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Midnight
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Midnight at Metz railway station, in France

Midnight is the transition time from one day to the next – the moment when the date changes, on the local official clock time for any particular jurisdiction. By clock time, midnight is the opposite of noon, differing from it by 12 hours.

Solar midnight is the time opposite to solar noon, when the Sun is closest to the nadir, and the night is equidistant from sunset and sunrise. Due to the advent of time zones, which regularize time across a range of meridians, and daylight saving time, solar midnight rarely coincides with 12 midnight on the clock. Solar midnight depends on longitude and time of the year rather than on time zone. In ancient Roman timekeeping, midnight was halfway between dusk and dawn (i.e., solar midnight), varying according to the seasons.

In some Slavic languages, "midnight" has an additional geographic association with "north" (as "noon" does with "south"). Modern Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Serbian languages preserve this association with their words for "midnight" or "half-night" (północ, поўнач, північ, поноћ) also meaning "north".[1]

Start and end of day

[edit]
Main article: 12-hour clock § Confusion at noon and midnight
Photograph of the moon taken at midnight

Midnight marks the beginning and ending of each day in civil time throughout the world. As the dividing point between one day and another, midnight defies easy classification as either part of the preceding day or of the following day. Though there is no global unanimity on the issue, most often midnight is considered the start of a new day and is associated with the hour 00:00.

Strictly speaking, it is incorrect to use "a.m." and "p.m." when referring to noon or midnight. The abbreviation a.m. stands for ante meridiem or before noon, and p.m. stands for post meridiem or after noon. Since noon is neither before nor after noon, and midnight is exactly twelve hours before and after noon, neither abbreviation is correct. However, many digital representations of time are configured to require an "a.m." or "p.m." designation, preventing the correct absence of such designators at midnight. In such cases, there is no international standard defining which arbitrary selection is best.[2]

In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers commonly display 12 a.m. at midnight. The 30th edition of the U.S. Government Style Manual (2008), in sections 9.54 and 12.9b, recommended the use of "12 a.m." for midnight and "12 p.m." for noon.[3][4] However, the previous 29th edition of the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2000), in section 12.9, recommended the opposite. There is no further record documenting this change. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends avoiding confusion altogether by using "11:59 pm" or "12:01 am" and the intended date instead of "midnight" or "12:00 am".[5]

There are several common approaches to identifying and distinguishing the precise start and end of any given day.

  • Use of a 24-hour clock can remove ambiguity. The "midnight" term can be avoided altogether if the end of the day is noted as 24:00 and the beginning of the day as 00:00. While both notations refer to the same moment in time, the choice of notation allows its association with the previous night or with the following morning.
  • "Midnight" can be augmented with additional disambiguating information. A day and time of day may be explicitly identified together, for example "midnight Saturday night." Alternatively, midnight as the division between days may be highlighted by identifying the pair of days so divided: "midnight Saturday/Sunday" or "midnight December 14/15."
  • The approach recommended by the NIST ("11:59 p.m." or "12:01 a.m." instead of midnight) can be particularly helpful when any ambiguity can have serious consequences, such as with contracts and other legal instruments.[5]
  • A clear convention may be legally defined or culturally promulgated. For example, the Hebrew calendar associates the start of a new day with sundown and midnight being a relative hour falling six hours after sundown.[6]: 25  Similarly, in traditional Arabic time at sunset, which marked the start of each new day, clocks were reset to 12:00.[7]: 381  As noted above, however, such conventions or definitions may not be uniformly observed.
  • The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in specification ISO 8601 states: "00:00:00" may be used to refer to midnight corresponding to the instant at the beginning of a calendar day; and "24:00:00" to refer to midnight corresponding to the instant at the end of a calendar day.
  • The AP Stylebook assigns "midnight" to the day that is ending, not the day beginning.

References

[edit]
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Midnight

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from Grokipedia
Midnight is the moment of 12:00 at night, specifically denoting the middle of the nocturnal period exactly 12 hours after noon. In timekeeping conventions, it represents the transition point between the end of one day and the beginning of the next, occurring at 00:00 in the system. The notation for midnight in the is conventionally 12:00 a.m., where "a.m." stands for ante meridiem (before ), distinguishing it from noon at 12:00 p.m. However, this AM/PM designation for midnight and noon lacks official standardization and can lead to confusion, prompting recommendations from authoritative bodies to use descriptive terms like "midnight" or the unambiguous 24-hour format of 00:00 instead. For precision in scientific, legal, and transportation contexts, midnight is treated as the start of the new day to align with reckoning. Beyond its technical definition, midnight serves as a pivotal reference in daily schedules, , and cultural practices worldwide, often symbolizing renewal—such as at New Year's celebrations—or the boundary for operational deadlines. The term has roots in historical time divisions and has been in use since before the , reflecting humanity's long-standing efforts to structure the 24-hour cycle around solar and civil needs.

Definition and Timekeeping

Basic Definition

Midnight is the midpoint of the night, etymologically derived from Old English midniht, meaning "middle of the night," which traces back to Proto-Germanic *midjanahts, combining elements for "middle" and "night." In modern timekeeping, midnight precisely denotes the transition between one calendar day and the next, conventionally marked at 00:00 in the 24-hour clock format or as 12:00 a.m. in the 12-hour format, though authorities recommend avoiding a.m./p.m. designations for midnight to prevent ambiguity and instead using the term directly. This moment serves as the boundary where the date advances, signifying the start of a new day in civil reckoning. Unlike noon, which represents the opposite midpoint at 12:00 midday separating the morning and afternoon halves of the daylight period, midnight divides the nocturnal portion of the 24-hour cycle, standing as its central point equidistant from sunset and sunrise in equal-hour systems. The concept of midnight evolved in ancient civilizations through early timekeeping devices like sundials for daytime and water clocks (clepsydrae) for nighttime, where it marked the zenith or middle of the 12 unequal night hours, providing a fixed nocturnal reference despite varying seasonal darkness. In these systems, water clocks measured the flow to delineate hours from dusk to dawn, positioning midnight as the night's temporal peak around 1500 BCE in Egyptian and Babylonian practices.

Clock Formats and Conventions

In the 12-hour clock system, midnight is conventionally denoted as 12:00 AM and noon as 12:00 PM to distinguish the transition points, though this notation introduces ambiguity since both occur at the 12 o'clock position on analog dials and can lead to confusion in scheduling or documentation. The (ISO) addresses this through , which mandates the 24-hour format and represents midnight unambiguously as 00:00:00, recommending it over AM/PM to ensure clarity in international communications and data exchange. Analog clocks typically display midnight with hour and minute hands overlapping at the 12 position, while digital clocks show 00:00 in 24-hour format or 12:00 AM in 12-hour format, with the former preferred for precision to avoid overlap with noon. In programming and computing contexts, midnight is standardized as the start of the day at 00:00:00, a convention embedded in languages like Java and systems like Unix time, where date truncation functions reset to this epoch to mark the beginning of a calendar day. Regional preferences influence these notations: in the United States, civilian contexts favor the 12-hour AM/PM system for everyday use, whereas the military employs the 24-hour format starting at 0000 hours for midnight to minimize errors in operations. In contrast, many European countries default to the 24-hour clock in both civilian and official settings, aligning with ISO 8601 for consistency. Leap seconds, inserted occasionally into Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align atomic clocks with Earth's rotation, are typically added at the end of June or December just before midnight, creating a 23:59:60 UTC second that extends the minute preceding 00:00:00. This rare adjustment—none since 2016 and planned for discontinuation by 2035—has minimal practical impact on most midnight timings but requires synchronization in global timekeeping systems to prevent discrepancies in computing and navigation.

Astronomical Perspectives

Solar and Civil Midnight

Civil midnight refers to the clock time of 00:00 in the 24-hour format, marking the boundary between two consecutive days in civil timekeeping systems, which are based on mean solar time and independent of the sun's actual position in the sky. This standardized moment ensures consistent day transitions across time zones, regardless of local astronomical events. In contrast, solar midnight is the instant when the sun reaches its lowest point in the sky relative to the observer's location, typically below the horizon, occurring midway between sunset and sunrise or when the sun is at its . This event is determined by apparent , which accounts for the irregular motion of the sun due to Earth's elliptical orbit and . The relationship between apparent and mean (the basis for civil clocks) is given by the equation apparent = mean + , where the is a correction factor varying between -14 and +16 minutes throughout the year, reflecting discrepancies in the sun's apparent motion. Solar midnight thus shifts daily relative to civil midnight by this amount, plus any longitude-based adjustments. Near the equator, where daylight and nighttime durations remain approximately equal year-round (about 12 hours each), solar midnight aligns closely with civil midnight, with deviations primarily limited to the equation of time's range, ensuring minimal daily variation in timing. In polar regions, however, Earth's 23.44-degree causes extreme seasonal effects: during the midnight sun (polar day) in summer, the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours or more, resulting in absent traditional solar midnights as the sun circles without dipping below the horizon; conversely, during in winter, the sun stays below the horizon continuously, but solar midnight still occurs daily as the sun reaches its lowest point in its path below the horizon. Historically, midnight served as a key reference in astronomical observations for determining stellar positions, as seen in Ptolemy's (circa 150 CE), where he cites earlier Greek astronomers like Timocharis describing the rising of stars such as relative to midnight timings to establish celestial coordinates and verify rates. These midnight-based measurements allowed for accurate recording of star declinations and longitudes when celestial bodies were well-positioned overhead, contributing to the foundational star catalog in the .

Sidereal and Observational Contexts

In astronomy, sidereal midnight marks the instant when local sidereal time reaches 12 hours, corresponding to the vernal equinox reaching lower transit across the local meridian (i.e., the point opposite the ). This differs from solar midnight—the moment when the Sun reaches its lowest point in the sky—by approximately 4 minutes per day, a shift arising from Earth's orbital motion around the Sun, which causes the sidereal day to be about 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds long. The calculation of , essential for determining sidereal midnight, relies on established formulas that convert to Greenwich mean sidereal time (GMST), adjusted for local . A common approximation for GMST in degrees is 280.46061837 + 360.98564736629 × (JD − 2451545.0), where JD is the Julian Date; divide by 15 to obtain hours (modulo 24). Local mean sidereal time (LMST) is then GMST plus the observer's in hours (positive eastward). This formula captures the rates, with the coefficient 1.00273790935 (embedded in the daily rate 360.98564736629 / 360 ≈ 1.00273790935) reflecting the ratio of sidereal to solar day lengths. In practical astronomical observations, sidereal midnight plays a key role in scheduling telescope sessions at observatories, where instruments are often aligned to track celestial objects transiting near this time for maximal visibility and minimal atmospheric interference. For instance, major facilities like those at use sidereal clocks to time exposures when targets are near the meridian at or around sidereal midnight, optimizing signal-to-noise ratios under darker skies away from twilight. Contemporary space missions further leverage sidereal midnight for precise orbital timing. NASA's (GPS) satellites, for example, complete orbits every 12 sidereal hours, with ground passes and visibility windows calculated relative to sidereal midnight to synchronize with Earth's stellar-referenced rotation, ensuring accurate positioning data. This approach extends to other missions, such as low-Earth orbit satellites, where sidereal timing minimizes errors in predicting overflights and .

Cultural and Symbolic Meanings

In Religion and Folklore

In , midnight symbolizes both divine and supernatural peril. The Midnight Mass, a solemn celebrated on at or near midnight, commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ, rooted in the ancient belief that the Nativity occurred at this hour, as referenced in scriptural interpretations of quiet silence enveloping the world. This tradition, observed in Catholic and some Protestant denominations, features the proclamation from the announcing Christ's birth in the fullness of time. Conversely, in medieval Christian folklore, midnight was known as the , a period when demons and malevolent spirits were thought to be most active, prompting warnings against venturing out to avoid encounters with the infernal. Jewish tradition associates midnight with themes of redemption, judgment, and lamentation. The biblical account in Exodus 12:29 describes the tenth plague striking at midnight, when the Lord slew the firstborn of , signaling the ' imminent liberation and establishing midnight as a moment of divine intervention. This event is commemorated during , underscoring midnight's role in narratives of exodus and salvation. Furthermore, the ritual of Tikkun Chatzot, practiced by observant particularly in Kabbalistic circles, involves waking after midnight to recite penitential prayers mourning the destruction of the Temples in , viewing this hour as ideal for spiritual introspection due to its association with cosmic sorrow and potential redemption. In , midnight is a time of heightened spiritual devotion, particularly through the prayer, a voluntary night prayer performed after midnight and before dawn. Emphasized in the (17:79) and , it symbolizes seeking forgiveness, closeness to , and mercy, often associated with prophets like rising at this hour for supplication. In broader , midnight serves as a liminal threshold teeming with spiritual activity across cultures. Slavic myths portray it as a time when the veil between realms thins, enabling restless spirits and nightmare entities like the —a female who torments sleepers, especially children, with frightening dreams and suffocation—to emerge and haunt the living. Similarly, ancient Hindu epics such as the depict midnight battles, like the chaotic night slaughter on the fourteenth day of the , where darkness amplifies confusion, heroism, and supernatural elements, symbolizing the blurring of moral boundaries in wartime strife. Superstitions surrounding midnight often emphasize caution during this hour to evade ill fortune, with roots in pre-Christian rituals tied to solstices and the winter's deepest darkness. In various European and Indo-European traditions, traveling at night was deemed risky, as it invited encounters with omens or vengeful spirits believed to roam freely then. These beliefs stem from ancient solstice observances, where bonfires and chants warded off nocturnal perils during the longest nights, preserving communal safety through ritual vigilance. In , often serves as a motif symbolizing the boundary between the rational world and the , heightening tension and evoking apparitions or inner turmoil. In William Shakespeare's , the of King Hamlet appears on the battlements of Elsinore Castle precisely at , as indicated in Act 1, Scene 1, where the clock strikes twelve amid the guards' watch, establishing the hour as a time when spirits walk the night and omens portend . This nocturnal timing underscores the play's themes of revenge and mortality, with the ghost's departure at dawn reinforcing 's liminal quality. Similarly, Edgar Allan Poe employs midnight in "The Raven" (1845) to create a gothic atmosphere of unrelenting grief and isolation. The poem opens with "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary," setting the scene in a chamber at the stroke of twelve, where the narrator's mourning for Lenore is interrupted by the titular bird, symbolizing eternal loss. Scholarly analysis interprets this midnight setting as emblematic of melancholy's culmination, marking the "death" of the day and amplifying the poem's themes of despair through its association with darkness and finality. Poe's choice evokes a psychological descent, blending the temporal endpoint with emotional void. In visual art, midnight inspires depictions of stillness, mystery, and existential dread, often through nocturnal landscapes that capture the night's introspective hush. Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night (1889) portrays a swirling over a quiet village, using bold blues and luminous stars to convey cosmic turmoil and the artist's inner anguish during his asylum stay in Saint-Rémy. The painting's turbulent heavens at this late hour symbolize the interplay between human solitude and the vast, indifferent universe, influencing modern interpretations of time's emotional weight. Jean-Charles Cazin’s (c. 1890s) further exemplifies this, rendering a serene yet surreal urban scene under a pitch-black sky, emphasizing silence and the uncanny calm of the as hallmarks of impressionist nocturnes. Midnight permeates popular culture as a trope for tension, transformation, and the , frequently marking pivotal moments of pursuit or revelation. The 1988 film , directed by , uses the term in its title to frame a high-stakes cross-country chase involving a and a fugitive accountant, with nocturnal sequences amplifying suspense and moral ambiguity during late-night encounters. In music, covered the traditional folk song "Midnight Special" during their 1969 sessions, interpreting the lyrics' reference to a midnight train as a beacon of hope for prisoners, infusing the track with their signature energy while nodding to themes of escape and longing. In 20th- and 21st-century media, midnight evolves as a narrative device for or epiphany, often blurring and . Rod Serling's anthology series exemplifies this in the episode "The Midnight Sun" (1961), where perpetual daylight from Earth's orbital shift leads to scorching apocalypse, only for the climax at "five minutes to twelve" to reveal the ordeal as a dream induced by opposite conditions—endless night—highlighting midnight's role in subverting expectations of doom and renewal. This trope persists in contemporary television and , positioning midnight as a threshold for twists or personal reckonings, distinct from its earlier literary hauntings by emphasizing psychological over mere apparition.

Day Boundaries and Administrative Uses

In most legal jurisdictions, midnight serves as the precise boundary marking the end of one calendar day and the beginning of the next, influencing the timing of contract expirations, filing deadlines, and statutes of limitations. For instance, under the U.S. , the final day of any prescribed period for actions like motions or filings concludes at midnight in the court's , ensuring a clear delineation for procedural compliance. Similarly, in , when a accrues exactly at midnight—such as a contractual deadline—the limitation period for claims includes the entirety of the following day as a complete, undivided unit, as affirmed by the UK Supreme Court in cases involving midnight deadlines. This convention prevents fractional days from complicating time computations and upholds uniformity in legal proceedings. Administratively, midnight functions as a key pivot for operational transitions across various sectors, particularly in continuous-service industries. In healthcare, night shifts often commence or conclude around midnight to maintain 24-hour patient care, with studies indicating that such scheduling aligns with standard rotations starting between 10:00 p.m. and midnight to cover peak overnight demands. Transportation systems, including rail and aviation, similarly use midnight boundaries for crew changes and route handovers, minimizing disruptions while adhering to regulatory rest periods. Additionally, many countries initiate their fiscal years at midnight on the designated start date, such as October 1 for the U.S. federal government, to synchronize budgeting, reporting, and appropriations without intraday overlaps. Historically, the alignment of midnight as a day boundary evolved from earlier systems, contrasting with ancient practices like the Egyptian civil calendar, where days began at sunrise to reflect agricultural and solar cycles. The Romans later shifted toward a midnight start in their later republican and imperial calendars, adopting a more nocturnal division influenced by astronomical observations, which standardized the 24-hour day from midnight to midnight and laid groundwork for modern Western conventions. However, exceptions persist in certain contexts; for example, in many Islamic countries following the Hijri calendar, the day traditionally begins at sunset rather than midnight, structuring religious observances and legal timings around the solar cycle from Maghrib to the next Maghrib.

Time Zones and Global Variations

Midnight, defined locally as 00:00 in each , shifts progressively westward across the globe due to the rotation of the and the establishment of standardized time zones. The , an imaginary boundary running roughly along the 180° meridian in the , demarcates the transition between calendar days, ensuring that midnight marks the beginning of a new date as one crosses it from east to west. This line, while not strictly straight to accommodate political boundaries, facilitates the sequential occurrence of midnight in the 24 primary time zones, each nominally separated by one hour from (UTC). However, deviations exist, including half-hour offsets in regions like , where India Standard Time (IST) is set at UTC+5:30 to balance the country's longitudinal span, a practice formalized in 1947 but rooted in earlier colonial adjustments. Notable variations arise in polar regions and through historical political decisions. Time zones extend to UTC+12 and UTC-12, primarily affecting remote areas; for instance, Antarctic research stations often adopt UTC+12 (such as those aligned with time) during summer operations, while UTC-12 applies to uninhabited Pacific islets like , creating a full 24-hour span across the extremes. A prominent historical anomaly occurred in in 1940, when dictator shifted the country from (UTC+0) to (UTC+1) to align with during , despite Spain's geography placing it closer to UTC+0. This change misaligned local midnight with solar midnight, shifting apparent noon to around 14:00 and contributing to later daily schedules that persist today. Global events like highlight these variations, as midnight propagates eastward around the world. The first midnight of the occurs in Kiribati's at UTC+14, marking the earliest transition, while the last inhabited midnight falls in at UTC-11, nearly 25 hours later due to the date line's zigzags. In the digital era, protocols mitigate these discrepancies for synchronized operations; the Network Time Protocol (NTP) enables devices worldwide to synchronize clocks to UTC with millisecond precision, after which operating systems apply zone offsets to determine midnight, ensuring consistent global coordination in and communications.

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