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Perez (son of Judah)
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Perez, also written as Pharez/Peretz (Hebrew: פֶּרֶץ / פָּרֶץ, Modern Pereṣ / Pareṣ Tiberian Péreṣ / Pāreṣ), was the son of Tamar and her father-in-law Judah, and the twin of Zerah, according to the Book of Genesis.[1][2] The twins were conceived after Tamar tricked her father-in-law Judah into having sexual intercourse with her by disguising herself as a prostitute. The name is transliterated to English as both "Perez" (NIV, ESV, NKJV) and "Pharez" (KJV). Perez, in Hebrew means "breach or burst forth" and is named after the narrative of his birth as recorded in Genesis 38:29.[3] According to Ethiopian tradition, Perez became a king of Persia.
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[edit]Biblical account
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27 When the time came for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb! 28 While she was in labor, one of them put out a hand, and the midwife tied a crimson thread on that hand, to signify: This one came out first. 29 But just then it drew back its hand, and out came its brother; and she said, “What a breach (Heb. pereṣ) you have made for yourself!” So he was named Perez.
— Genesis 38:27-29[4]
The Book of Ruth lists Perez as being part of the ancestral genealogy of King David,[5] and both the Gospel according to Matthew through Joseph and the Gospel according to Luke through Mary include him when specifying the genealogy of Jesus.[6][7]
References
[edit]- ^ Genesis 38:29
- ^ 1 Chronicles 2:4
- ^ Strong's Hebrew 6556_ פָּ֫רֶץ (perets) -- a bursting forth, breach Retrieved 2015-08-01
Note: The name is under Strong's 6557 which refers to 6556 for the meaning. - ^ "Genesis 38:27-28". www.sefaria.org.
- ^ Ruth 4:18–22
- ^ Matthew 1:3
- ^ Luke 3:33
Perez (son of Judah)
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Perez, also transliterated as Pharez or Peretz, was the elder of twin sons born to Judah—one of the twelve sons of Jacob—and his daughter-in-law Tamar, as recounted in the Book of Genesis.[1] His birth occurred after Tamar, disguised as a prostitute, conceived with Judah to secure her levirate rights following the deaths of his sons Er and Onan, ensuring the continuation of Judah's lineage.[2] The dramatic delivery saw Zerah's hand emerge first, prompting the midwife to tie a scarlet thread around it, but Perez "burst out" ahead, earning his name from the Hebrew root meaning "breach" or "breaking through."[3]
As a progenitor of a major clan within the tribe of Judah, Perez fathered Hezron and Hamul, establishing the Perezite family that played a key role in Israel's tribal structure and land allotments.[4] His descendants are traced in biblical genealogies as direct ancestors of King David, beginning with Perez, then Hezron, Ram, Amminadab, Nahshon, Salmon, Boaz, Obed, Jesse, and culminating in David himself.[5] This lineage underscores Perez's foundational significance in the royal house of Judah, as detailed in the narrative of Ruth.[6]
In the New Testament, Perez appears in the genealogy of Jesus Christ, linking Judah's line through Tamar to the Messiah, with Matthew explicitly naming "Judah the father of Perez and Zerah, whose mother was Tamar" and continuing the chain to David.[7] The Genesis account, set amid the Joseph cycle, highlights themes of familial duty, deception, and redemption, where Judah publicly confesses Tamar's righteousness over his own failure to provide her a husband in Shelah.[8] Scholarly interpretations emphasize Tamar's strategic agency in the story, positioning Perez's birth as a pivotal endorsement of her actions in preserving the lineage to King David despite moral complexities.[6]
Biblical Narrative
Parentage and Conception
Judah, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, separated from his brothers and settled near Adullam, where he formed a friendship with a local man named Hirah. There, Judah married the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua, and they had three sons: Er, the firstborn; Onan, the second; and Shelah, born later in Chezib.[9] For his eldest son Er, Judah arranged a marriage with a woman named Tamar. However, Er was wicked in the sight of the Lord, who put him to death, leaving Tamar a childless widow.[10] According to the custom of levirate marriage, Judah instructed his second son Onan to take Tamar as his wife and provide offspring for his deceased brother. Onan, knowing the child would not be considered his own, refused to fulfill this duty by spilling his semen on the ground during intercourse, an act that displeased the Lord, leading to Onan's death as well.[11] Scholarly analysis highlights this sequence as underscoring the tensions in Judah's family dynamics, where divine judgment enforces familial responsibilities amid Canaanite influences.[12] Fearing further loss, Judah told Tamar to remain in her father's house as a widow until his youngest son Shelah came of age, promising to give her to him in marriage. Yet, Judah did not honor this pledge, instead sending Tamar away while keeping Shelah from her.[13] After the death of Judah's wife, he traveled to Timnah for sheep-shearing, accompanied by his friend Hirah. Hearing of this, Tamar removed her widow's garments, veiled herself, and sat by the road at Enaim, disguised as a prostitute to intercept Judah. Unaware of her identity, Judah approached her and engaged her services, offering a young goat from his flock in payment. When she requested a pledge until the goat could be sent, Judah gave her his seal, its cord, and his staff.[14] Subsequently, Tamar became pregnant from this encounter. When Judah learned of her pregnancy, he declared that she should be burned as an adulteress for playing the harlot. In response, Tamar sent him the pledges—his seal, cord, and staff—through a messenger, stating they belonged to the father of her child. Recognizing the items as his own, Judah publicly acknowledged, "She is more righteous than I, since I wouldn't give her to my son Shelah," thereby confirming his paternity and resolving the matter without further punishment.[15] This union resulted in the conception of twins, one of whom was Perez.[12]Birth and Naming
When the time came for Tamar to give birth, she delivered twin sons.[16] As the birth progressed, one twin, later named Zerah, extended his hand first, prompting the midwife to tie a scarlet thread around his wrist to mark him as the firstborn.[17] However, the hand was withdrawn, and the other twin emerged ahead, "breaking out" from his brother's position.[18] The midwife exclaimed, "What a breach you have made for yourself!"—a reference to his forceful entry—which led to his naming as Perez (Hebrew: פָּרֶץ, Pāreṣ), meaning "breach" or "burst forth."[19] Subsequently, Zerah was born with the scarlet thread still on his wrist.[20]Genealogy and Family
Immediate Relatives
Perez was the son of Judah, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, and Tamar, who was initially Judah's daughter-in-law through her marriage to Judah's eldest son, Er.[21] This union occurred in the context of levirate marriage obligations following the deaths of Er and Onan.[21] Perez had a twin brother, Zerah, who was marked during birth by a scarlet thread tied to his wrist when his hand emerged first from the womb, though Perez ultimately came forth ahead.[21] Additionally, Perez had three half-brothers from Judah's earlier marriage to the daughter of a Canaanite named Shua: Er, the firstborn who died childless; Onan, who also perished without fulfilling his levirate duty; and Shelah, the youngest, who survived into adulthood.[21] The following outlines Perez's immediate family relations:- Father: Judah[21]
- Mother: Tamar[21]
- Twin Brother: Zerah (distinguished by the scarlet thread at birth)[21]
- Half-Brothers:
- Er (deceased, Tamar's first husband)[21]
- Onan (deceased, Tamar's second husband)[21]
- Shelah (surviving younger brother of Er and Onan)[21]