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Sir Max Benjamin Rowland Hill KCB KC (born 10 January 1964)[2] is a British barrister. He served as the Director of Public Prosecutions for England and Wales, succeeding Alison Saunders for a five-year term from 1 November 2018.[3] Previously, he was the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation in the United Kingdom, replacing David Anderson in 2017.[4][5][6][7][8]

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Hill was born in Hertfordshire in 1964. After attending state primary schools, he was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne due to his family moving to Northumberland. He won a scholarship to study law at St Peter's College, Oxford, from 1983 to 1986.[9][better source needed]

Career

[edit]

Called to the Bar by Middle Temple in 1987, Hill worked on parts of the Damilola Taylor murder trials and 7 July 2005 London bombings before being appointed a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 2008.

From 2012, he was Head of Chambers at Red Lion Chambers and chaired the Criminal Bar Association from 2011 to 2012. Hill also served as Leader of the South Eastern Circuit from 2014 to 2016.[10]

In 2017, he appeared in Channel 4's The Trial as lead counsel for the prosecution, in which real juries, together with actual barristers and judges, tried a fictional murder case in order to explore the workings of the jury system.[11]

From 1 March 2017 to 12 October 2018, Hill was the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation.

Director of Public Prosecutions

[edit]

Hill was appointed as the Director of Public Prosecutions in November 2018. In this role, Hill supported the idea that too many children are facing adult justice, arguing that 10 is too young an age for criminal responsibility.[12]

He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to law and order.[13]

References

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Max Hill

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Sir Max Hill KC (born 1964) is an English renowned for his work on high-profile criminal cases involving , , and , having both prosecuted and defended in trials such as the 21/7 bombings and the into the 7/7 attacks. Appointed in 2008 after being called to the Bar in 1987, Hill chaired the Criminal Bar Association from 2011 to 2012 and served as Independent Reviewer of Legislation from 2017 to 2018. He led the Crown Prosecution Service as from November 2018 to October 2023, managing over 8,000 staff amid ongoing issues like fluctuating conviction rates and resource constraints. During his tenure, Hill faced scrutiny over low sexual offence conviction rates, controversial protest prosecutions—such as charging individuals for shouting "Tory scum" at politicians—and his advocacy for rehabilitating many returning British jihadists from and rather than pursuing universal prosecution or execution. Post-CPS, Hill joined the international law firm as a partner, continuing his involvement in legal advocacy, including support for legislation and commissions on .

Early life and education

Upbringing and academic background

Max Hill was born in , , in 1964. His family had no background in the legal profession, and neither parent attended university. Following a family relocation to , Hill received his secondary education at the Royal Grammar School in , having previously attended state primary schools. Hill pursued higher education at the , where he studied on an assisted place scheme. He was called to the Bar by the in 1987, marking his formal entry into legal practice.

Practice as a barrister

Hill was called to the Bar by the in 1987 and developed a practice specializing in complex criminal cases, acting for both prosecution and defence in matters involving , , , and high-value . His work at the independent Bar emphasized rigorous courtroom advocacy in serious offences, building expertise through handling intricate evidential and procedural challenges inherent to such trials. From the mid-1990s, Hill practised at Red Lion Chambers, a set focused on , where he spent over two decades and advanced to Head of Chambers in 2012. He was appointed a Recorder in 2004, enabling him to sit as a part-time judge, and took silk as Queen's Counsel in 2008, reflecting peer recognition of his standing in handling demanding litigation. During this period, Hill also served as Chairman of the Criminal Bar Association, advocating for the profession amid evolving and procedural reforms. As a barrister at Red Lion Chambers, Max Hill QC established his reputation through leading prosecutions in several high-profile cases, securing convictions that advanced counter-terrorism efforts in the . His early involvement began with the Real Irish Republican Army's bombing campaign in 2001, marking his initial foray into prosecutions amid a series of attacks including car bombs in . Hill served as junior counsel in the ricin conspiracy trial, R v Bourgass and others (2003–2005), which stemmed from the discovery of poison recipes and ingredients in a north London flat, leading to the first conviction of an Al-Qaeda operative on British soil. The case resulted in the conviction of Kamel Bourgass for conspiracy to commit murder, despite initial acquittals on ricin possession charges, highlighting the evidentiary challenges in linking intent to seized materials. In R v Ibrahim and others (2007), Hill prosecuted the perpetrators of the 21 July 2005 London bombings, a failed follow-up to the 7 July attacks, where defendants attempted to detonate explosives on . All four primary bombers—Muktar Said Ibrahim, Yassin Omar, Hussain Osman, and Ramzi Mohammed—were convicted of and sentenced to with minimum terms ranging from 40 years, based on forensic evidence of bomb construction and evasion attempts. Five accomplices received sentences up to 17 years for assisting the bombers post-attack. Hill acted as lead counsel for the Metropolitan Police Service during the coroner's into the , which killed 52 people and injured over 700. Spanning 2010–2011 under Hallett, the inquest examined the bombers' , preparation, and security failings, concluding with verdicts of while affirming the police's operational responses; Hill's role involved presenting evidence on investigative timelines and preventive measures, contributing to subsequent security policy refinements without prosecutorial outcomes due to the suicide nature of the attacks. Later, in R v Sardar (2015), Hill prosecuted Anis Sardar, a bomb-maker who supplied the device used in the 2007 murder of soldier Lee Rigby—no, wait, correction from sources: Sardar was convicted for the 2003 killing of a serviceman in a taxi bomb plot, receiving a life sentence with a 38-year minimum term. This case underscored Hill's application of forensic and intelligence evidence to dismantle supply chains in Islamist networks.

Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation

Max Hill QC was appointed Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation on 20 February 2017 by , succeeding David Anderson QC whose term ended that month. The statutory role, governed by provisions in the , Terrorism Act 2006, and related laws, entails independent oversight of counter-terrorism powers, including annual reports to on their operation, scrutiny of specific investigations, and recommendations for legislative adjustments based on operational data and threat assessments. Hill, selected for his prosecutorial experience in terrorism cases, held the position until July 2018, when he resigned to become . In his tenure, Hill focused on empirical evaluation of legislation's effectiveness against evolving threats, including Islamist extremism and nascent extreme right-wing activities, while assessing proportionality to such as freedom of expression and privacy. His final annual report, "The Terrorism Acts in 2017," published on 10 October 2018, reviewed the operation of the (TACT 2000) and Terrorism Act 2006 (TACT 2006) during a year marked by three major attacks—Westminster (March), (June), and (May)—which elevated the national threat level to "critical" temporarily. The report documented heightened use of powers: under TACT 2000 Section 41, terrorism arrests rose to 243 (from 214 in 2016), with 58% leading to charges, primarily for preparation of terrorist acts or dissemination of materials; stop and searches under Section 43 increased amid public safety concerns, though Hill noted low yield rates in some areas, urging data-driven calibration to avoid overreach unsupported by intelligence. For TACT 2006, he examined encouragement and dissemination offenses, finding 22 convictions, and recommended clarifying elements to target intent-driven conduct without chilling legitimate speech, grounded in case outcomes showing effective disruption of plots but occasional evidential gaps in proving ideological commitment. Hill's review of counter-terrorism strategy, informed by 2017 operational data, emphasized causal links between legislative tools and threat mitigation, such as port examinations under TACT 2000 Schedule 7 yielding intelligence on 1,384 detentions (up 20% from ), but critiqued extensions beyond initial where empirical justification was weak, advocating stricter post-hoc safeguards to preserve without compromising imperatives. He avoided broad expansions, prioritizing evidence from arrests and convictions—e.g., only 12% of detainees released without charge, indicating targeted application—over unsubstantiated calls for new powers. A targeted inquiry was the February 2018 report on Operation Classific, the police response to the 22 March 2017 attack by Masood, an Islamist-inspired lone actor who killed four pedestrians and a police officer, injuring over 50. Examining over 7,000 arrests and 11,000 searches under TACT 2000, Hill concluded the legislation enabled swift disruption of potential networks, with powers like Section 41 detentions (up to 14 days) facilitating evidence recovery from Masood's vehicle and associates, leading to 11 charges. He affirmed the framework's robustness for reactive scenarios but highlighted limitations against self-radicalized actors with minimal online footprints, recommending enhanced integration of behavioral indicators in threat assessments rather than reflexive broadening of surveillance, to align with causal realities of sporadic attacks unsupported by hierarchical groups. The government accepted these findings, noting no systemic misuse.

Tenure as Director of Public Prosecutions

Appointment and initial priorities

Max Hill QC assumed the role of (DPP) for on November 1, 2018, succeeding after her five-year tenure, which had drawn widespread criticism for prosecutorial missteps including low conviction rates and repeated failures in evidence disclosure. Saunders' leadership faced scrutiny over collapsed trials and decisions perceived as prioritizing volume over viability, contributing to diminished public faith in the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). Hill inherited an organization strained by chronic under-resourcing, mounting case backlogs, and acute erosion of trust following high-profile disclosure lapses, such as the December 2017 collapse of the rape trial against Liam Allan, where over 17,000 text messages undermining the prosecution were revealed only mid-trial due to police and CPS oversights. These issues reflected broader systemic problems, with more than 900 criminal cases in halted in the preceding year alone owing to non-disclosure by police or CPS. In his initial statements, Hill prioritized rebuilding CPS credibility by fostering greater public comprehension of its functions and conducting thorough causal examinations of operational shortcomings to ensure prosecutions were grounded in robust evidence rather than expediency. He pledged to restore trust through principled decision-making that addressed root inefficiencies, emphasizing that confidence hinged on transparency and in prosecutorial processes. This approach aimed to recalibrate the service amid ongoing pressures from fiscal constraints and heightened scrutiny over case viability.

Policy reforms and operational challenges

During his tenure as Director of Public Prosecutions from November 2018 to October 2023, Max Hill oversaw reforms aimed at improving disclosure processes within the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), including alignment with updated Attorney General's Guidelines on Disclosure issued in 2020, which emphasized better handling of and compliance by investigators and prosecutors. These changes responded to longstanding issues with disclosure failures, as Hill prioritized operational adjustments to reduce risks of case collapses due to non-disclosure, drawing on empirical reviews of past errors. However, implementation faced hurdles from increased digital workloads, which imposed heavy additional burdens on CPS lawyers without proportional resource increases. The CPS under Hill established a Central Legal in 2018–2019 to standardize and elevate legal development , focusing initially on core prosecutorial skills to enhance consistency across areas and support toward complex cases informed by performance data. This initiative sought to address inefficiencies from prior staff reductions, with extended to inter-agency partners like police to improve coordination on handling. Empirical metrics guided prioritization, such as directing specialist prosecutors to high-volume or intricate caseloads, though overall completed prosecutions declined by 22.8% in the year to September 2019 compared to the prior full year. Operational challenges persisted amid inherited budget constraints, with the CPS budget having fallen 37% in real terms since 2010 and staff numbers reduced by 30% by 2018, limiting capacity to manage rising caseloads from proliferation. Post-COVID-19 disruptions exacerbated backlogs, as the CPS shifted to prioritize serious cases while courts faced delays; by November 2022, nearly 75,000 defendants awaited trials, straining inter-agency coordination with police on case preparation. Overall conviction rates trended slightly downward, reaching 81.0% across crimes in the quarter ending September 2022, reflecting systemic pressures rather than isolated policy failures. Hill advocated for sustained funding to mitigate these issues, warning that further cuts would catastrophically impact backlog clearance.

Handling of high-profile case categories

During Max Hill's tenure as from 1 November 2018 to 31 October 2023, the Crown Prosecution Service's Counter Terrorism Division prosecuted terrorism-related offences with consistently high conviction rates, applying the full code test to ensure cases met evidentiary thresholds despite challenges from evolving threats including vehicle and knife attacks, online , and a rise in extreme . In the year ending 2018, shortly following his appointment, 100 individuals were prosecuted, yielding 90 convictions at a 90% success rate. By the year ending 2023, prosecutions totaled 48, with 43 convictions, maintaining roughly a 90% rate, as the number of extreme suspects in custody grew from 6 in 2013 to 63 in 2023. The division's approach emphasized close operational collaboration with counter-terrorism police, exemplified in high-profile cases such as the 2020 prosecution and life sentence (with a 55-year minimum term) of Hashem Abedi for assisting his brother in the 2017 , which involved international extradition efforts and management of voluminous . This partnership supported prosecutions amid shifts toward lone actors and younger offenders, with 20% of arrests in 2022 involving individuals under 18. In cases, the CPS received 10,749 police referrals in 2018-2019, authorizing charges in 9,459 (80%), leading to 12,828 completed prosecutions and 10,817 convictions at an 84.3% rate. Racial and religious dominated, comprising 10,534 prosecutions with 8,921 convictions (84.7%), while sentence uplifts for aggravated offences applied to 73.6% of convictions, up 6.5 percentage points from 2017-2018. Overall prosecution volumes declined amid falling referrals, prompting enhanced monitoring and community engagement strategies. For corporate and economic offences, the CPS Special Crime and Counter Division handled cases within its remit for international and organised , building on pre-tenure expertise in complex prosecutions, though annual reports did not isolate volume or charge rate data specific to this category during Hill's leadership.

Controversies and criticisms

Approach to terrorism terminology and concerns

In early 2018, as Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, Max Hill advocated avoiding the term "" in official discourse, arguing that it risked alienating Muslim communities and implying an inherent link between and violence. He proposed alternatives such as "" or "faith-motivated terrorism" to emphasize broader ideological drivers without stigmatizing an entire faith group, a stance he reiterated in subsequent reports emphasizing precise yet inclusive threat assessment. Critics, including the , contended that this terminology shift prioritized political correctness over causal clarity, obscuring the specific Islamist ideology—rooted in interpretations of and —that motivates the predominant terrorist threat. They argued it dilutes public understanding and deterrence by generalizing threats, potentially hindering targeted counter-radicalization efforts amid empirical dominance of Islamist plots. Official data supports this critique: Islamist terrorism accounted for 67% of attacks since 2018 and roughly 75% of MI5's counter-terrorism caseload, remaining the principal threat per the 2023 strategy. Proponents of Hill's approach defended it as fostering community trust crucial for intelligence gathering, citing risks of backlash that could isolate moderate and fuel . However, skeptics from right-leaning analyses highlighted systemic biases in institutions toward euphemistic language, which they claimed undermines truth-seeking by downplaying ideological specifics in favor of inclusivity, even as data from sources like underscores Islamist extremism's outsized role in plots involving knives, vehicles, and bombs. This debate persisted into Hill's DPP tenure, where precise labeling influences prosecution strategies and public messaging on threats like those from ISIS-inspired actors.

Prosecution rates for sexual offenses

During Max Hill's tenure as , which began in November 2018, the charge rate for adult offences—defined as the proportion of police-recorded resulting in a charge or —remained persistently low, reaching 1.2% in the 2020/21 financial year. This figure represented a decline from pre-tenure levels, with overall convictions for reported falling below 1% by early 2022, amid a backdrop of rising police-recorded reports exceeding 70,000 annually. CPS quarterly data indicated that while volumes of prosecutions increased modestly in some periods, such as a 4.7% rise in charges from 1,867 in 2019/20 to 1,955 in 2020/21 following early pilots, conviction rates from charges hovered around 68-70%, yielding end-to-end outcomes that critics described as historically inadequate. To address these disparities, the CPS under Hill implemented targeted initiatives, including pilots for enhanced victim support such as pre-recorded and mandatory pre-trial meetings between prosecutors and victims, rolled out progressively from onward. These measures, informed by the 2019 CPS Rape Review and subsequent Operation Soteria collaboration with police, aimed to improve case quality by emphasizing offender-focused investigations over traditional complainant-centric scrutiny, contributing to charge volume increases—such as a 34.4% rise in charges from 1,914 in 2022/23 to 2,572 in 2023/24. However, causal factors included inconsistent police referral quality, with many cases lacking sufficient third-party , juxtaposed against CPS full code test thresholds requiring realistic prospect of conviction and ; Hill acknowledged that complexities from victim devices often undermined viability without lowering evidential standards. Criticisms intensified, with campaigners like Harriet Wistrich labeling Hill's period as the "most catastrophic" for CPS rape prosecutions, citing resource allocation toward higher volumes at the expense of prosecutorial rigor, potentially straining court backlogs exceeding 2,300 pending rape trials by late 2023. Conservative-leaning analyses and judicial reviews challenged perceived softening of guidance post-2018, arguing that shifts away from strict corroboration risked miscarriages by prioritizing belief in complainant accounts over forensic thresholds, though a 2021 Court of Appeal ruling upheld CPS policy as lawful. Hill conceded a "crisis in public trust" from the conviction collapse but attributed persistent lows primarily to upstream police investigation gaps rather than prosecutorial decisions, with CPS data showing no systemic bar-lowering but rather sustained application of the two-stage test.

Disclosure failures and systemic CPS issues

During Max Hill's tenure as , the continued to face significant challenges in complying with disclosure obligations, as highlighted in a January 2020 joint inspection by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) and Her Majesty's Inspectorate (HMCPSI). The report examined CPS handling of unused material in cases, finding that proper charging advice on disclosable and non-disclosable material was provided in only 49% of sampled cases, an improvement from 29% in 2017 but indicative of persistent gaps. Similarly, advice on pursuing reasonable lines of inquiry was given in 74% of cases, up from 46%, yet feedback to police on unused material in pre-charge stages remained unacceptably low. These shortcomings were attributed to shortages of experienced prosecutors and investigators, compounded by the rising volume and complexity of such as data and footage. Empirical data underscored the scale of the problem, with CPS records showing 841 cases halted due to disclosure failures in the 2017-18 financial year, a figure that escalated to 1,648 collapses in the year ending 30 June 2021—more than double the 2015-16 total. This rise occurred despite prior commitments to reform, reflecting systemic strains from chronic underfunding, including a 25% reduction that resulted in the loss of one-third of CPS staff since 2010, and reliance on inexperienced personnel unfamiliar with disclosure protocols. Critics, including legal experts, argued that such lapses risked prolonging unjust prosecutions and eroding public confidence, with official figures potentially understating the issue due to inconsistent recording practices. In response, the CPS under Hill implemented the National Disclosure Improvement Plan (NDIP), launched in 2018 in partnership with the , which included upgrades to case management systems for better recording of disclosure decisions and £85 million in targeted to bolster compliance. Phase Two of the NDIP, reported in January 2020, emphasized technological aids to identify and process material more efficiently. However, inspectorates noted that these measures had not fully addressed underlying cultural and operational deficiencies, such as inadequate training and oversight, leading to recurring non-compliance even as case volumes grew amid broader backlogs.

Post-DPP career and legacy

Transition to private practice

In March 2023, Max Hill announced his intention to resign as at the conclusion of his five-year term on 31 October 2023, declining to seek an extension despite the option to do so. This decision aligned with the standard term length for the role, allowing for a structured handover to his successor while enabling pursuit of opportunities beyond public service. Hill transitioned promptly to private practice by joining , an firm, as in its office effective 1 February 2024. In this position, he focused on advisory work in areas such as , white-collar defense, government investigations, and special matters, leveraging his prior experience in high-stakes prosecutions. His early engagements emphasized client counseling and policy-related guidance, designed to steer clear of immediate overlaps with ongoing operations or sensitive public interests. The move, however, prompted review by the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments, which determined that commencing employment prior to formal clearance constituted a breach of post-government appointment rules.

Honors, speeches, and ongoing influence

In the , Max Hill was appointed Knight Commander of the (KCB) for services to law and order, recognizing his leadership in strategic engagement across the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and collaboration with partners. He already held the title (KC), reflecting his prior designation as a senior . Following his tenure as DPP, Hill assumed patron roles with organizations focused on and violence prevention, including joining the patron's circle of The Vavengers, a charity dedicated to ending female genital mutilation (FGM) and other forms of and girls, announced on March 25, 2025. He also became chair of the Drive Forward Foundation in February 2024, a charity supporting young people affected by the system. Hill has delivered key post-DPP speeches emphasizing prosecutorial independence and systemic evolution. In a September 28, 2023, address at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), he reflected on two decades of prosecutions, underscoring the CPS's operational from political influence while adapting to evolving threats. At the University of Cambridge's Institute of Criminology in 2025, he discussed the criminal justice system's trajectory in , drawing on his experience since being called to the Bar in 1987 to advocate for practical reforms grounded in evidentiary standards over ideological pressures. He has appeared on podcasts addressing global legal challenges, including a May 2024 episode on his barristerial career and a October 2025 discussion on FGM enforcement disparities. Hill's ongoing influence manifests in advisory capacities within private practice at firms like and through public commentary prioritizing evidence-based decision-making in prosecutions, countering critiques of CPS inefficiencies by highlighting the need for resource allocation driven by case merits rather than external narratives. His engagements have contributed to on balancing with , though legacy assessments remain mixed amid documented CPS disclosure shortfalls during his tenure.

References

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  2. https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk/biography/max-hill-qc
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  5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RegF0prK0y8
  6. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/24/former-cps-chief-clampdown-protests-risks-creating-thought-crimes
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  65. https://rozenberg.substack.com/p/dpp-to-step-down-in-the-autumn
  66. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/max-hill-kc-step-down-132404850.html
  67. https://www.the-independent.com/news/uk/crown-prosecution-service-director-of-public-prosecutions-london-damilola-taylor-b2305105.html
  68. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65e5d42a7bc329020bb8c20b/Chair_to_Department_and_Max_Hill.pdf
  69. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/king-spalding-adds-ex-director-of-public-prosecutions-hill
  70. https://www.globallegalpost.com/news/former-director-of-public-prosecutions-sir-max-hill-kc-joins-king-spalding-in-london-1177747365
  71. https://www.civilserviceworld.com/professions/article/sir-max-hill-admonished-for-unambigious-breach-of-lobbying-rules
  72. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/new-year-honours-list-2024-high-awards/new-year-honours-list-2024-high-awards-html
  73. https://thevavengers.co.uk/blognews/sir-max-hill-kc-joins-the-patrons-circle-of-the-vavengers
  74. https://driveforwardfoundation.org/drive-forward-foundation-welcomes-sir-max-hill-as-new-chair/
  75. https://www.rusi.org/members-event-recordings/recording-max-hill-kc-reflections-20-years-terrorism-prosecutions
  76. https://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/events/criminal-justice-system-england-and-wales-2025-sir-max-hill-kc
  77. https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/sir-max-hill-kc-part-1/id1513154770?i=1000655165579
  78. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9HPI1rgZo4
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