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Layup
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A layup by Trey Burke for the Michigan Wolverines in the 2012–13 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season opener on January 3 against Northwestern

A layup in basketball is a two-point shot attempt made by leaping from below, "laying" the ball up[clarification needed] near the basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket. The motion and one-handed reach distinguish it from a jump shot. The layup is considered the most basic shot in basketball. When doing a layup, the player lifts the outside foot, or the foot away from the basket.

An undefended layup is usually a high percentage shot. The main obstacle is getting near the rim and avoiding blocks by taller defenders who usually stand near the basket. Common layup strategies are to create spaces, release the ball from a different spot, or use alternate hands. A player able to reach over the rim might choose to perform a more spectacular and higher percentage slam dunk (dropping or throwing the ball from above the rim) instead.

Versions

[edit]
Emmanuel Mudiay does a reverse layup in the 2014 McDonald's All-American Boys Game

As the game has evolved through the years, so has the layup. Several different versions of the layup are around today. Layups can be broadly categorized into two types: the underarm and the overarm. The underarm layup involves using most of the wrist and the fingers to 'lay' the ball into the net or off the board. This layup is more commonly known as the finger roll. Wilt Chamberlain was one of the early practitioners of a showy finger-roll layup. Notable past NBA players who rely heavily on the underarm finger roll are Mike Bibby and Allen Iverson.

Finger rolls today have many forms, including the "Around the World" which involves a complete circle around the player before the layup and a variety of faking in the approach to the rim. A classic example is a play by Jason Williams during his time with Sacramento, in which Williams brought the ball behind his back with his right hand, in a fake of a back pass, and then brought it front again with the same hand for the finish (reminiscent of Bob Cousy, who pioneered the move).

The other layup is the overhand shot, similar to a jump shot but from a considerably close range. Overhand layups nearly always involve the action of the backboard. Players like Scottie Pippen and Karl Malone have used this move to great effect.

The Reverse Layup is a type of layup often used to evade a block. It is distinguished by the fact that the ball is tossed backwards, with the shooter facing away from the basket. It is often employed during a baseline drive, where the attacking player starts on one side of the basket and finishes on the other, or when a defender commits to defending one side of the rim to cut off a conventional layup. Occasionally a player will stay on the same side of the rim, back to the basket, and shoot a reverse layup; this tactic was sometimes used by Michael Jordan in order to score with his back to the basket against taller defenders.

It is common for players to create room for a layup by making use of the allotted two steps before the layup attempt. Variations and improvisations exist, yet the most common form is the Euro-Step. So-called as it was introduced to the NBA by European players, it has been adopted mainly by guards and forwards as it relies heavily on agility and footwork to avoid larger defenders, although bigger players such as Joel Embiid have been seen making use of the move. The Euro-Step itself involves picking up one's dribble while dribbling, taking one step in one direction, then quickly taking a step in the other direction to avoid the defender to create room for a layup attempt. To make use of the move efficiently, it is best to dribble in aggressively then take two broad steps in different directions while simultaneously bringing the ball over one's head in the direction one is stepping for maximum evasion and protection while potentially drawing a foul.

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Layup

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A layup is a fundamental shot taken close to the , in which a player drives toward the hoop, jumps off one foot, and uses one hand to gently place or "lay" the ball off the backboard or directly into the rim. This two-point shot is executed with high efficiency due to its proximity to the , with a success rate higher than most jump shots or three-pointers, though lower than free throws. As one of the most basic and reliable scoring techniques in , the layup forms the cornerstone of offensive plays, enabling players to convert drives and fast breaks into points with minimal risk. Ambidextrous practice from both sides enhances versatility and reduces predictability. Layups encompass various types to counter defensive pressure.

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

A layup is a fundamental close-range scoring shot in , executed by an offensive player who drives toward the basket, jumps off one foot, and uses one or both hands to gently deposit the ball into the hoop or off the backboard for rebound into the basket. This technique emphasizes control and precision over power, distinguishing it as one of the sport's most basic yet essential maneuvers. The primary purpose of the layup is to secure an efficient two-point when near the rim, capitalizing on the shot's inherent and high probability of due to minimal from the target. In professional play, layups boast success rates often ranging from 60% to 70%, far surpassing those of or long-range shots, which underscores their role as a cornerstone of offensive strategy. This efficiency makes the layup the go-to method for converting drives into points, particularly in transition or isolation scenarios. Key advantages of the layup include its reduced airtime, which lowers the chance of defensive blocks compared to elevated or extended shots, and its lower energy demand relative to jump shots attempted from farther away. It excels in dynamic plays like fast breaks and pick-and-rolls, allowing players to maintain momentum while scoring without altering their speed significantly. Unlike a dunk, which demands superior athleticism to leap high enough to slam the through the rim, or a jump shot, which involves greater range and thus lower conversion rates, the layup prioritizes accessibility and reliability for a wide range of players.

Basic Execution

The basic execution of a layup begins with the player dribbling toward the at an , typically from the side rather than straight on, to create space for the upward motion. This approach allows for a controlled path that aligns the body with the backboard. For a right-handed player, the dribble should aim toward the right side of the , maintaining a low center of gravity to preserve balance and speed. As the player nears the , approximately 5-10 feet away, they take the first step with the outside foot (right foot for a right-handed shooter), followed by planting the inside foot (left foot) to jump off it, driving the right upward for balance and height. This footwork, known as the "one-two" step, ensures proper alignment and momentum transfer. The player then explodes upward using both legs for vertical lift, driving the knees and hips to propel the body toward the rim without excessive leaning. At the peak of the jump, the player extends both arms, cradling the ball close to the body with the dominant hand underneath for support, while using the non-dominant hand to shield the ball from potential defenders. The ball is released with a soft touch off the backboard at a 45-degree angle, aiming for the square on the backboard to guide it gently into the hoop and avoid rattling the rim. Timing the release at the height of the jump maximizes accuracy and control. This is commonly set up after a drive from the perimeter or a post position, making the layup an efficient close-range scoring tool that leverages the player's . Proper form in these steps is essential for safety, as it helps prevent injuries such as ankle sprains that can occur from awkward landings or imbalanced footing.

Technique and Mechanics

Approach and Jump

The approach phase of a layup requires a controlled dribble toward the to maintain balance and positioning, typically executed at a speed that allows precise control while building momentum. Players often approach at an optimal angle of 30-45 degrees from the baseline, which helps create separation from defenders and facilitates a clear path to the rim. This angled trajectory, combined with consistent dribble rhythm, ensures the player can transition smoothly into the takeoff without losing speed or stability. Jump mechanics in the layup primarily involve a one-footed takeoff, where the player plants the inside foot (e.g., left foot for a right-handed layup) approximately two steps from the to initiate . While primarily one-footed, two-footed takeoffs can be used for added power and balance in certain situations. Force generation occurs through explosive hip extension and knee drive of the takeoff leg, converting horizontal into vertical lift for elevation . In variations like the , the player briefly uses during the penultimate step for deception before committing to the one-footed jump, enhancing against defenders. This results in a vertical rise sufficient to extend the body toward the basket's height, typically achieved through a running start that enhances lift beyond a standing jump. Maintaining balance during the approach and jump relies on core engagement to stabilize the and prevent forward leaning, which could disrupt trajectory. The non-shooting arm swings opposite the takeoff leg to provide counterbalance and additional rotational , aiding overall body control. From a physics perspective, the layup jump transfers horizontal running into a vertical leap via ground reaction forces during the takeoff phase to propel the center of mass upward. This impulse-momentum relationship maximizes efficiency, with the ground exerting an equal and opposite force to the downward push from the legs.

Ball Handling and Release

In the layup, proper hand placement begins with the shooting hand positioned under the ball for control, with fingers spread wide and the palm facing upward to support the ball without gripping it tightly. The guide hand, or off-hand, is placed on the side of the ball to provide stability and alignment during the motion, ensuring the ball remains balanced without interfering with the release. This configuration avoids the ball—turning it over in the palm—which constitutes a carrying violation and can result in a turnover under rules. The release occurs at the apex of the jump, where the player fully extends both arms upward while keeping the straight under the to maximize height and accuracy. For a , the target is the upper corner of the square on the backboard or the "V" formed by the backboard seams, positioned approximately 6-8 inches above the rim to guide the softly into the hoop. The motion involves a gentle flick to propel the off the , promoting a controlled rather than a forceful push. To achieve a soft landing, the release imparts gentle backspin on the ball through the upward wrist snap, which helps reduce rebound intensity upon contact with the rim or backboard. The ideal arc is a soft, low sufficient to guide the ball into the hoop, minimizing hard rim contact and increasing the margin for error in close-range finishes. This underhand style emphasizes finesse over power, allowing the ball to roll gently off the backboard for a higher success rate. Protective measures during the release involve using the body to shield the from potential blocks, positioning the between the defender and the shooting arm to create a barrier. In cases of contact, the off-hand can be extended to push against the defender for balance and space, provided it does not result in an offensive foul. These actions maintain possession while completing the shot under pressure.

Variations

Standard Layup

The standard layup serves as the foundational variation for right-handed players, involving a drive from the right side of the toward the . The setup begins with the player with the right hand from the right wing, following a path angled toward the rim while staying parallel to the baseline to maintain balance and visibility of the defender. Upon reaching the optimal spot near the , the player takes a first step with the right foot (the outside foot closest to the sideline) followed by planting the left foot (the inside foot), which positions the body for an efficient upward drive. Execution of the standard layup involves jumping off the planted left foot while raising the right knee to generate lift, then extending the right arm to release the ball with an overhand push or underhand scoop off the right side of the backboard, targeting the upper corner of the backboard's square for a soft into the hoop. This motion requires precise timing and body control to protect the ball with the left hand while elevating just enough to arc over potential blockers. The technique is frequently used in structured offenses, such as the give-and-go play, where a immediately cuts to the after delivering the ball, receiving a return pass for an uncontested finish. Key success factors include consistent footwork and a relatively low elevation for effective release in close proximity to the rim, allowing for higher conversion rates than more distant shots. In , layups have an average success rate of around 55%, with elite teams converting over 70% of attempts due to open driving lanes (as of ). A common training drill for refining the standard layup's bank angle is the wall layup progression, performed stationary next to a wall marked at backboard . Players execute 20 overhand layups to the target spot, followed by underhand, side-spin, and inside-spin variations for a total of 80 repetitions per hand, simulating the release arc without or defensive pressure to build accuracy and form.

Reverse Layup

The reverse layup serves as an evasive variation of the standard layup, designed to counter rim protection by allowing the player to finish on the opposite side of the while using their body to the . In execution, the player typically drives toward the baseline, often following a spin move or direct baseline penetration, plants their outside foot, and jumps with their back facing the . Mid-air, they twist their body—usually rotating up to 90 degrees—to lay the off the far side of the backboard, aiming for the square to ensure a soft, banked finish. This technique offers key advantages over the standard layup, primarily by obscuring the defender's view of the ball and using the rim itself as a barrier against blocks, making it particularly effective against taller or pursuing opponents. It demands precise body control to protect the shot while maintaining momentum, turning potential vulnerability into deception. The move gained prominence in the 1980s through players like , whose acrobatic reverse layups, such as his mid-air hand-switch finish in the , showcased its flair and effectiveness in high-stakes play. Key challenges in performing a reverse layup include timing the mid-air twist accurately to avoid drifting near the baseline and coordinating the core rotation for a controlled release, which can be disorienting for due to the shifting angle to the backboard. Unlike the direct approach of a standard layup, this variation requires enhanced and strength in the to execute fluidly under pressure. In professional , reverse layups are a frequent choice during fast breaks, where quick drives exploit defensive transitions.

Finger Roll Layup

The finger roll layup is a finesse-oriented variation of the underhand layup, executed with a one-handed release that emphasizes control and arc. The player drives toward the basket, gathers the ball after the penultimate dribble, and takes two steps before jumping off the inside foot, extending the shooting arm fully while keeping the non-shooting hand away for balance. At the peak of the jump, the wrist snaps upward with the palm facing the sky, allowing the ball to roll softly off the in a high arc that can kiss the rim or backboard before dropping through the hoop, often without forceful contact. This technique requires an extended arm follow-through to impart backspin, promoting a gentle entry that minimizes rim rattling. The finger roll emerged as a signature move in professional basketball during the 1970s, popularized by George "Iceman" Gervin of the , who used it to devastating effect as a high-scoring guard. Gervin's fluid style transformed from a rudimentary underhand finish into an artistic, reliable weapon, earning it widespread adoption among players seeking elevation and deception near the rim. While influenced by earlier soft-touch finishes, its adaptation for layups distinctively emphasized fingertip control over broader motions. Key advantages of the finger roll include its ability to create a high, unpredictable arc that evades shot-blockers, even when the defender is in close proximity, making it particularly effective under physical contact such as in and-one opportunities. The backspin generated by the fingertip release provides a softer touch on the rim or backboard, reducing the impact force and increasing the likelihood of a clean make compared to more aggressive layup styles. In professional leagues like the NBA, finger rolls contribute to the overall high success rates of rim attempts, often exceeding those of shots due to their proximity and controlled trajectory. A common variation integrates the finger roll finish with the approach, where the player fakes a drive in one direction before pivoting to the opposite side with a crossover step, unbalancing the defender and creating space for the rolling release. This combination enhances versatility for guards and wings navigating crowded lanes, allowing the same soft fingertip to cap an evasive path to the .

Power Layup

The power layup is an aggressive variation used for explosive drives against contact, emphasizing strength and body control over finesse. The player drives hard to the , often using a or to create space, then jumps off the inside foot with a forceful push, raising the outside knee high while protecting the ball with the body. The release is typically an overhand push or scoop, aiming to power the ball through or off the rim despite defensive . This technique is common in post-ups or transition plays where physicality is needed to finish through fouls.

Euro Step Layup

The layup is an evasive maneuver originating from European , involving a hesitation or fake drive before a quick lateral step to one side, followed by an acceleration to the opposite side of the rim. After picking up the dribble, the player takes a long first step with the outside foot, then uses a crossover "up-and-under" step with the inside foot to wrong-foot the defender, jumping off the outside foot for a standard or reverse finish. Popularized in the NBA by players like , it excels in crowded lanes by creating separation without a spin.

Floater

The floater, or teardrop, is a high-arcing push shot variation of the layup used to shoot over taller defenders. The player jumps off either foot slightly earlier than a standard layup, releasing the ball with a gentle underhand push from the fingertips at the peak, imparting backspin for a soft landing inside the rim. This creates separation from rim protectors by sailing the ball above outstretched hands, making it ideal for guards facing bigs in pick-and-roll situations.

History and Evolution

Origins in Early Basketball

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Dr. , a instructor at the International Training School in , as an indoor alternative to outdoor sports during winter. Naismith's original 13 rules prohibited , requiring players to advance the ball solely through passing, which limited offensive movement and emphasized strategic positioning near the basket. In this context, scoring primarily occurred via close-range shots directly under the goal—precursors to the modern layup—where a receiver would catch a pass and gently place or toss the ball into the peach basket nailed to the gymnasium balcony, 10 feet above the floor. These under-basket attempts were simple and direct, often executed without jumping, reflecting the game's initial focus on non-contact play to avoid injury. As proliferated through programs across the in the late and early , these rudimentary under-basket shots became a staple of , documented in early games as the most reliable scoring method before longer-range techniques emerged. The first intercollegiate game in 1895 and subsequent tournaments featured such shots as central to low-scoring contests, with teams averaging under 20 points per game due to the pass-only restriction and the need to retrieve the ball manually from the closed-bottom peach baskets after each score. Players positioned themselves strategically near the goal to receive passes and execute these "lays," which required minimal skill compared to later evolutions but were essential for breaking through defensive clusters in the confined indoor courts. Key rule changes in the early transformed the layup's role. A backboard was introduced in to shield the basket from spectator interference, enabling reliable bank shots off the surface and making close-range attempts more predictable and essential, as direct shots into the elevated peach baskets often missed without rebounding aid. evolved gradually: a single bounce was permitted in for advancing the ball, but shooting after it remained forbidden until 1909, when continuous and post-dribble shots were legalized, dramatically increasing layup frequency by allowing players to drive toward the basket unencumbered. Even after metal rims replaced peach baskets around 1906, the backboard's presence ensured banked layups remained a foundational mechanic through the . In the amateur and circuits of this era, layups were regarded as unremarkable, "easy" scoring plays suited to the game's cooperative ethos, contrasting sharply with the athletic spectacles like dunks that would later define professional . These shots prioritized efficiency over flair, aligning with Naismith's vision of a non-violent activity that fostered rather than individual heroics.

Modern Developments

The layup evolved significantly from the mid-20th century onward, driven by the NBA's growing professionalization, increased athleticism, and strategic adaptations to defensive innovations. In the 1950s and 1960s, the league's fast-paced style, epitomized by Bill Russell's , emphasized rapid transitions and fast breaks, with teams averaging over 115 points per game through high-tempo possessions that frequently culminated in layups. Russell's revolutionary defensive emphasis on shot-blocking and protection compelled offensive players to incorporate more evasive maneuvers, such as mid-air adjustments and high-flying finishes, to complete layups against elite rim protection. By the , this athletic evolution introduced subtler variations like the finger roll layup, popularized by of the , which allowed for a controlled, arcing release over defenders while maintaining speed. The 1980s and 1990s saw layups infused with greater flair amid the NBA's global rise, as Michael Jordan's acrobatic reverse layups—such as his famous mid-air, switch-handed finish against the Lakers in the 1991 playoffs—highlighted the move's potential for highlight-reel creativity and influenced generations of players to prioritize body control and deception. The 2001 rule change legalizing zone defenses further spurred layup innovation by congesting driving lanes, prompting guards to develop lateral evasions; , drawing from his European roots, popularized the Eurostep in the early 2000s with the , using quick directional changes to bypass help defense and finish at the rim more effectively. Entering the , revolutionized layup usage by quantifying their efficiency—rim attempts, including layups and dunks, now constitute about 35% of league-wide attempts, far outpacing less efficient mid-range shots and solidifying close-range finishes as a strategic priority for maximizing scoring. The 2018 NBA points of emphasis on , which curtailed off-ball grabbing and holding, opened driving lanes and elevated contact plays, resulting in a surge of and-one layups as defenders faced stricter fouls for impeding offensive drives. Technological advancements have further refined layup execution in recent decades. Video analysis tools, which gained traction in the NBA during the through digitized film breakdown, enabled coaches to dissect opponents' defensive tendencies and perfect players' finishing angles under pressure. In the 2020s, (VR) training simulations have emerged to enhance , allowing athletes to practice layup variations in immersive, repeatable game-like scenarios without physical wear.

Strategic Role

Offensive Applications

Layups serve as a of efficient offenses in , particularly in situations where teams exploit numerical advantages to generate quick scoring at the rim. In the NBA, transition possessions account for a substantial portion of layup opportunities, with league data showing high percentages (often exceeding 60%) on these plays due to reduced defensive setup time. For example, top transition scorers achieve points per possession (PPP) rates of 1.5 or higher, primarily through uncontested layups that capitalize on speed and spacing. The pick-and-roll play type frequently integrates layups by setting screens that free handlers for drives to the basket. NBA teams run pick-and-roll actions on approximately 17-20% of possessions, with handlers generating 0.94-1.16 PPP, many of which end in layup attempts as the roller or attacks the rim. Isolation drives from the wings also emphasize layups, allowing skilled slashers to create one-on-one matchups that collapse defenses and open paths to the basket. Guards typically leverage their speed in these scenarios to initiate fast breaks and isolation drives, while forwards and centers use their power for pick-and-roll rolls and rebound-based transition layups. Players like exemplify high-usage slashers, underscoring the role's reliance on driving for layup volume. Layups demonstrate superior efficiency compared to other shot types, yielding an average PPP of 1.25 for layup attempts versus 0.90 for jumpers, making them optimal for half-court sets where assist rates on made baskets hover around 55%. This edge stems from higher field goal percentages at the rim (league average approximately 65-70%). Coaches employ tactics like pump fakes and hesitation moves to draw help defense away from the rim, creating driving lanes for layups, often combined with off-ball screens to ensure uncontested finishes. These strategies, such as slip screens in pick-and-roll sets, enhance layup conversion by exploiting defensive rotations.

Defensive Countermeasures

Defenders employ help rotations to contest layup attempts, where off-ball players, such as positioned on the perimeter, drop toward the rim to provide rim protection upon recognizing a drive. This positioning allows the primary on-ball defender to recover while the help defender challenges the shot without overcommitting, preserving defensive structure. To minimize fouling risks during these drives, the NBA's principle of verticality, clarified in official guidelines, permits defenders to jump straight up with arms extended vertically within the restricted area, absorbing contact legally if they establish a guarding position before the offensive player's release. Individual techniques emphasize timing and leverage to disrupt layups effectively. Defenders often avoid jumping prematurely, instead staying grounded or rising late to force awkward, low-percentage finishes from the offensive player. Players with exceptional , like , utilize "poke blocks" by extending arms to swat the ball without leaving their feet excessively, contributing to Gobert's career average of 2.0 blocks per game as a rim protector. Team defensive schemes integrate coordinated actions to limit layup opportunities. In pick-and-roll situations, a hedge defense involves the screener's defender stepping up aggressively to halt the ball-handler's penetration, forcing a pull-up jumper rather than an open drive to the rim. For baseline drives, trapping schemes see the on-ball defender and adjacent help-side player converge to cut off angles, funneling the ball toward the sideline and enabling recoveries by other defenders. Effective defensive contests significantly impact layup success rates; research indicates that raising a hand during shot attempts decreases field goal percentage by about 6% across shots, with even greater effects at the rim where contests can reduce efficiency by up to 20 percentage points compared to uncontested attempts. Layup possessions also carry higher foul rates than other shot types, approximately 8% as of the early 2024-25 season due to the close-quarters contact, leading to and-one opportunities for skilled drivers.

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