruiting over 100 of them. These fighters, under leaders including Junaluska, executed a critical by swimming the river under fire, capturing Creek canoes, and ferrying additional troops across to assault the enemy's rear defenses, which helped breach the fortified bend and contributed to the Red Sticks' loss of over 800 warriors. Junaluska's heroism gained particular renown during the intense close-quarters combat, where he reportedly intervened to save Jackson's life. As Jackson advanced amid the fray, a Creek warrior armed with a charged him from behind; Junaluska seized the attacker, tripping him and preventing the fatal blow, an act witnessed by comrades and later recounted in both written records and Cherokee oral traditions. This intervention, amid the battle's chaos that saw given and heavy casualties on both sides, underscored Junaluska's valor and tactical acumen, earning immediate commendation from Jackson, who credited the s' contributions as decisive to the victory. Despite the strategic success, which effectively ended organized Red Stick resistance and paved the way for the , Junaluska's personal exploits highlighted the s' alliance with American forces against a common southeastern indigenous adversary.

Relationship with Andrew Jackson

Initial Alliance and Act of Valor

Junaluska allied with Major General during the (1813–1814), a conflict pitting U.S. forces and allied Native warriors against the Red Stick faction of the Creek Confederacy. In 1813, demonstrating loyalty to the amid broader Indigenous divisions influenced by Tecumseh's calls for resistance, Junaluska recruited around 100 Cherokee warriors to join Jackson's Tennessee militia in campaigns against the Creeks. These Cherokee auxiliaries bolstered Jackson's army, contributing to operations in present-day and reflecting inter-tribal alliances against the militant , who had attacked American settlements like Fort Mims in August 1813. The alliance reached its pivotal moment at the on March 27, 1814, where Jackson's forces, including and other Native allies totaling over 3,000 men, assaulted a fortified Red Stick position on the , resulting in over 800 Creek deaths and the effective end of Red Stick resistance. During the intense close-quarters fighting, Junaluska is credited in historical accounts and with an act of valor: spotting a Creek warrior drawing a to strike Jackson from behind, he reportedly seized the assailant by the hair, pulled him away, and killed him with a single blow, thereby saving the general's life. While no contemporary eyewitness records from Jackson's army explicitly confirm the incident, the story persists across multiple secondary historical narratives and recollections, underscoring Junaluska's personal bravery amid the chaos. In immediate response, Jackson expressed profound gratitude to Junaluska, reportedly stating, "As long as the sun shines and the grass grows, there shall be friendship between us, and the feet of the shall never be turned from the soil." This pledge symbolized a perceived bond of mutual respect and alliance, with Jackson acknowledging the Cherokee contributions that helped secure victory and expand U.S. control over southeastern territories. The event elevated Junaluska's status among both Cherokees and Americans, though later developments would test the durability of such assurances.

Policy Conflicts and Perceived Betrayal

Following the on March 27, 1814, where Junaluska intervened to prevent a Creek warrior from killing , the general proclaimed enduring friendship toward the , stating, "As long as the sun shines and the grass grows, a nation shall not be lost that is innocent of giving any provocation." This assurance contrasted sharply with Jackson's subsequent presidential policies, particularly his advocacy for the , signed into law on May 28, 1830, which authorized the forced relocation of southeastern Native American tribes, including the , to lands west of the . Jackson's administration viewed removal as essential for national expansion and security, disregarding Cherokee efforts at assimilation, such as adopting written laws, a in , and agricultural practices akin to those of white settlers. Junaluska, aligned with Cherokee factions opposing relocation, perceived Jackson's policy as a profound betrayal of their wartime alliance and the Cherokees' military contributions, which included aiding Jackson against the Creeks despite internal Native divisions. Accounts from the period report Junaluska's deep resentment toward Jackson's support for removal, which culminated in the (December 29, 1835), signed by a minority faction without broad tribal consent, paving the way for the beginning in 1838. During the removals, which resulted in approximately 4,000 Cherokee deaths from disease, exposure, and hardship, Junaluska was forcibly transported westward but escaped and returned to , refusing permanent exile. In reflecting on the policy's impact, Junaluska reportedly lamented, "If I had known that Jackson would drive us from our homes, I would have killed him that day at the Horseshoe, when he was a lame duck and I was a young man," a statement preserved in ethnographic records of oral traditions. This sentiment underscored the causal disconnect between Junaluska's loyalty—recruiting around 800 Cherokee warriors for Jackson's campaigns—and the administration's prioritization of territorial acquisition over reciprocal obligations, even as the U.S. in (1832) affirmed Cherokee sovereignty, a ruling Jackson effectively ignored. The episode highlighted broader tensions in U.S.- relations, where empirical alliances forged in conflict yielded to expansionist imperatives, leaving figures like Junaluska to navigate the fallout through resistance and evasion of federal enforcement.

Resistance to Removal

Advocacy Against the

Junaluska actively opposed the of 1830, which authorized the forced relocation of southeastern Native American tribes, including the , from their ancestral lands to territories west of the . As a respected warrior and leader, he joined efforts by the Cherokee National Party to resist removal policies, emphasizing the tribe's established communities, farms, and legal rights under treaties with the . His advocacy centered on personal appeals to federal authorities, leveraging his prior military alliance with President during the . In the early 1830s, Junaluska traveled to , as an envoy dispatched by Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross to petition Jackson directly against enforcement of the Removal Act. During the meeting, Junaluska reportedly reminded Jackson of his act of saving the general's life at the in 1814, imploring mercy for the Cherokee people who had fought as allies. Jackson, however, dismissed the plea with indifference, stating that the audience was ended and no assistance could be provided, reflecting the administration's commitment to removal despite Cherokee protests and rulings like (1832) affirming tribal sovereignty. Junaluska's opposition extended to public expressions of betrayal toward Jackson's policies, as traditional Cherokee accounts record his statement: "If I had known that Jackson would drive us from our homes, I would have killed him that day at the Horseshoe, when I could have done it as easy as crushing a bug against ." This sentiment underscored his view that the Removal Act violated prior alliances and moral obligations, contributing to broader resistance documented in memorials to and legal challenges. Despite these efforts, the act paved the way for the in 1835, signed by a minority faction, leading to the forced removal of approximately 16,000 in 1838–1839, known as the .

Internal Cherokee Divisions and Personal Actions

The Cherokee Nation fractured internally over the prospect of removal following the of 1830, with divisions crystallizing by spring 1833 into two primary factions: the National Party, led by Principal Chief John Ross and representing the majority opposed to ceding ancestral lands, and the smaller Treaty Party, which favored negotiated relocation to mitigate perceived inevitable losses from white encroachment and state pressures. These splits arose from differing assessments of U.S. policy enforcement and legal viability, with the National Party pursuing victories like (1832), which affirmed Cherokee sovereignty but were disregarded by President Jackson, while the Treaty Party viewed accommodation as pragmatic survival. Tensions escalated after the Treaty Party's unauthorized signing of the on December 29, 1835, which ceded all lands east of the in exchange for $5 million and western territory, despite lacking endorsement from the Cherokee National Council or popular consent. The U.S. ratified the in 1836 over protests, including memorials to , exacerbating divisions that manifested in public denunciations, legal challenges, and eventual violence, as the National Party deemed the signers traitors for bypassing tribal governance structures. Junaluska, a respected warrior aligned with the National Party, actively resisted removal through advocacy and personal appeals. Dispatched by John Ross as an envoy, he traveled to Washington to implore President Jackson for protection, citing his own heroic intervention at the in 1814, yet encountered indifference that underscored Jackson's commitment to relocation policy. In 1838, as federal enforcement intensified under General , Junaluska refused voluntary compliance and was confined with thousands of other holdouts in stockades near present-day , prior to forced marches westward. Rejecting permanent exile, he returned on foot to his homeland around 1842, evading re-removal and aiding the nucleus of Cherokee communities that persisted east of the Mississippi, thereby embodying individual defiance amid collective upheaval.

Later Years

Family and Community Role

In his later years, following his return to in 1843 after briefly being removed to , Junaluska married Nicie (also spelled Nisuh), his third wife, with whom he fathered three children: sons Jimmy and Secqueyuh, and daughter Nalih. These children were born after 1843, representing the surviving lineage that contributed to his descendants' continued presence among the . Earlier marriages had yielded losses, including a second wife and at least two sons who perished during the 1838 . Junaluska's community role solidified as a revered elder and de facto leader within the in , where he advocated for the band's persistence amid pressures of relocation. In recognition of his military service at the in 1814, the legislature granted him state citizenship and 337 acres of land in the Cheoah Valley in 1847, enabling him to establish a homestead in what is now Robbinsville. This underscored his influence, as he resided there until his death on November 20, 1858, fostering community stability for the remnant Cherokee population that evaded full removal. His leadership extended to embodying resistance and cultural continuity, with descendants maintaining ties to the Eastern Band today.

Contributions to the Eastern Band of Cherokee

Following the forced removal of most to in 1838–1839, Junaluska returned to from brief in the West around 1842–1843, reaffirming his dedication to ancestral lands and inspiring others to resist displacement. In recognition of his valor at the in 1814, the granted him state citizenship and approximately 337 acres in the Cheoah Valley (now Graham County) on February 27, 1847, enabling him to farm and resettle permanently. This legislative action not only secured his livelihood but also established a for recognizing the of non-removed , facilitating the legal foundation for communities that evolved into the . Junaluska emerged as a de facto leader among the remnant in , particularly in areas like Quallatown and the Snowbird community, where he advised on self-sufficiency, land stewardship, and negotiations with state authorities. His stature as a who had allied with U.S. forces yet opposed removal policies lent credibility to petitions for , helping to preserve a core population estimated at several hundred who evaded the by hiding in remote mountains or returning post-emigration. By maintaining traditional governance structures and rejecting assimilation pressures, Junaluska contributed to cultural continuity, including the transmission of oral histories and medicinal knowledge, which sustained the Eastern Band's distinct identity amid encroachment by settlers. His enduring influence is evident in the Eastern Band's formation, as his survival and advocacy paralleled efforts by figures like Yonaguska to secure exemptions from removal treaties, culminating in the band's state ratification in and federal acknowledgment in 1868. Junaluska's refusal to fully emigrate—despite losing family members to the West—symbolized resilience, directly supporting the demographic and territorial base for the band's estimated 1,000–2,000 members by mid-century in North Carolina's territory.

Death and Legacy

Final Years and Passing

Following his return to in 1843 after enduring the —which claimed the lives of his first wife and children—Junaluska remarried Nicie (also known as Nisuh) that same year and fathered three more children: sons Jimmy and Secqueyuh, and daughter Nalih. In recognition of his military service during the of 1813–1814, the granted him state citizenship, 337 acres of land in the Cheoah Valley near present-day Robbinsville, and a $100 in 1847, allowing him to establish a modest farmstead. He resided there as a farmer until selling the property in 1850 for $1,000, amid later disputes over the transaction that were resolved in 1872. In his later years, Junaluska remained an influential figure among the remnant Cherokee communities in , contributing to the foundations of what became the through his stature as a respected warrior and advocate for those who evaded or returned from removal. Though he held no formal chiefly title, his prior and survival inspired continuity in Cherokee resistance to assimilation and displacement. Junaluska died on November 20, 1858, at approximately age 79, after collapsing while walking to the healing springs at Citico in . He was buried on a hill overlooking Robbinsville in , initially marked by a traditional pile of stones; in 1910, the General Joseph Winston Chapter of the erected a at the site.

Historical Recognition and Debates

In recognition of his military service during the Creek War, the North Carolina legislature granted Junaluska citizenship, 337 acres of land in what is now Graham County, and $100 on February 27, 1847. This made him one of the few Native Americans granted citizenship by the state at the time. Junaluska's gravesite in Robbinsville, , features multiple s honoring his legacy, including a plaque installed in 1910 by the General Joseph Winston Chapter of the and a larger dedicated in 1997 by the Friends of Junaluska. The Junaluska Memorial site, maintained to preserve and , includes a medicine trail with interpretive signage on traditional plants and artifacts, though the associated has closed. Annual wreath-laying ceremonies commemorate his life and contributions to the . A key debate in Junaluska's legacy concerns the historicity of his act of saving Jackson's life at the on March 27, 1814; while oral traditions and later accounts credit him with intervening to prevent an attack on Jackson, no contemporary documents substantiate this specific incident, though his leadership in securing canoes for a is well-documented as pivotal to the U.S. victory. Additionally, a restrictive covenant in his 1847 prohibiting sale sparked controversy when Junaluska sold the property in 1850 for $1,000 to George W. Hayes, leading to two decades of legal disputes for his heirs that were not resolved until 1872. These elements underscore ongoing discussions among historians about the interplay of personal valor, alliance with U.S. forces, and subsequent dispossession in narratives.

References

  1. https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/junaluska
  2. https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2024/01/23/junaluska-ca-1779-1858-q-2
  3. https://smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/26360-junaluska-s-story-as-told-through-historians
  4. https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/historyculture/cherokee.htm
  5. https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/education/the-cherokee-clan-system/article_a88fcc42-f3f8-5f33-b575-8cff7d3bffd2.html
  6. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=CH014
  7. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/cherokee-indians
  8. https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/removal-cherokee/early-history.html
  9. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/horseshoe-bend
  10. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=209707
  11. https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-battle-of-horseshoe-bend-collision-of-cultures-teaching-with-historic-places.htm
  12. https://webpages.charlotte.edu/gcampbe1/Junaluska.pdf
  13. https://www.yourdailyjournal.com/archive/2606/view-full_story-17547146-article-chief_junaluska_a_legend_returns_to_north_carolina
  14. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/battle-of-horseshoe-bend/
  15. https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2016/11/20/cherokee-warrior-junaluska-died
  16. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/263.html
  17. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-cherokees-vs-andrew-jackson-277394/
  18. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45634/45634-h/45634-h.htm
  19. https://www.chapala.com/elojo/187-articles-2015/september-2015/3059-junaluska-and-andrew-jackson-a-hero-and-a-scoundrel
  20. https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/primary-source-soldier-0
  21. https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2016/12/29/treaty-new-echota-and-trail-tears
  22. https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/news/dec-29-marks-treaty-of-new-echotas-182nd-anniversary/article_802b2ef8-7e0f-5749-b932-ba2c12ceeea4.html
  23. https://thomaslegioncherokee.tripod.com/cherokeechiefjunaluska.html
  24. http://wsharing.com/WSphotosJunaluska.htm
  25. https://www.brethren.org/news/2015/chief-junaluska-of-the-cherokees/
  26. https://www.heardfamilyhistory.org.uk/Junaluska.html
  27. https://www.townofrobbinsville.com/MDB%2520Blog/junaluska.html
  28. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g49483-d4590880-Reviews-Junaluska_Memorial_and_Medicine_Trail-Robbinsville_North_Carolina.html
  29. https://www.facebook.com/p/The-Junaluska-Museum-61552547623341/
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