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Orthrus
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In Greek mythology, Orthrus (Ancient Greek: Ὄρθρος, Orthros) or Orthus (Ancient Greek: Ὄρθος, Orthos) was, according to the mythographer Apollodorus, a two-headed dog who guarded Geryon's cattle and was killed by Heracles.[1] He was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, and the brother of Cerberus, who was also a multi-headed guard dog.[2]
Name
[edit]His name is given as either "Orthrus" (Ὄρθρος) or "Orthus" (Ὄρθος). For example, Hesiod, the oldest source, calls the hound "Orthus", while Apollodorus calls him "Orthrus".[3]
Mythology
[edit]According to Hesiod, Orthrus was the father of the Sphinx and the Nemean Lion, though whom Hesiod meant as the mother, whether it is Orthrus' own mother Echidna, the Chimera, or Ceto, is unclear.[4]
Orthrus and his master Eurytion were charged with guarding the three-headed, or three-bodied giant Geryon's herd of red cattle in the "sunset" land of Erytheia ("red one"), an island in the far west of the Mediterranean.[5] Heracles killed Orthrus, and later slew Eurytion and Geryon before taking the red cattle to complete his tenth labor. According to Apollodorus, Heracles killed Orthrus with his club, although in art Orthrus is sometimes depicted pierced by arrows.[6]
The poet Pindar refers to the "hounds of Geryon" trembling before Heracles.[7] Pindar's use of the plural "hounds" in connection with Geryon is unique.[8] He may have used the plural because Orthus had multiple heads, or perhaps because he knew a tradition in which Geryon had more than one dog.[9]
In art
[edit]
Depictions of Orthrus in art are rare, and always in connection with the theft of Geryon's cattle by Heracles. He is usually shown dead or dying, sometimes pierced by one or more arrows.[10]
The earliest depiction of Orthrus is found on a late seventh-century bronze horse pectoral from Samos (Samos B2518).[11] It shows a two-headed Orthrus, with an arrow protruding from one of his heads, crouching at the feet, and in front of Geryon. Orthrus is facing Heracles, who stands to the left, wearing his characteristic lion-skin, fighting Geryon to the right.
A red-figure cup by Euphronios from Vulci c. 550–500 BC (Munich 2620) shows a two-headed Orthrus lying belly-up, with an arrow piercing his chest, and his snake tail still writhing behind him.[12] Heracles is on the left, wearing his lion-skin, fighting a three-bodied Geryon to the right. An Attic black-figure neck amphora, by the Swing Painter c. 550–500 BC (Cab. Med. 223), shows a two-headed Orthrus, at the feet of a three-bodied Geryon, with two arrows protruding through one of his heads, and a dog tail.[13]
According to Apollodorus, Orthrus had two heads; however, in art, the number varies.[14] As in the Samos pectoral, Euphronios' cup, and the Swing Painter's, amphora, Orthrus is usually depicted with two heads,[15] although, from the mid sixth century, he is sometimes depicted with only one head,[16] while one early fifth century BC Cypriot stone relief gives him three heads, á la Cerberus.[17]
The Euphronios cup, and the stone relief depict Orthrus, like Cerberus, with a snake tail, though usually he is shown with a dog tail, as in the Swing Painter's amphora.[18]
Similarities with Cerberus
[edit]Orthrus bears a close resemblance to Cerberus, the hound of Hades. The classical scholar Arthur Bernard Cook called Orthrus Cerberus' "doublet".[19] According to Hesiod, Cerberus, like Orthrus was the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. And like Orthrus, Cerberus was multi-headed. The earliest accounts gave Cerberus fifty,[20] or even one hundred heads,[21] though in literature three heads for Cerberus became the standard.[22] However, in art, often only two heads for Cerberus are shown.[23] Cerberus was also usually depicted with a snake tail, just as Orthrus was sometimes. Both became guard dogs, with Cerberus guarding the gates of Hades, and both were overcome by Heracles in one of his labours.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.10.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 306–312; Apollodorus, 2.5.10. Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica (or Fall of Troy) 6.249 ff. (pp. 272–273) has Cerberus as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, and Orthrus as his brother.
- ^ Hesiod Theogony 293, 309, 327; Apollodorus, 2.5.10. For the form of the name used in other sources see West, pp. 248–249 line 293 Ὄρθον; Frazer's note 4 to Apollodorus, 2.5.10.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 326–329. The referent of "she" in line 326 of the Theogony is uncertain, see Clay, p.159, with n. 34.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 287–294, 979–983; Apollodorus, 2.5.10; Gantz, pp. 402–408.
- ^ Woodford, p. 106.
- ^ Pindar, Isthmian 1.13–15.
- ^ Race, p. 139 n. 3.
- ^ Bury, pp. 12–13 n. 13; Fennell, p. 129 n. 13.
- ^ Woodford, p, 106; Ogden, p. 114.
- ^ Woodford, p. 106; Stafford, pp. 43–44; Ogden, p. 114 n. 256; LIMC Orthros I 19.
- ^ Beazley Archive 200080; LIMC Orthros I 14; Schefold, pp. 126–128, figs. 147, 148; Stafford, p. 45; Gantz, p. 403.
- ^ Beazley Archive 301557; LIMC Orthros I 12; Ogden, p. 114 n. 257; Gantz, p. 403.
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.10; Cook, p. 410; Ogden, p. 114.
- ^ Woodford, p. 106; Ogden, p. 114, with n. 256; LIMC Orthros I 19. Other two-headed examples include: LIMC Orthros I 6–18, 20.
- ^ Ogden, p. 114, with n. 256. For an example of a one-headed Orthrus see: British Museum B194 (Bristish Museum 1836,0224.103; Beazley Archive 310316; LIMC Orthros I 2). Other one-headed examples include: LIMC Orthros I 1, 3–5.
- ^ LIMC Orthros I 21; Metropolitan Museum of Art 74.51.2853; Mertens, p. 78, fig. 31.
- ^ Ogden, Ogden, p. 114, with n. 256.
- ^ Cook, p. 410.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 311–312.
- ^ Pindar fragment F249a/b SM, from a lost Pindar poem on Heracles in the underworld, according to a scholia on the Iliad, Gantz p. 22; Ogden, p. 105, with n. 182.
- ^ Ogden, pp. 105–106, with n. 183.
- ^ Ogden, p. 106, wonders whether "such images salute or establish a tradition of a two-headed Cerberus, or are we to imagine a third head concealed behind the two that can be seen?"
References
[edit]- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Bury, J. B. The Isthmian Odes of Pindar, Macmillan, 1892.
- Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume III: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, Meteorites), Part I: Text and Notes, Cambridge University Press 1940. Internet Archive
- Clay, Jenny Strauss, Hesiod's Cosmos, Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-82392-0.
- Fennel, Charles Augustus Maude, Pindar: The Nemean and Isthmian Odes : with Notes Explanatory and Critical, Intro., and Introductory Essays, University Press, 1883.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
- Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Mertens, Joan R., How to Read Vases, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010, ISBN 9781588394040.
- Ogden, Daniel, Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 9780199557325.
- Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Race, William H., Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments, Edited and translated by William H. Race. Loeb Classical Library 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, revised 2012. ISBN 978-0-674-99534-5. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Schefold, Karl, Luca Giuliani, Gods and Heroes in Late Archaic Greek Art, Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 9780521327183
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy, Translator: A.S. Way; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1913. Internet Archive
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Orthrus"
- Stafford, Emma, Herakles, Routledge, 2013. ISBN 9781136519277.
- West, M. L. (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press.
- Woodford, Susan, "Othros I", in Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC) VII.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1994. ISBN 3760887511. pp. 105–107.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Orthrus at Wikimedia Commons- Theoi Project - Kyon Orthros
Orthrus
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
In Greek mythology, Orthrus (also spelled Orthos) was a two-headed dog, born to the monstrous serpentine parents Typhon and Echidna, who served as the guardian of the red cattle belonging to the three-bodied giant Geryon on the island of Erytheia.[1] As the sibling of the three-headed hound Cerberus and the Chimera, Orthrus was depicted in ancient sources as a fearsome, serpent-tailed beast tasked with protecting Geryon's vast herds alongside the herdsman Eurytion.[1] His most notable role culminated in his death during Heracles' tenth labor, when the hero slew him with a club or arrow to seize the cattle, an event described in classical texts as occurring in a meadow beyond the river Oceanus.[1] Orthrus' parentage and demise underscore his place among the offspring of primordial chaos, embodying the perilous challenges faced by Heracles in his quest to atone for his sins through the Twelve Labors.[1]
Etymology
Linguistic Origins
The name Orthrus originates from the ancient Greek term Ὄρθρος (Orthros), denoting "dawn" or "daybreak." This word traces back to the Proto-Indo-European root h₃erdʰ-, signifying "to rise," which also underlies cognates like the Greek ὀρθός (orthos, "straight" or "upright") and Latin ortus ("rising").[2] In Latinized transcriptions, the name appears with variations such as Orthrus, Orthos, or Orthus, reflecting adaptations in Roman texts and later scholarship. These forms preserve the phonetic structure of the original Greek while accommodating Latin orthography.[1] The earliest textual attestation of the name occurs in Hesiod's Theogony (c. 8th-7th century BCE), specifically at lines 293-294 for the slaying by Heracles, and lines 306-309 for birth to Typhon and Echidna, where it is rendered as Ὄρθρον (Orthron). Subsequent appearances include Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheca (1st-2nd century CE), which employs Ὄρθρος (Orthros) in describing the creature's role as guardian of Geryon's cattle. No direct mention of the name appears in Homeric epics.[3][4]Interpretations of the Name
The name Orthrus (Ancient Greek: Ὄρθρος, Orthros), often interpreted as deriving from the noun orthros meaning "dawn" or "early morning twilight," may carry connotations related to transition or vigilance.[1] Scholarly discussions on the name also consider an alternative derivation from orthos, meaning "straight" or "upright," suggesting connotations of steadfast guardianship.[1]Mythological Background
Parentage and Family
In Greek mythology, Orthrus was born to the monstrous parents Typhon and Echidna, as recounted in ancient sources. Hesiod's Theogony describes Echidna as the first to bear Typhon the hound Orthrus, destined to serve as the herding dog for Geryon.[5] Similarly, Pseudo-Apollodorus in the Bibliotheca identifies Orthrus as a two-headed hound begotten by Typhon on Echidna.[6] Orthrus belonged to a notorious lineage of chthonic monsters sired by Typhon and Echidna, including his siblings Cerberus—the multi-headed guardian of the Underworld— the Lernaean Hydra, and the Chimera.[7][8][9] These offspring formed a cadre of fearsome beasts embodying chaos and destruction, often pitted against heroes in later myths. Within the broader Typhonian genealogy, Orthrus represented a direct product of primordial forces, as Typhon himself was the offspring of Gaia and Tartarus, born to challenge the Olympian order.[10] Echidna, Orthrus's mother, was depicted by Hesiod as a hybrid creature—half beautiful nymph and half fearsome serpent—daughter of the sea deities Phorcys and Ceto, thus linking the family to ancient marine and earth-born chaos.[11] This heritage underscored the monstrous progeny as embodiments of the disruptive elements subdued by the gods.[3]Physical Description
Orthrus is consistently portrayed in ancient Greek mythology as a monstrous two-headed canine, designed as a vigilant guardian beast. According to the mythographer Pseudo-Apollodorus in the Bibliotheca, Orthrus was a hound with two heads, offspring of the primordial monsters Typhon and Echidna, and he served to protect the expansive red cattle herds of the giant Geryon on the distant island of Erytheia.[12] This dual-headed form allowed for enhanced awareness and ferocity, underscoring his role in deterring theft from a vast, valuable flock.[1] Descriptions often emphasize Orthrus's immense stature, befitting a sentinel over enormous herds in remote, perilous territories, with his body scaled to match the superhuman threats he faced, such as the hero Heracles during one of the Twelve Labors.[1] A serpent tail is frequently attributed to him in ancient art, enhancing his menacing profile and evoking the draconic peril of his surroundings.[1] While the standard portrayal in Pseudo-Apollodorus specifies two heads without further elaboration, variations appear in ancient artistic depictions, which sometimes include additional serpentine elements that amplify his hybrid monstrosity.[1] Within his monstrous family, Orthrus exhibits hybrid traits inherited from his mother Echidna's serpentine lower body, such as potential reptilian appendages, mirroring those of his sibling Cerberus—the multi-headed underworld hound—though Orthrus is generally depicted as smaller and less overpowering in form, with fewer heads contributing to a comparatively restrained terror.[1]Role in Greek Mythology
Association with Geryon
In Greek mythology, Orthrus served as the loyal guardian dog of the three-bodied giant Geryon, stationed on the remote island of Erytheia at the western edge of the world to protect his renowned herd of red cattle.[12] These cattle, described as crimson-colored and of exceptional beauty, held divine significance, often associated with solar imagery due to their location in the sunset lands where Helios stabled his own herds.[12][13] Orthrus, with his two heads enabling heightened vigilance, worked alongside the herdsman Eurytion to safeguard this prized livestock in a gloomy meadow beyond the earth-encircling river Okeanos.[12] Geryon's realm on Erytheia represented a liminal zone in Greek cosmology, marking the boundary between the known world and the divine or otherworldly west, sometimes linked to the nearby Hesperides.[14] As Geryon's hound, Orthrus embodied this protective function, his monstrous form—begotten by Typhon and Echidna—echoing chthonic themes of guardianship over sacred, liminal spaces in ancient geography. This role is attested in early sources, including fragments of Stesichorus's Geryoneis, where Orthrus appears as the faithful companion defending Geryon's domain.[15]Encounter with Heracles
As part of his tenth labor, Heracles was commanded by King Eurystheus to retrieve the red cattle of the three-bodied giant Geryon from the distant island of Erytheia, located at the western edge of the known world.[12] To reach this remote location, Heracles journeyed westward through Libya and along the northern coast of Africa, eventually arriving at the shores near the island after a arduous voyage across the sea.[16] Upon landing on Erytheia, Heracles first encountered the two-headed dog Orthrus, who served as the guardian of Geryon's herd and swiftly attacked the intruder.[12] Orthrus's bark alerted the herdsman Eurytion, who rushed to aid the beast, but Heracles struck the dog with his club, killing it in a single blow before dispatching Eurytion as well.[12] This confrontation preceded the main battle with Geryon himself, whom Heracles defeated with arrows after the giant pursued him while he was herding the cattle.[12] With the obstacle of Orthrus removed, the hero secured the cattle without further interference from the guardian hound.[12] Following the slaying of Geryon and the acquisition of the herd, Heracles drove the cattle eastward back to Greece, facing various challenges along the route such as monstrous obstacles and divine interventions, but ultimately delivering them to Eurystheus in Tiryns.[16] Orthrus played no further role in the myth after its death, serving solely as the initial defender in this labor and perishing without resurrection or posthumous significance.[12]Cultural Representations
In Ancient Art
Orthrus appears commonly in Attic black-figure and red-figure vase paintings from the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, primarily illustrating key moments from Heracles' tenth labor, such as the dog attacking the hero or lying slain beside Geryon. These depictions emphasize Orthrus's role as a formidable guardian, with his two heads rendered prominently to highlight his monstrous ferocity, often positioned at the feet of Geryon or in dynamic combat poses against Heracles armed with club and bow. The black-figure style, prevalent in earlier examples, uses incised details to outline the dog's serpentine tail and spiked mane, while red-figure pieces allow for more fluid anatomy and added white highlights for wounds or accents. A representative black-figure example is a neck-amphora attributed to Group E, dated circa 540 BCE, where Orthrus is shown wounded and fallen alongside the herdsman Eurytion during Heracles's assault on the three-bodied Geryon. Similarly, another Attic black-figure neck-amphora from circa 540 BCE, now in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris (De Ridder 223), features Orthrus crouching protectively near Geryon on one side, underscoring the dog's vigilant posture before the confrontation. In red-figure ware, the Type B kylix signed by Euphronios, circa 510–500 BCE, in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich (inventory 2620), portrays Orthrus dead with an arrow piercing its chest, Athena aiding Heracles in the background, and Geryon partially slain, exemplifying the technique's shift toward naturalistic shading and perspective.[17] Regional variations in these depictions are evident, with greater frequency in artifacts from western Greek contexts, such as those uncovered in Etruscan tombs at Vulci or linked to Sicilian workshops, reflecting the Geryon myth's localization in the far west near the colonies of Magna Graecia. This emphasis likely stems from the story's cultural resonance in areas like Sicily, where poets like Stesichorus elaborated on the narrative, influencing local artistic traditions to portray Orthrus more dynamically amid expansive island settings or with heightened emphasis on the cattle raid's exotic perils.In Literature
Orthrus appears briefly in Hesiod's Theogony (lines 290–294), where he is listed among the monstrous progeny of Typhon and Echidna, and noted as having been slain by Heracles along with the herdsman Eurytion during the hero's acquisition of Geryon's cattle beyond the stream of Ocean.[18] This early reference frames Orthrus primarily within a genealogical context, emphasizing his chthonic origins rather than detailed exploits. The mythographer Apollodorus provides a more expanded narrative in the Bibliotheca (2.5.10), portraying Orthrus as a two-headed hound, offspring of Typhon and Echidna, who guards the red cattle of the three-bodied giant Geryon on the island of Erytheia.[19] Here, Heracles kills Orthrus upon arriving to seize the herd as his tenth labor, highlighting the dog's role as a formidable sentinel in the hero's westward voyage. Similarly, Hyginus in the Fabulae (30 and 151) enumerates Orthrus among Typhon's children with Echidna and recounts his death at Heracles' hands during the same cattle-rustling episode, underscoring his function as a protective beast akin to his brother Cerberus.[20] Scholia to various epic poems, such as those on Apollonius Rhodius's Argonautica (4.1396–1400), reference Orthrus in glosses on Heracles' labors, often drawing from earlier traditions to explain the dog's serpentine-tailed form and association with Geryon's far-western domain.[21] Notably absent from Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Orthrus's omission reflects the epics' focus on the Trojan War and heroic returns, predating the full elaboration of the Heracles cycle in post-Homeric literature. Over time, retellings evolve Orthrus from a marginal figure in Hesiod's monstrous catalog to a key antagonist in the heroic narratives of Apollodorus and Hyginus, transforming him into a symbol of the perils faced by Heracles in his quest for Geryon's herd.Comparisons to Related Creatures
With Cerberus
Orthrus and Cerberus share a common parentage as offspring of the monstrous Typhoeus and Echidna, positioning them as siblings within a brood of fearsome creatures in Greek mythology. Both are depicted as multi-headed canine guardians, embodying threats associated with the chaotic and infernal realms; Orthrus with his two heads and serpentine tail serves as a protector of mortal treasures, while Cerberus, with three heads, a serpentine tail, and a mane of snakes, enforces the boundaries of the divine underworld. This shared lineage underscores their role as symbolic enforcers of liminal dangers, drawing from the primordial chaos represented by their parents. Despite these similarities, significant differences highlight their distinct fates and functions. Orthrus, a mortal beast, was slain by Heracles during the hero's tenth labor while defending the cattle of Geryon on the island of Erytheia. In contrast, Cerberus remains an immortal sentinel, eternally bound to guard the gates of Hades and prevent the escape of the dead, as evidenced by Heracles' twelfth labor where he temporarily subdued but did not kill the hound before returning it to the underworld. Cerberus's enduring vigilance thus contrasts with Orthrus's finite, heroic confrontation. Thematically, both figures evoke dualities of light and shadow through their etymologies and narrative roles. Orthrus's name derives from the Greek ὄρθρος (órthros), meaning "dawn" or "daybreak," aligning him with transitional moments in heroic quests like Heracles' labors.[15] Cerberus's name is etymologically debated: an ancient interpretation links it to κήρ (kêr, "death") and Ἔρεβος (erebos, "darkness"), symbolizing the nocturnal abyss of the afterlife, while modern scholars derive it from a Proto-Indo-European root *k̑érberos meaning "spotted."[22][23] This parallel positions them as complementary archetypes: Orthrus in the liminal dawn of mortal trials, and Cerberus in the perpetual night of divine judgment.[24]With Other Multi-Headed Beasts
Orthrus shares notable parallels with other multi-headed guardians in Greek mythology, particularly those encountered by Heracles during his Twelve Labors, emphasizing a recurring motif of serpentine, regenerative, or vigilant beasts protecting sacred or forbidden realms. The Lernaean Hydra, a multi-headed serpent with regenerative properties—where severing one head caused two to grow back—served as a formidable adversary in Heracles' second labor, much like Orthrus's role as a two-headed sentinel in the tenth labor against Geryon's cattle. Similarly, Ladon, the hundred-headed dragon coiled around the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, functioned as a watchful guardian in the eleventh labor, echoing Orthrus's protective duties over livestock on the island of Erytheia; in some traditions, Ladon shares parentage with Typhon and Echidna, like Orthrus and the Hydra, embodying the theme of multi-headed vigilance. These comparisons highlight how Orthrus fits into a broader pattern of hybrid monsters challenging Heracles, symbolizing trials of strength and cunning against unnatural multiplicity. Beyond Greek lore, Orthrus's depiction as a two-headed canine guardian aligns with Indo-European mythological motifs of hellhounds or psychopomps that ward off the living from the dead or sacred spaces, suggesting archetypal shared ancestry. In Norse mythology, Garmr, a bloodied hound chained at the gates of Hel, parallels Orthrus (and its sibling Cerberus) as an underworld sentinel.[25] Celtic traditions feature similar hound figures, such as the Cŵn Annwn—a pack of spectral white hounds with red ears accompanying psychopomps like the Welsh Gwyn ap Nudd in the Wild Hunt—evoking guardianship over the otherworld.[25] These cross-cultural links underscore Orthrus as part of an ancient Indo-European tradition where multi- or dual-headed beasts represent liminal threats. Despite these affinities, Orthrus occupies a more peripheral position in mythological narratives compared to beasts like the Nemean Lion, which dominates its respective labor through invulnerability and receives extensive artistic and literary attention; Orthrus's brief encounter and slaying by Heracles result in a sparser legacy, with fewer surviving depictions or elaborated tales.[1] This limited prominence distinguishes Orthrus, rendering it a specialized variant within the pantheon of multi-headed monsters rather than a central icon.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82