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Qualcomm Kryo[1] is a series of custom or semi-custom ARM-based CPUs included in the Snapdragon line of SoCs.

These CPUs implement the ARM 64-bit instruction set and serve as the successor to the previous 32-bit Krait CPUs. It was first introduced in the Snapdragon 820 (2015). In 2017 Qualcomm released the Snapdragon 636 and Snapdragon 660, the first mid-range Kryo SoCs. In 2018 the first entry-level SoC with Kryo architecture, the Snapdragon 632, was released.

Kryo (original)

[edit]

First announced in September 2015 and used in the Snapdragon 820 SoC.[2] The original Kryo cores can be used in both parts of the big.LITTLE configuration, where two dual-core clusters (in the case of Snapdragon 820 and 821) run at different clock frequency, similar to how both Cortex-A53 clusters work in the Snapdragon 615.

The Kryo in the 820/821 is an in-house custom ARMv8.0-A (AArch64/AArch32) design and not based on an ARM Cortex design.

  • 820: 2x Kryo Performance @ 2.15 GHz + 2x Kryo Efficiency @ 1.59 GHz
  • 821: 2x Kryo Performance @ 2.34 GHz + 2x Kryo Efficiency @ 2.19 GHz
  • 32 KB L1i + 32 KB L1d cache[3]
  • 1 MB L2 cache (Performance cluster) and 512 KB L2 cache for (Efficiency cluster)
  • Samsung 14 nm LPP Process
  • Performance core+L2 die size: 2.79mm2[4]

Kryo 200 Series

[edit]

The Kryo 200 Series CPUs is not a derivative of the original Kryo microarchitecture, but rather is a semi-custom design licensed under ARM’s Built on ARM Cortex Technology (BoC) license. The Kryo 200 Series CPUs is derivative of the ARM's Cortex-A73 for the Performance/Gold cluster and Cortex-A53 for the Efficiency/Silver cluster in a big.LITTLE arrangement.[5]

Kryo 280

[edit]

The Kryo 280 CPU was announced along with the Snapdragon 835 Mobile Platform in November 2016.[6] Compared to the original Kryo the new Kryo 280 core has improved integer instructions per clock but lower floating point instructions per clock.[5] However overall the 835 was praised by reviewers for offering significant performance and efficiency advantage compared to the 820 and Exynos 8895 largely due to improvements in CPU scheduling and DVFS systems.[7]

  • 835: 4x Kryo 280 Performance @ 2.45 GHz + 4x Kryo 280 Efficiency @ 1.90 GHz
  • 2 MB L2 cache (performance cluster) and 1 MB L2 cache (efficiency cluster)
  • Samsung 10 nm LPE Process

Kryo 265

[edit]

The Kryo 265 CPU was announced along with the Snapdragon 680 Mobile Platform in October 2021.[8]

  • 685: 4x Kryo 265 Gold (Cortex-A73 derivative) @ 2.8 GHz + 4x Kryo 265 Silver (Cortex-A53 derivative) @ 1.9 GHz
  • 680: 4x Kryo 265 Gold (Cortex-A73 derivative) @ 2.4 GHz + 4x Kryo 265 Silver (Cortex-A53 derivative) @ 1.9 GHz
  • TSMC 6 nm N6 Process

Kryo 260

[edit]

The Kryo 260 CPU was announced along with the Snapdragon 660 Mobile Platform for mid-range smartphone in May 2017.[9] The Kryo 260 cores are also used in the Snapdragon 636, Snapdragon 665, and Snapdragon 662.

  • 665/662: 4x Kryo 260 Gold (Cortex-A73 derivative) @ 2.0 GHz + 4x Kryo 260 Silver (Cortex-A53 derivative) @ 1.8 GHz
  • 660: 4x Kryo 260 Performance @ 2.2 GHz + 4x Kryo 260 Efficiency @ 1.8 GHz
  • 636: 4x Kryo 260 Performance/Gold @ 1.8 GHz + 4x Kryo 260 Efficiency/Silver @ 1.6 GHz
  • 2 MiB L2 cache for Performance/Gold and 1 MiB L2 cache for Efficiency/Silver cores
  • 660/636: Samsung 14nm LPP Process[10]
  • 665/662: Samsung 11 nm LPP Process[11]

Kryo 250

[edit]

Kryo 250 CPU was introduced in the Snapdragon 632 Mobile Platform, announced in June 2018.[12] Also built on a 14 nm process, it is similar to Kryo 260, with a few differences in the size for L2 cache. Qualcomm claims the Snapdragon 632 has an increased performance of 40% compared to the Snapdragon 625/450, which only uses Cortex-A53 cores. Kryo 250 is also the first in the series to be used on an entry-level platform.

  • 632: 4x Kryo 250 Performance (Cortex-A73 based) @ 1.8 GHz + 4x Kryo 250 Efficiency (Cortex-A53 based) @ 1.8 GHz[13]
  • Samsung 14LPP Process

Kryo 240

[edit]

Kryo 240 CPU was introduced in the Snapdragon 460 Mobile Platform, announced beginning 2020.[14] Built on 11 nm process, uses Cortex-A73 and Cortex-A53 cores with big.LITTLE architecture. Qualcomm claims this CPU have an increased performance of 70% compared to previous generation (the Snapdragon 450), which only uses Cortex-A53 cores. Kryo 240 is to be used on an entry-level platform.

  • 460: 4x Kryo 240 Gold (Cortex-A73 based) @ 1.8 GHz + 4x Kryo 240 Silver (Cortex-A53 based) @ 1.8 GHz[14]
  • 11 nm LPP process, first in Snapdragon 4-series line

Kryo 300 Series

[edit]

The Kryo 300 Series CPUs features semi-custom Gold and Silver cores derivative of Arm's Cortex-A75 and Cortex-A55 respectively, arranged in configurations with DynamIQ.[15] These are Qualcomm's first CPUs to support ARMv8.2-A and DynamIQ. DynamIQ allows for more flexibility in CPU configuration including the amounts of cores/cache in each CPU clusters.

Kryo 385

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The Kryo 385 core was announced as a part of the Snapdragon 845 in December 2017. Qualcomm expected 25–30% increased performance in task run on the high-performance cores, and 15% increase on efficiency cores, relative to the Snapdragon 835.[16] Testing found significant advantages in performance and efficiency compared with the Exynos 8895 and 9810.[17] The Kryo 385 is also used in the Snapdragon 850.

  • 845: 4x Kryo 385 Gold @ 2.8 GHz + 4x Kryo 385 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 850: 4x Kryo 385 Gold @ 2.95 GHz + 4x Kryo 385 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 4x256KB L2 cache for Gold and 4x128KB L2 cache for Silver
  • 2MB L3 in DSU @ 1478 MHz and 3MB system cache
  • Samsung 10 nm LPP Process
  • CPU die size: 11.39mm²
  • Gold core+L2 die size: 1.57mm²
  • Silver core+L2 die size: ~0.53mm²[17]

Kryo 360

[edit]

The Kryo 360 is Qualcomm's upper mid-range semi-custom core. It was introduced in Snapdragon 710, announced in May 2018.[18] The Kryo 360 is also used in the Snapdragon 670 and 712.

  • 712: 2x Kryo 360 Gold @ 2.3 GHz + 6x Kryo 360 Silver @ 1.7 GHz
  • 710: 2x Kryo 360 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 360 Silver @ 1.7 GHz
  • 670: 2x Kryo 360 Gold @ 2.0 GHz + 6x Kryo 360 Silver @ 1.7 GHz
  • Samsung 10 nm LPP Process

Kryo 400 Series

[edit]

The Kryo 400 Series CPUs features semi-custom Gold Prime/Gold and Silver cores derivative of ARM's Cortex-A76 and Cortex-A55 respectively, arranged in configurations with DynamIQ.[15] Qualcomm revealed that their semi-custom Cortex-A76 have larger out-of-order execution window (reorder buffer) and data prefetchers more optimised in floating point workloads.[19]

Kryo 495

[edit]

The Kryo 495 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 8cx on 6 December 2018.[20] Qualcomm claims the 8cx is 60% more efficient than the Snapdragon 850.

  • 8cx: 4x Kryo 495 Gold @ 2.84 GHz+ 4x Kryo 495 Silver @ 1.80 GHz[21][22]
  • Microsoft SQ1: 4x Kryo 495 Gold @ 3 GHz+ 4x Kryo 495 Silver @ 1.80 GHz[23]
  • 2MB L3 cache
  • TSMC 7 nm CLN7FF (N7) Process[24]

Kryo 490

[edit]

The Kryo 490 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 8c on 5 December 2019.[25]

  • 8c: 4x Kryo 490 Gold @ 2.45 GHz + 4x Kryo 490 Silver[26]
  • 7 nm

Kryo 485

[edit]

The Kryo 485 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 855 on 5 December 2018. Qualcomm claims up to 45% increase in performance compared to 845's Kryo 385.[27] Testing found the 855 outperformed the 845 by 51% in SPECint2006, 61% in SPECfp2006 and 39% in power efficiency.[28] The 855 also is significantly more efficient than the Exynos 9820.[19]

  • 855: 1x Kryo 485 Gold Prime @ 2.84 GHz + 3x Kryo 485 Gold @ 2.42 GHz + 4x Kryo 485 Silver @ 1.80 GHz
  • 855+/860: 1x Kryo 485 Gold Prime @ 2.96 GHz + 3x Kryo 485 Gold @ 2.42 GHz + 4x Kryo 485 Silver @ 1.80 GHz
  • 1x512KB pL2 cache for Gold Prime, 3x256KB pL2 cache for Gold and 4x128KB pL2 cache for Silver
  • 2MB sL3 cache @ 1612 MHz and 3MB system level cache
  • TSMC 7 nm CLN7FF (N7) Process

Kryo 475

[edit]

The Kryo 475 CPU is Qualcomm's upper mid-range semi-custom core. It was introduced on 4 December 2019 in the Snapdragon 765 and 765G, and May 2020 in the Snapdragon 768G.[29][30]

  • 768G: 1x Kryo 475 Prime @ 2.8 GHz + 1x Kryo 475 Gold @ 2.42 GHz + 6x Kryo 475 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 765: 1x Kryo 475 Prime @ 2.3 GHz + 1x Kryo 475 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 475 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 765G: 1x Kryo 475 Prime @ 2.4 GHz + 1x Kryo 475 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 475 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • ?MB system level cache
  • Samsung 7 nm EUV (7LPP) Process

Kryo 470

[edit]

The Kryo 470 CPU is Qualcomm's upper mid-range semi-custom core. It was introduced in April 2019 in the Snapdragon 730 and 730G, and August 2020 in the Snapdragon 732G.

  • 732G: 2x Kryo 470 Gold @ 2.3 GHz + 6x Kryo 470 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 730/730G: 2x Kryo 470 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 470 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 256KB L2 cache for Gold and 128KB L2 cache for Silver cores
  • 1MB system level cache
  • Samsung 8 nm LPP Process

Kryo 468

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The Kryo 468 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 7c on 5 December 2019.[25]

  • 7c: 2x Kryo 468 Gold @ 2.4 GHz + 6x Kryo 468 Silver[31]
  • 8 nm

Kryo 465

[edit]

The Kryo 465 CPU is Qualcomm's upper mid-range semi-custom core. It was introduced in January 2020 in the Snapdragon 720G, with hardware support for NavIC.

  • 720G: 2x Kryo 465 Gold @ 2.3 GHz + 6x Kryo 465 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 1MB system level cache
  • Samsung 8 nm LPP Process

Kryo 460

[edit]

The Kryo 460 CPU is Qualcomm's mid-range semi-custom core. It was introduced in October 2018 in the Snapdragon 675,[32] in January 2021 in the Snapdragon 480[33]

  • 678: 2x Kryo 460 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 460 Silver @ 1.7 GHz
  • 675: 2x Kryo 460 Gold @ 2.0 GHz + 6x Kryo 460 Silver @ 1.7 GHz
  • 480+: 2x Kryo 460 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 460 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 480: 2x Kryo 460 Gold @ 2.0 GHz + 6x Kryo 460 Silver @ 1.8 GHz
  • 256KB L2 cache for Gold and 64KB L2 cache for Silver cores
  • 1MB system level cache
  • 675/678: Samsung 11 nm LPP Process
  • 480/480+: Samsung 8 nm LPP Process

Kryo 500 Series

[edit]

The Kryo 500 Series CPUs features semi-custom Prime/Gold and Silver cores derivative of ARM's Cortex-A77 and Cortex-A55 respectively, arranged in configurations with DynamIQ.[34]

Kryo 585

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The Kryo 585 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 865 on 4 December 2019.[29] Qualcomm claims up to 25% increase in performance and 25% greater efficiency compared to the Kryo 485.[34]

  • 1x Kryo 585 Prime @ up to 2.84 GHz + 3x Kryo 585 Gold @ 2.42 GHz + 4x Kryo 585 Silver @ 1.80 GHz
  • 1x 512 KB pL2 cache for Prime, 3x 256 KB pL2 cache for Gold and 4x 128 KB pL2 cache for Silver
  • 4 MB sL3 cache and 3 MB system level cache
  • TSMC 2nd generation 7 nm (N7P) Process

Kryo 570

[edit]

The Kryo 570 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 750G on 22 September 2020.[35]

  • 2x Kryo 570 Gold @ 2.2 GHz + 6x Kryo 570 Silver @ 1.80 GHz
  • 1 MB system level cache
  • Samsung 8 nm LPP Process

Kryo 560

[edit]

The Kryo 560 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 690 on 18 June 2020.[29] Qualcomm claims up to 20% increase in performance compared to 675's Kryo 460.[36]

  • 690: 2x Kryo 560 Gold @ 2.0 GHz + 6x Kryo 560 Silver @ 1.70 GHz
  • 1 MB system level cache
  • Samsung 8 nm LPP Process

Kryo 600 Series

[edit]

The Kryo 600 Series CPUs features semi-custom Prime/Gold and Silver cores derivative of ARM's Cortex-X1/Cortex-A78 and Cortex-A55 respectively, arranged in configurations with DynamIQ.

Kryo 680

[edit]

The Kryo 680 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 888 on 2 December 2020.[37]

Kryo 670

[edit]

The Kryo 670 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 780G on 25 March 2021.[39] It is also used in the Snapdragon 778G and 778G+, as well as the 782G.

  • 1 Kryo 670 Prime (ARM Cortex-A78 based) @ 2.4-2.7 GHz
  • 3 Kryo 670 Gold (ARM Cortex-A78 based) @ 2.2 GHz
  • 4 Kryo 670 Silver (ARM Cortex-A55 based) @ 1.9 GHz
  • 778G/778G+/782G: TSMC 6 nm (N6) Process
  • 780G: Samsung 5 nm LPE Process

Kryo 660

[edit]

The Kryo 660 CPU was announced with the Snapdragon 695 on 26 October 2021.[40]

  • 2 Kryo 660 Gold (ARM Cortex-A78 based) @ 2.2 GHz
  • 6 Kryo 660 Silver (ARM Cortex-A55 based) @ 1.8 GHz
  • TSMC 6 nm (N6) Process

Kryo

[edit]

On November 22 2021, Qualcomm updated its Snapdragon branding and removed the numbering scheme on their Kryo CPUs and Adreno GPUs.[41][42]

Kryo Mobile Platforms

[edit]

8 series

[edit]
Gen 1
[edit]

The Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 was announced on 30 November 2021.[43]

  • 1 Kryo Prime (ARM Cortex-X2 based), up to 3.2 GHz. Prime core with 1 MB pL2 and 64 KB pL1
  • 3 Kryo Gold (ARM Cortex-A710 based), up to 2.75 GHz. Performance cores with 512 KB pL2 each
  • 4 Kryo Silver (ARM Cortex-A510 based), up to 2.0 GHz. Efficiency cores with 128 KB pL2 each
  • Move to instruction set ARMv9-A (from ARMv8.4-A)
  • DynamIQ with 6 MB sL3
  • 4 MB system-level cache
  • 8 Gen 1: Samsung 4 nm LPE Process
  • 8+ Gen 1: TSMC N4 Process
Gen 2
[edit]

The Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 was announced on November 15 2022.[44]

7 series

[edit]
Gen 1
[edit]

The Snapdragon 7 Gen 1 was announced on May 20 2022.[45]

Gen 2
[edit]

The Snapdragon 7+ Gen 2 was announced on March 17, 2023.[46]

Kryo Compute Platforms

[edit]

8cx series

[edit]
Gen 3
[edit]

The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 3 was announced on December 1 2021.[47]

7c+ series

[edit]
Gen 3
[edit]

The Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3 was announced on December 1 2021.[47]

Oryon

[edit]

On November 17 2022, Qualcomm announced that Qualcomm Oryon CPUs will replace Qualcomm Kryo CPUs [48][49]

See also

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References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Kryo

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Kryo is a brand name for (CPU) microarchitectures developed by for use in its Snapdragon system on chips (SoCs). Introduced in 2016 with the Snapdragon 820, the first Kryo CPU was a custom 64-bit quad-core design based on the ARMv8 architecture, aimed at delivering higher performance and efficiency for mobile devices compared to prior Krait cores. Subsequent Kryo generations included both fully custom implementations (e.g., 200–400 series) and semi-custom licensed Cortex cores (e.g., 500–600 series), powering a range of Snapdragon mobile and computing platforms. In November 2022, Qualcomm announced the transition from Kryo to its in-house Oryon CPU architecture for future Snapdragon SoCs, starting with PC and mobile implementations in 2023.

Overview

Definition and role in Snapdragon SoCs

Kryo is the branding used by for the (CPU) cores integrated into its Snapdragon system-on-chip (SoC) designs, beginning with the Snapdragon 820 introduced in 2015. Initially developed as fully custom architectures, Kryo cores evolved over time to include licensed designs with custom optimizations, and later transitioned to new fully custom implementations, serving as the computational backbone for Snapdragon processors across mobile devices. From their inception, all Kryo cores have supported the 64-bit ARMv8 , enabling advanced processing capabilities for modern applications. In Snapdragon SoCs, Kryo CPUs play a pivotal role in heterogeneous computing architectures, particularly through the big.LITTLE configuration, which pairs high-performance "big" cores for demanding tasks with power-efficient "little" cores for lighter workloads. This design optimizes the balance between computational performance and energy consumption, essential for extending battery life in smartphones, tablets, and other portable compute devices while handling intensive operations like AI inference and multimedia processing. By integrating Kryo cores with complementary components such as the Adreno GPU and Hexagon DSP, Snapdragon SoCs achieve synergistic efficiency in heterogeneous workloads. The Kryo lineage culminated in its succession by Qualcomm's Oryon CPU architecture, which continues the emphasis on custom ARM-based designs for enhanced performance in later Snapdragon generations.

Historical development

Qualcomm introduced the Kryo CPU architecture in 2015 as part of the Snapdragon 820 system-on-chip (SoC), marking it as the successor to the company's previous Krait custom cores and representing Qualcomm's first 64-bit ARM-based processor design. The Kryo cores in the Snapdragon 820 were custom implementations compliant with the ARMv8 instruction set, featuring a heterogeneous configuration with two high-performance cores clocked at up to 2.15 GHz and two efficiency cores at 1.6 GHz, aimed at delivering improved performance and power efficiency for mobile devices. Over subsequent generations, Kryo evolved into semi-custom variants based on ARM's Cortex cores, such as the Kryo 280 in the Snapdragon 835, which incorporated licensed Cortex-A73 and Cortex-A53 cores with minor optimizations. In 2021, shifted to fully licensed Cortex cores for its flagship SoCs, starting with the Snapdragon 8 Gen 1, which used unmodified Cortex-X2 prime cores, Cortex-A710 performance cores, and Cortex-A510 efficiency cores under the Kryo branding; this transition was driven by the escalating development costs and complexity of maintaining custom designs amid advancing process nodes. Later iterations, including the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 and 8 Gen 3 in 2022 and 2023 respectively, continued this approach with Cortex-X3/X4, A715/A720, and A510/A520 cores, representing the final use of the Kryo name for mobile processors. Meanwhile, in March 2021, acquired Nuvia, a startup specializing in high-performance -based CPU designs, for $1.4 billion to bolster its custom silicon capabilities beyond mobile. This acquisition paved the way for the announcement of the Oryon CPU in November 2022 at the Snapdragon Summit, positioned as the successor to Kryo and leveraging Nuvia's expertise for next-generation custom cores. Oryon debuted in the Snapdragon X Elite SoC, announced in October 2023 and launched in Windows PCs in mid-2024, featuring 12 first-generation Oryon cores with clock speeds up to 4.0 GHz for enhanced AI and productivity workloads. The architecture expanded to mobile with the Snapdragon 8 Elite in October 2024, incorporating second-generation Oryon cores clocked up to 4.32 GHz in a 2+6 configuration for superior single- and multi-threaded performance. By 2025, third-generation Oryon cores appeared in the Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5, announced in September, and the Snapdragon X2 series, including the X2 Elite Extreme with up to 18 cores and boosts exceeding 75% in CPU performance over prior generations, targeting both mobile and PC markets with improved efficiency and AI capabilities.

Custom ARM-based Kryo generations

200 series

The Kryo 200 series marked Qualcomm's inaugural foray into fully custom ARMv8-A CPU designs, transitioning from the licensed Krait architecture to in-house cores optimized for heterogeneous big.LITTLE configurations in Snapdragon SoCs. Debuting in the Snapdragon 820 and 821 flagships in , the Kryo 200 featured a quad-core setup with two high-performance Kryo cores—custom 64-bit implementations—at up to 2.15 GHz—and two efficiency cores derived from a customized Cortex-A53 running at 1.6 GHz. This arrangement emphasized balanced power delivery for demanding tasks while maintaining , with the SoC fabricated on Samsung's 14 nm FinFET process node. In 2017, the series evolved with the Kryo 280 in the Snapdragon 835, expanding to an octa-core big.LITTLE layout: four performance-oriented cores (custom A73-like) at 2.45 GHz paired with four efficiency cores (custom A53) at 1.9 GHz. Built on Samsung's advanced 10 nm FinFET process, this iteration delivered enhanced clock speeds and density, while reducing power consumption by 25% compared to the previous generation. The Kryo 280's architecture prioritized seamless task switching in big.LITTLE setups, contributing to overall SoC efficiency. Mid-range adaptations of the 200 series appeared in 2017–2018 via the Kryo 260 variants, scaling the custom design for broader accessibility. The Snapdragon 660 employed eight Kryo 260 cores in a 4+4 configuration—four performance cores (A73-derived) at 2.2 GHz and four efficiency cores (A53-derived) at 1.8 GHz—on a 14 nm process, offering up to 20% performance uplift over prior mid-tier CPUs like the Snapdragon 653. Similarly, the Snapdragon 636 used a detuned Kryo 260 with performance cores at 1.8 GHz and efficiency cores at 1.6 GHz, achieving around 40% better CPU throughput than the Snapdragon 630 through optimized cluster independence. These variants maintained tight integration with Adreno GPUs (e.g., Adreno 512 in the 660), facilitating improved graphics offloading and multimedia processing without the overhead of full flagship complexity. Across the series, single-threaded gains reached up to 30% over the Krait 450 in the Snapdragon 810, underscoring the shift to custom silicon for competitive edge in mobile computing.

300 series

The Kryo 300 series marked Qualcomm's second generation of fully custom ARM-based CPUs, debuting in 2018 within the Snapdragon 845 and Snapdragon 710 mobile platforms, both fabricated on advanced 10 nm processes to enhance power efficiency and performance density compared to the prior 200 series. These cores adopted a semi-custom design inspired by ARM's Cortex-A75 for high-performance "Gold" clusters and Cortex-A55 for efficiency-focused "Silver" clusters, enabling better task distribution in big.LITTLE configurations. The series emphasized balanced improvements in single-threaded and multi-threaded workloads, with the Snapdragon 845 targeting flagship devices and the Snapdragon 710/712 variants addressing mid-range segments. The Kryo 385, featured in the Snapdragon 845 SoC, consists of an octa-core arrangement with four Kryo 385 Gold performance cores clocked up to 2.8 GHz and four Kryo 385 Silver efficiency cores at up to 1.8 GHz, built on Samsung's 10 nm LPP (low power plus) process for optimized thermal and . This architecture delivered up to 25% overall performance gains over the Kryo 280 in the Snapdragon 835, driven by wider execution units and improved branch prediction in the A75-derived design, while maintaining compatibility with ARMv8.2 instructions. Integrated alongside the 630 GPU and 685 DSP, the Kryo 385 supported advanced AI workloads such as on-device image recognition and voice processing by offloading compute-intensive tasks to the DSP, reducing CPU load by up to 3x in multimedia scenarios. Notable devices include the series, which leveraged this SoC for premium camera and gaming experiences. In parallel, the Kryo 360 powered mid-range offerings like the Snapdragon 710 and SoCs, employing a 2+6 core layout with two Kryo 360 Gold cores at up to 2.2 GHz (2.3 GHz in the variant) and six Kryo 360 Silver cores at 1.7 GHz, manufactured on TSMC's 10 nm FinFET for superior yield and power scaling over Samsung's node. This configuration prioritized sustained multi-threaded , achieving up to 25% faster web browsing and 30% more battery life in mixed workloads relative to the Snapdragon 660, with the same A75/A55 inspirations enabling seamless AI acceleration via the shared Hexagon 685 DSP for features like real-time scene detection in . Representative mid-range devices such as the Xiaomi Mi 9 Lite and Nokia 8.1 utilized the Kryo 360 to deliver near-flagship responsiveness in budget-conscious form factors.

400 series

The Kryo 400 series comprises Qualcomm's third-generation custom ARM-based CPU implementations, introduced in 2018 and spanning the 2019–2020 Snapdragon lineup for both and mid-range devices. These cores, fabricated primarily on a node, are semi-custom derivatives of ARM's Cortex-A76 () and Cortex-A55 () designs under the Armv8.2-A , enabling heterogeneous big.LITTLE configurations for balanced power and . The series marked a shift toward higher clock speeds and improved , supporting emerging features like connectivity in mid-range platforms while delivering substantial generational gains over the prior Kryo 300 series. In flagship Snapdragon 800-series processors, the Kryo 485 powers the Snapdragon 855 and 855+ SoCs, featuring a tri-cluster setup: one prime performance core at 2.84 GHz (boosted to 2.96 GHz in the 855+), three performance cores at 2.42 GHz, and four efficiency cores at 1.8 GHz. Built on TSMC's 7 nm , this configuration provided up to 45% overall CPU performance improvement compared to the Kryo 385 in the Snapdragon 845, driven by the adoption of Cortex-A76 architecture and architectural optimizations for single-threaded tasks. The 855+ variant further emphasized gaming with its higher prime core clock, while select units shifted to Samsung's 7 nm LPP for enhanced yield in high-volume production. For mid-range Snapdragon 600- and 700-series devices, the Kryo 400 series included variants like the Kryo 460, 465, 468, 470, and 475, tailored to diverse configurations such as 2+6 or 1+1+6 core arrangements to optimize for cost and battery life. Representative examples include the Snapdragon 675's Kryo 460 (two A76 cores at 2.0 GHz + six A55 at 1.7 GHz), the Snapdragon 730's Kryo 470 (two A76 at 2.2 GHz + six A55 at 1.8 GHz), the Snapdragon 720G's Kryo 465 (two A76 at 2.3 GHz + six A55 at 1.8 GHz), and the Snapdragon 765/768's Kryo 475 (one prime A76 at up to 2.4 GHz + one A76 at 2.2 GHz + six A55 at 1.8 GHz). These implementations, also on 7 nm processes, offered 20–35% CPU performance uplifts over prior mid-range Kryo 360-series cores, with a key emphasis on integrating the Snapdragon X52 5G modem for multi-gigabit connectivity in accessible devices.

500 series

The Kryo 500 series comprises Qualcomm's semi-custom ARM-based CPU cores, derived from the ARM Cortex-A77 for performance clusters and Cortex-A55 for efficiency clusters, marking the transition to ARMv8.2-A architecture in Snapdragon mobile platforms launched in late 2019 and 2020. These cores emphasize improved instructions per clock (IPC) through targeted optimizations, such as enhanced branch prediction and cache management, delivering up to 25% better overall CPU performance compared to the preceding Kryo 400 series while maintaining power efficiency on 7 nm and 8 nm process nodes. In flagship implementations, the Kryo 585 powers the Snapdragon 865 and 865+ SoCs, targeting premium smartphones in 2020. The configuration features one prime core at up to 2.84 GHz (3.1 GHz in the 865+ variant), three performance cores at 2.42 GHz, and four efficiency cores at 1.8 GHz, fabricated on TSMC's 7 nm N7P process for balanced thermal performance and up to 4 MB of shared L3 cache. This setup supports advanced features like Snapdragon Elite Gaming, including variable rate shading and for enhanced mobile gaming, alongside integrated AI acceleration via the Hexagon 698 DSP. The Kryo 585's IPC gains from A77 customizations enable 25% faster single-threaded tasks over the Kryo 485 in the Snapdragon 855, establishing key context for multitasking and AI workloads in devices like the Samsung Galaxy S20 series. For devices, the Kryo 570 appears in the Snapdragon 750G SoC, introduced in 2020 for affordable 5G handsets. It employs a 2+6 core layout with two performance cores at 2.2 GHz and six cores at 1.8 GHz, built on an 8 nm process to prioritize battery life and . Custom tweaks to the A77 and A55 derivatives yield over 20% CPU performance uplift from prior Kryo 400 variants, supporting features like Elite Gaming for smoother 1080p gaming and integrated connectivity via the Snapdragon X51 modem. This configuration powers devices such as the 5G, focusing on everyday tasks with enhanced AI processing for camera and voice features.

600 series

The Kryo 600 series represented Qualcomm's final generation of fully custom -based CPU designs, fabricated on Samsung's 5nm process node and targeted at 2021 flagship and mid-range Snapdragon SoCs. This series marked the culmination of Qualcomm's in-house optimizations before transitioning to licensed Cortex cores in subsequent platforms, delivering enhanced performance for while emphasizing efficiency in heterogeneous core configurations. The designs drew from 's Cortex-X1, Cortex-A78, and Cortex-A55 microarchitectures, with custom tweaks to branch prediction, cache hierarchies, and execution pipelines to boost (IPC). The flagship implementation, Kryo 680, powered the Snapdragon 888 and 888+ SoCs, featuring a tri-cluster setup: one prime core based on Cortex-X1 clocked at up to 2.84 GHz (3.0 GHz in the 888+ variant), three performance cores derived from Cortex-A78 at 2.42 GHz, and four efficiency cores from Cortex-A55 at 1.8 GHz. This configuration provided a 25% overall CPU performance uplift compared to the prior Kryo 585 in the Snapdragon 865, driven by architectural improvements yielding approximately 20% higher IPC alongside higher clock speeds. However, early devices like the series and , which adopted the Snapdragon 888, encountered notable overheating issues under sustained loads, attributed to the power density of Samsung's 5nm node and the SoC's aggressive peak frequencies, leading to thermal throttling in real-world scenarios such as gaming and multitasking. Despite these challenges, the Kryo 680 enabled robust on-device AI processing and multitasking, with each prime core backed by 1 MB L2 cache and performance cores by 512 KB L2. In applications, the Kryo 600 series scaled down for balanced . The Kryo 670 in the Snapdragon 778G employed a 1+3+4 configuration—all performance cores based on Cortex-A78 (one prime at 2.4 GHz, three gold at 2.2 GHz)—paired with four Cortex-A55 cores at 1.8 GHz, offering up to 40% CPU performance gains over preceding mid-tier designs like the Snapdragon 720G. Similarly, the Kryo 660 in the Snapdragon 695 utilized a 2+6 layout with two Cortex-A78 gold cores at 2.2 GHz and six Cortex-A55 silver cores at 1.8 GHz, prioritizing battery life for everyday tasks while supporting connectivity. These variants extended the series' custom optimizations to more accessible devices, though without the prime core intensity of the flagship. As the last fully custom Kryo iteration before Qualcomm's 2022 shift to unmodified licensing, the 600 series underscored the trade-offs of high-performance mobile silicon on early 5nm processes, influencing subsequent designs toward greater stability and power efficiency.

Licensed ARM Cortex-based Kryo implementations

Snapdragon 8 Gen 1

The Snapdragon 8 Gen 1, announced by in December 2021, marked the debut of unmodified Cortex cores branded under the Kryo name in a flagship mobile SoC. This platform featured a Kryo CPU configured with one Cortex-X2 prime core clocked at up to 3.0 GHz, three Cortex-A710 performance cores at up to 2.5 GHz, and four Cortex-A510 efficiency cores at up to 1.8 GHz, all built on Samsung's 4 nm process node. Unlike prior custom Kryo generations that involved semi-custom modifications to designs, this implementation relied on fully licensed, off-the-shelf IP to integrate the new Armv9 architecture, enabling quicker adoption of advanced core technologies. The Kryo CPU in the Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 delivered up to 20% faster multi-core performance compared to the Snapdragon 888 while achieving up to 30% lower power consumption, according to Qualcomm's claims verified through initial benchmarks. This performance uplift stemmed from the architectural improvements in the Cortex-X2 and accompanying cores, which emphasized better instructions per clock (IPC) efficiency over raw clock speeds. The SoC powered early 2022 flagship devices, including the series and , providing consistent high-end computing across a range of premium smartphones. By opting for unmodified licensed ARM cores, Qualcomm simplified the development process relative to prior custom Kryo iterations, allowing faster time-to-market with Armv9 features but resulting in reduced architectural differentiation from competitors employing similar Cortex implementations. This approach prioritized reliability and broad ecosystem compatibility over unique optimizations, influencing the SoC's role in establishing a baseline for subsequent licensed-core designs in Snapdragon flagships.

Snapdragon 8 Gen 2

The Snapdragon 8 Gen 2, announced in November 2022, features a licensed ARM-based Kryo CPU built on TSMC's 4nm process node, continuing the approach from the previous generation with an emphasis on refined efficiency and performance balance. The CPU configuration consists of an octa-core setup: a single high-performance Cortex-X3 prime core clocked at up to 3.2 GHz, two Cortex-A715 performance cores at 2.8 GHz, two Cortex-A710 performance cores at 2.8 GHz, and three Cortex-A510 efficiency cores at 2.0 GHz. This heterogeneous design leverages ARMv9 architecture for improved single-threaded and multi-threaded workloads, delivering up to 35% faster CPU performance compared to the Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 while achieving 40% better power efficiency through optimized microarchitecture and clock management. This Kryo implementation powers flagship smartphones released in 2023, including the series, OnePlus 11, and , enabling sustained performance in demanding tasks like gaming and AI processing without excessive thermal throttling. The CPU integrates seamlessly with the Adreno 740 GPU, which supports hardware-accelerated ray tracing for enhanced graphics rendering in mobile games and applications.

Snapdragon 8 Gen 3

The Snapdragon 8 Gen 3, announced by Qualcomm in October 2023, represents the final licensed implementation of the Kryo CPU in flagship mobile platforms, utilizing Arm's latest Cortex cores for enhanced performance and efficiency. The CPU configuration features one prime Cortex-X4 core clocked at 3.3 GHz for demanding single-threaded tasks, five performance-oriented Cortex-A720 cores (three at 3.2 GHz and two at 3.0 GHz) for sustained workloads, and two efficiency-focused Cortex-A520 cores at 2.3 GHz to optimize power consumption during lighter operations. Fabricated on TSMC's 4 nm process node, this octa-core design delivers a 30% improvement in single-core performance compared to the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 while achieving 20% better power efficiency overall, enabling smoother multitasking and longer battery life in high-end smartphones. This architecture builds on Arm's v9 instruction set, with the Cortex-X4 prime core providing a significant uplift in and floating-point throughput for AI-accelerated applications and gaming, while the expanded use of A720 cores—up from the A715 in the prior generation—enhances multi-threaded capabilities without excessive thermal throttling. The integrated 12 MB L3 cache further supports rapid data access across the cluster, contributing to the platform's reputation for balanced performance in real-world scenarios like and inference. Adopted in 2023-2024 flagship devices such as the Samsung Galaxy S24 series and OnePlus 12, the Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 powered premium Android ecosystems with its Kryo-branded CPU, marking the culmination of Qualcomm's licensed core strategy before transitioning to fully custom designs in subsequent years. This shift, evident in the Snapdragon 8 Elite's adoption of Oryon cores, effectively ended the Kryo branding for mobile flagships, paving the way for greater architectural independence.

Kryo in compute platforms

Snapdragon 8cx Gen 1 and Gen 2

The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 1, announced by in December 2018, introduced the Kryo 495 CPU to Windows on ARM laptops as part of the company's push for always-connected PCs. This octa-core processor featured four custom Kryo 495 Gold performance cores based on an optimized design clocked up to 2.84 GHz, paired with four Kryo 495 Silver efficiency cores derived from Cortex-A55 running at 1.8 GHz, all fabricated on a 7 nm process node. Targeted at premium, ultra-thin, fanless laptops, the 8cx Gen 1 emphasized multi-day battery life through its power-efficient architecture, enabling always-on features like instant wake and seamless connectivity without draining power reserves. In real-world testing, devices like early Snapdragon-powered Always Connected PCs demonstrated up to 20 hours of video playback, highlighting the platform's focus on extending usage far beyond traditional x86 laptops. A key aspect of the 8cx Gen 1's deployment in Windows ecosystems was its reliance on Microsoft's built-in x86 emulation layer to run legacy software, as native ARM64 app support was still emerging in 2018-2019. This emulation allowed 32-bit x86 applications to execute on the ARM-based Kryo cores with acceptable performance for productivity tasks, though 64-bit x86 apps faced limitations until Windows 11 expansions, often resulting in overhead that impacted complex workloads. Despite strong single-threaded efficiency—comparable to Intel's Core i5-8250U in some benchmarks—the uniform Kryo design without deeper hybrid optimizations led to underperformance in multi-threaded scenarios against x86 competitors, particularly under emulation. The architecture drew parallels to mobile Kryo implementations in high-end smartphones, adapting smartphone-derived efficiency for PC form factors. The Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2, launched in September 2020, refined the Kryo 495 with higher clock speeds of up to 3.15 GHz for the four Gold performance cores and up to 2.42 GHz for the four Silver efficiency cores while retaining the 7 nm process (enhanced to 7 nm+ for better yields). Integrated into devices like the Microsoft Surface Pro X, it delivered up to 50% greater total system performance over the Gen 1 in productivity suites, driven by architectural tweaks and larger cache hierarchies that improved multitasking on Windows on ARM. Battery life remained a hallmark, with Qualcomm claiming over 25 hours of continuous mixed usage in fanless designs, more than double that of comparable Intel-based ultrabooks, thanks to the efficient Kryo cores and integrated 5G modem for always-connected operation. x86 emulation on the 8cx Gen 2 benefited from /11 improvements, enabling smoother execution of emulated apps for office and light , though multi-threaded limitations persisted due to the core configuration and translation overhead compared to native x86 hardware. Overall, the Gen 2 addressed Gen 1 shortcomings in sustained performance while prioritizing battery endurance, positioning it as a viable option for mobile professionals in premium ARM laptops before the shift to newer architectures.

Snapdragon 7c and 7c+ series

The Snapdragon 7c series, introduced in 2020, represents Qualcomm's entry into budget-oriented ARM-based compute platforms, leveraging Kryo CPU cores optimized for affordable laptops, Chromebooks, and entry-level Windows on ARM devices. The initial Snapdragon 7c features an octa-core Kryo 468 configuration based on ARM's big.LITTLE architecture, with 2 performance cores (Kryo 468 Gold, derived from Cortex-A76) clocked at 2.4 GHz and 6 efficiency cores (Kryo 468 Silver, derived from Cortex-A55) at 1.8 GHz, fabricated on an 8 nm process node. This design prioritizes power efficiency and cost-effectiveness over high-end performance, enabling multi-day battery life and integrated LTE connectivity via the Snapdragon X15 for always-connected scenarios in education and light productivity use cases. In 2021, released the Snapdragon 7c Gen 2, an incremental update to the original 7c that maintains the same Kryo 468 core architecture and 8 nm process but boosts clock speeds to 2 performance cores at 2.6 GHz and 6 efficiency cores at 1.8 GHz, delivering approximately 25% better multi-threaded performance for everyday tasks like web browsing and document editing. Targeted at sub-$400 devices, it emphasizes affordability and connectivity, supporting LTE Cat. 12 downloads up to 600 Mbps, making it suitable for IoT gateways and low-cost s in emerging markets. Examples include the Acer Chromebook Spin 513 and HP Chromebook x2 11, where it handles web-based applications efficiently while keeping thermal and power demands low for fanless designs. The Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3, announced later in 2021, advances the series with a more balanced core layout on a 6 nm process node, featuring 4 performance cores (Kryo Gold, based on Cortex-A78) at 2.4 GHz and 4 efficiency cores (Kryo Silver, based on Cortex-A55) at 1.5 GHz, resulting in up to 60% improved multi-threaded CPU performance and 30% single-threaded gains over the 7c Gen 2. This configuration enhances multi-core efficiency for education-focused laptops, supporting connectivity with the for peak downloads up to 2.5 Gbps, while maintaining emphasis on low cost and extended battery life for web-centric workloads rather than intensive computing. Deployed in devices like select and Acer Chromebooks, it underscores the series' role in enabling accessible, connected entry-level PCs from 2020 to 2022. Overall, the 7c and 7c+ series Kryo implementations deliver entry-level performance tailored to lightweight tasks such as streaming, , and basic multitasking, with 5 multi-core scores around 1,500–2,600 points, prioritizing efficiency and LTE/ integration over raw power.

Transition to Oryon

Announcement and design origins

announced the Oryon CPU in November 2022 at the Snapdragon Summit, positioning it as the successor to the Kryo custom CPU cores used in previous Snapdragon processors and marking the company's return to fully in-house -based designs. This shift followed 's $1.4 billion acquisition of Nuvia in January 2021, a startup founded by former Apple executives specializing in high-performance, energy-efficient processors for data centers, which provided the expertise needed to develop advanced custom cores beyond licensed IP. The Oryon microarchitecture represents a custom implementation of the ARMv8.7-A (ISA), drawing inspiration from Nuvia's Phoenix core—a server-oriented design—but reoptimized for mobile and client devices with wider execution units for enhanced (IPC) and improved power efficiency in constrained thermal envelopes. Unlike traditional ARM-licensed cores, Oryon emphasizes a wide-core approach, enabling higher single-threaded performance without relying on . The first-generation Oryon supports up to a 12-core configuration, with prime cores capable of boosting to 4.0 GHz or higher in select implementations, prioritizing responsiveness in premium computing tasks. Development of Oryon faced legal challenges from , which sued in 2022 over the Nuvia acquisition, claiming violations of licensing agreements that could restrict use of the acquired IP for custom designs. In September 2025, a U.S. District Court ruled in 's favor, confirming its rights to continue developing and deploying Oryon cores under existing ISA licenses and rejecting 's demands to halt or destroy related technology, though indicated it intends to appeal the decision. This ruling supports Oryon's role as a cornerstone for 's future Snapdragon platforms, differentiating it through superior single-threaded efficiency compared to stock v9 cores at equivalent power levels.

Oryon implementations in mobile and PC SoCs

Oryon made its debut in personal computing platforms with the Snapdragon X Elite and X Plus processors, announced in 2023 and entering production devices in 2024. These system-on-chips (SoCs) feature Qualcomm's custom Oryon CPU cores fabricated on TSMC's 4nm process node. The Snapdragon X Elite includes 12 Oryon cores with a maximum multithread frequency of 3.8 GHz and a dual-core boost up to 4.2 GHz, paired with 42 MB of total cache. The Snapdragon X Plus variant offers 10 Oryon cores clocked up to 3.4 GHz. These processors power Copilot+ PCs, such as Microsoft's Surface Laptop 7, enabling advanced AI capabilities through integration with the Qualcomm Hexagon NPU. In mobile devices, Oryon cores first appeared in the Snapdragon 8 Elite SoC, launched in October 2024 and built on TSMC's 3nm process. This platform employs eight Oryon cores configured as two prime cores reaching 4.32 GHz and six performance cores at 3.53 GHz, marking Qualcomm's return to fully custom CPU designs for flagship smartphones. The Snapdragon 8 Elite debuted in the S25 series, delivering enhanced multitasking and on-device AI processing via the Hexagon NPU. A seven-core variant of the Snapdragon 8 Elite is also available for select devices. By 2025, third-generation Oryon cores advanced further in both mobile and PC SoCs. The Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5, announced in September 2025, incorporates these cores on a 3nm process with two prime cores boosting to 4.6 GHz and six performance cores, achieving a 20% instructions-per-clock (IPC) improvement over prior generations alongside 35% better CPU power efficiency. Similarly, the Snapdragon X2 Elite, also unveiled in September 2025, scales to 18 Oryon cores—including up to 12 prime cores at 4.4 GHz with a dual-core boost to 5.0 GHz—while maintaining the Hexagon NPU for AI acceleration. This generation introduces efficiency-optimized performance cores to balance power and throughput in multi-core workloads. Qualcomm announced plans in 2025 to integrate Oryon cores into the Snapdragon 7 series SoCs for mid-range platforms, targeting broader accessibility in affordable smartphones while leveraging the architecture's efficiency for AI features via NPU. Overall, Oryon implementations provide a 45% uplift in both single- and multi-core performance compared to the Snapdragon 8 Gen 3, emphasizing AI-driven tasks such as multimodal content generation.

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  99. https://heyupnow.com/blogs/feature-stories/qualcomms-oryon-custom-cpu-cores-to-expand-to-lower-tier-snapdragon-7-series
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