Community hub
0 subscribers7 pages, 0 posts
Recent from talks
All channels
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
Welcome to the community hub built to collect knowledge and have discussions related to Red Pheasant Cree Nation.
Nothing was collected or created yet.
Red Pheasant Cree Nation
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
 | |
| People | Cree |
|---|---|
| Treaty | Treaty 6 |
| Headquarters | Cando |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Land | |
| Main reserve | Red Pheasant 108[1] |
| Land area | 253.084[1] km2 |
| Population (2021[2]) | |
| On reserve | 820 |
| On other land | 1 |
| Off reserve | 1,715 |
| Total population | 2,536 |
| Government | |
| Chief | Cody Benson[3] |
| Council |
|
| Tribal Council | |
| Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs[4] | |
| Website | |
| facebook.com/redpheasantcreenation | |
The Red Pheasant Cree Nation[5] (Cree: ᒥᑭᓯᐘᒌᕽ, mikisiwacîhk) is a Plains Cree First Nations band government in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The band's sole reserve, Red Pheasant 108, is 33 km (21 mi) south of North Battleford.[1]
History
[edit]Chief Wuttunee's people were living along the Battle River when the Numbered Treaties were being negotiated. Wuttunee did not want to sign Treaty 6 but appointed his brother Red Pheasant to sign in his place, and the Department of Indian Affairs henceforth referred to them as the Red Pheasant Band.
In 1878, they settled on a reserve in the Eagle Hills. A day school and an Anglican church were opened there within a decade.
In 2019, Chief Wuttunee secured the return of the original treaty medal which had been stolen in 1890 off the body of a deceased Chief.[6]
In 2020, Chief Clinton Wuttunee was re-elected to the position of Chief. However, his election and that of one other band councillor were annulled amid substantiated allegations of electoral fraud, including vote buying.[7] This decision was appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal by Chief Wuttunee and the other band councillor on the basis that any vote buying conducted by them had not been decisive in the election. The appellate court affirmed the annulment of the election, noting the lower court's finding that "Chief Wuttunee and Councillor Nicotine had occupied leadership positions within the RPFN, and that, as such, they were supposed to lead by example. Instead of acting as “bulwarks of First Nation democracy”, however, they endeavoured to corrupt the democratic process."
Demographics
[edit]The band has 2,536 registered members, 821 of whom live on the reserve or other band lands and 1,715 live off reserve.[2]
Notable people
[edit]- Alex Decoteau, Olympian; first Aboriginal police officer in Canada
- Don Francks (Iron Buffalo), actor, vocalist and jazz musician
- Gerald McMaster, artist, author, and curator
- Robert-Falcon Ouellette, university professor, soldier, federal politician and first Chair of the All Party Indigenous Parliamentarian Caucus in Ottawa.
- Poundmaker (Pîhtokahanapiwiyin), Plains Cree chief known for his role in the North-West Rebellion
- Cree Summer, American actress raised on the Red Pheasant reserve
- Michelle Good, author, winner of the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction in 2020 for Five Little Indians
- Allen Sapp, Plains Cree Artist, OC, SOM, Grand Nephew of Chief Poundmaker, Grandson of Flying Eagle
- Colten Boushie, Youth killed by local farmer, Gerald Stanley. Not guilty verdict sparked outrage and changes to justice system.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Reserves, settlements or villages of the Red Pheasant Cree First Nations at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ a b Registered population of the Red Pheasant Cree First Nations at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Governance of the Red Pheasant Cree First Nations at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ Tribal Council detail of the Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Tribal Council at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ First Nation details for the Red Pheasant Cree First Nations at Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Historic moment for Red Pheasant Cree Nation as medal returned 134 years later | Globalnews.ca".
- ^ "Red Pheasant Cree Nation leadership considering appeal after federal judge annuls 2020 band election | CBC.ca".
- Thompson, Christian. Red Pheasant First Nation Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. 2006.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
 | This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Red Pheasant Cree Nation
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
The Red Pheasant Cree Nation is a Plains Cree First Nation band government situated in central Saskatchewan, Canada, with its primary reserve, Red Pheasant 108, located approximately 33 kilometres south of North Battleford in the Eagle Hills region.[1][2] As signatories to Treaty 6, the nation maintains governance under the First Nations Elections Act, led by Chief Cody Benson and an elected council.[3][4][5] The community, a member of the Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs, derives its primary economic base from agriculture while pursuing diversification through band-owned enterprises such as a grocery store and resource agreements, including a 1997 oil and gas deal with Wascana Energy.[6][1] Owning over 14,000 acres across Saskatchewan, including urban holdings like 78.3 acres in Saskatoon, the nation initiated a significant 357-acre commercial and residential development in North Battleford in 2023, reflecting efforts toward self-sustained growth.[2][7] In a notable advancement for community safety, Red Pheasant Cree Nation became the first in Saskatchewan to sign a memorandum of understanding with the provincial Marshals Service in October 2025, aiming to enhance law enforcement collaboration amid ongoing challenges.[8] This initiative underscores the band's focus on practical measures to address local security needs, prioritizing empirical outcomes over conventional approaches.[9]
Overview
Location and Treaty Affiliations
The Red Pheasant Cree Nation is a Plains Cree First Nations band government located in central Saskatchewan, Canada.[10] Its sole reserve, Red Pheasant 108, spans approximately 29,345.7 hectares and lies about 33 kilometres south of North Battleford, within the Eagle Hills area near the community of Cando.[1][11] The band's administrative offices are situated at PO Box 70, Cando, Saskatchewan, S0K 0V0.[10] The nation is affiliated with Treaty 6, a numbered treaty signed between the Crown and various Cree and other Indigenous bands in the region.[2] Adhesion to the treaty occurred on September 9, 1876, at Fort Carlton, where Red Pheasant, brother of the band's then-chief Wuttunee, signed on behalf of the group after Wuttunee expressed reluctance to enter the agreement.[2][11] This event led to the band's official naming by the Department of Indian Affairs as Red Pheasant, supplanting the prior leadership designation.[6] The Red Pheasant Cree Nation maintains membership in the Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Inc. (BATC), a tribal council supporting multiple Treaty 6 bands in governance and advocacy matters.[2][6]Band Structure and Reserves
The Red Pheasant Cree Nation operates as a single band under the Indian Act, with a registered membership of 2,775 individuals as of September 2025.[12] This includes 851 members residing on the band's own reserve, 1,921 living off reserve, 101 on other reserves, and 4 on Crown land.[12] The band's primary reserve is Red Pheasant Indian Reserve No. 108, encompassing 25,308.40 hectares and situated 33 kilometers south of North Battleford in the Eagle Hills region of Saskatchewan.[13] Established following the band's adhesion to Treaty 6 in 1878, this reserve constitutes the core of the band's land holdings.[6] Through a Treaty Land Entitlement agreement, the band has pursued additional land acquisitions to address shortfalls in original treaty allocations, resulting in an expanded total land base of approximately 29,345.7 hectares, including strategic purchases in urban areas such as Saskatoon.[6][2] These additions support economic development while maintaining the band's focus on its primary rural reserve for community infrastructure, including housing, public works, and essential services.[1]Historical Background
Pre-Colonial and Treaty Era
The Plains Cree, ancestors of the Red Pheasant Cree Nation, inhabited central Saskatchewan territories, including the area around present-day Battleford, as part of broader Cree migrations westward from woodland regions beginning in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, adopting a nomadic lifestyle centered on bison hunting with the introduction of horses and firearms through early fur trade networks.[14] Prior to sustained European contact, Indigenous groups in Saskatchewan, including proto-Cree bands, relied on seasonal pursuits such as pursuing large game, fishing in rivers like the Battle and North Saskatchewan, and gathering wild plants, with evidence of human occupation in the region dating back approximately 11,000 years based on archaeological findings of tools and settlements.[15] These societies maintained flexible band structures led by councils of elders and skilled hunters, emphasizing kinship ties and oral traditions for governance and knowledge transmission, without centralized political authority.[16] By the mid-19th century, as buffalo herds diminished due to overhunting and environmental pressures exacerbated by expanding trade and settler encroachment, the band under Chief Wuttunee (also known as Porcupine) continued traditional hunting and fishing along the Battle River while navigating interactions with Hudson's Bay Company traders and early settlers in the Battleford district.[1] Facing famine risks and territorial compression, Cree leaders sought assurances from Canadian authorities, culminating in Treaty 6 negotiations at Fort Carlton in 1876; Wuttunee, skeptical of the terms, appointed his brother, known as Red Pheasant (Cree: Pee-yahn-kahmichk-oo-sit or ᐳᔨᐦᑲᒥᐦᑯᓯᐠ), to represent the band as headman.[17] Red Pheasant adhered to the treaty on August 28, 1876, as the third chief to sign at Fort Carlton, agreeing to cede vast territories in exchange for reserves of 128 acres per family of five, annual payments of $25 per chief and $15 per headman, $5 per family member, agricultural tools, ammunition, and famine relief provisions—a clause uniquely added to Treaty 6 at Cree insistence amid recent hardships.[18] [17] This adhesion formalized the band's status under Canadian jurisdiction, with the Department of Indian Affairs subsequently recognizing Red Pheasant as chief until his death in 1888.[18]Post-Treaty Developments to Mid-20th Century
Following the adherence to Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, the Red Pheasant Cree band, under Chief Red Pheasant, relocated to their designated reserve in the Eagle Hills region of central Saskatchewan in 1878.[1][6] The reserve, surveyed that August and spanning suitable terrain for both forestry and cultivation, lies approximately 33 km south of North Battleford.[6] Initial settlement focused on establishing semi-permanent dwellings amid transitioning from nomadic hunting along the Battle River to reserve-based subsistence, with a recorded population of 416 by 1879.[6] Leadership transitioned upon Chief Red Pheasant's death in 1888, with former head chief Wuttunee resuming as headman until 1904, guiding the band under the Indian Act's emerging band council framework.[6] Institutional developments included the opening of Red Pheasant Day School in 1880 for basic instruction in English and vocational skills, and the erection of St. Paul's Anglican Church in 1885 on surveyed reserve land, reflecting missionary influence in community organization.[1] Economically, the band shifted toward agriculture as hunting diminished due to settler encroachment and game scarcity, cultivating 20 acres by late 1878 and expanding to 51 acres by 1880 with rudimentary implements provided under treaty annuities.[19] Government policies from the Department of Indian Affairs emphasized root crops over grains and restricted advanced machinery, limiting yields despite fertile soils; by the early 1900s, farming supplemented by trapping and wage labor formed the core livelihood, though treaty promises of equipment and livestock were inconsistently fulfilled.[20][21] Through the early to mid-20th century, reserve life persisted under federal oversight via Indian agents, with agriculture as the mainstay amid broader Prairie challenges like drought in the 1930s, though specific band-level data on adaptations remains sparse.[20] Some children attended off-reserve institutions, including the nearby Battleford Industrial Residential School opened in 1883, as day schooling proved insufficient for assimilation goals under policy.[22] No major conflicts or expansions marked this era, with governance emphasizing self-sustaining farming under restrictive land use quotas.[1]Late 20th Century Land and Resource Disputes
In the late 20th century, the Red Pheasant Cree Nation pursued claims for unfulfilled treaty land entitlements under Treaty 6, signed on September 9, 1876, which promised reserves equivalent to one square mile per family of five or 128 acres per capita, adjusted for band membership at the time.[2] Historical shortfalls arose from administrative delays, population changes post-treaty, and incomplete reserve surveys, leaving the band with significantly less land than entitled—verified through a review process initiated in the 1980s by the Office of the Treaty Commissioner for Saskatchewan.[23] This verification confirmed Red Pheasant's outstanding entitlement at approximately 20,118 acres, part of broader disputes affecting 26 Saskatchewan bands where treaty obligations had not been met despite repeated band requests since the early 1900s.[24] Negotiations escalated in the early 1990s amid growing First Nations advocacy for treaty fulfillment, culminating in the Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement signed on September 22, 1992, by Canada, Saskatchewan, and 25 bands including Red Pheasant.[25] The agreement resolved disputes by enabling bands to acquire additional lands through purchases from willing sellers—federal, provincial, or private—anywhere in Saskatchewan, with Canada providing funds based on verified shortfalls and Saskatchewan offering incentives like priority access to Crown lands.[26] For Red Pheasant, this facilitated strategic land acquisitions, expanding reserve holdings and establishing a TLE Trust to manage settlement funds for economic development, though implementation involved band-specific approvals extending into the late 1990s.[27] Resource-related tensions emerged indirectly from these land claims, as expanded reserves intersected with oil and gas interests in Treaty 6 territory; by 1997, Red Pheasant leveraged TLE outcomes to negotiate a resources agreement with Wascana Energy Inc., granting the band revenue shares from extraction on acquired lands without reported litigation.[28] Unlike contemporaneous conflicts elsewhere, such as the 1990 Oka Crisis, Red Pheasant's disputes emphasized negotiated settlements over confrontation, reflecting a pragmatic approach amid federal policy shifts toward specific claims resolution under the 1980s Inherent Right Policy framework.[25] These efforts addressed causal gaps in treaty implementation—rooted in colonial administrative failures rather than bad faith—but highlighted ongoing dependencies on government funding for land acquisition, with full reserve expansion to over 29,000 hectares achieved progressively post-1992.[1]Governance and Leadership
Current Administration
The current administration of the Red Pheasant Cree Nation operates under the First Nations Elections Act, with elections held every four years for the chief and councillors.[5] Chief Cody Benson was elected on March 18, 2024, securing 745 votes against competitors Donna Angus (393 votes) and Nola Wuttunee (24 votes), with his term set to expire on March 18, 2028.[4][5] The council, comprising the chief and eight councillors, handles band governance, including financial administration, resource management, and community services, while the nation is a member of the Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs for advisory support.[6][5] The full list of current officials, all appointed on March 18, 2024, with terms ending March 18, 2028, is as follows:| Title | Name |
|---|---|
| Chief | Cody Benson |
| Councillor | Lux Benson |
| Councillor | Mandy Cuthand |
| Councillor | Dana Falcon |
| Councillor | Henry Gardipy |
| Councillor | Leroy Nicotine |
| Councillor | Shawn Nicotine |
| Councillor | Samuel Wuttunee |
| Councillor | Shawn Wuttunee |
Electoral and Legal Challenges
In the 2005 band election, allegations of cash-for-votes led to the initial results being set aside by authorities, prompting a re-election in which the original winner was defeated.[30] Former Chief Charles Meechance was later convicted of fraud in connection with vote-buying during that election, marking one of the first such convictions in Canada for reserve electoral misconduct.[31] [32] The 2016 election faced similar scrutiny, with a band member appealing to Federal Court over claims of corrupt practices, including vote-buying by candidates for chief and council.[33] In 2018, Federal Court Justice Colleen Schneiderman dismissed the appeal to overturn the results, acknowledging that events surrounding the vote "did not meet the smell test" due to evidence of money changing hands but ruling that no violations of the First Nations Elections Act occurred.[34] The 2020 election resulted in the most significant judicial intervention, with Federal Court Justice Henry S. Brown annulling the victories of Chief Clint Wuttunee and Councillor Gary Nicotine in the case Whitford v. Red Pheasant First Nation, brought by band members Mary Linda Whitford and Alicia Moosomin.[35] The ruling cited multiple instances of electoral fraud, including five cases of vote-buying by Wuttunee—such as using band funds for payments disguised as "Band Member Assistance"—and seven by Nicotine, alongside forged mail-in ballots and dual voting that undermined the process's integrity.[36] Brown emphasized that a chief must serve as a "bulwark of First Nation democracy," a standard Wuttunee failed to meet, though elections for other councillors were upheld despite related irregularities.[37] Wuttunee and Nicotine appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal, which rejected the appeals in February 2023, affirming the lower court's findings on the fraud's impact and the election's corruption.[38] [39] These recurrent disputes highlight ongoing tensions in band governance under the Indian Act and First Nations Elections Act frameworks, where appeals proceed through federal courts amid limited internal mechanisms for resolving electoral irregularities.[40] Beyond elections, the nation has pursued legal claims against Canada in the Specific Claims Tribunal, alleging failure to deliver Treaty 6 agricultural benefits, though these pertain more to historical obligations than current leadership structures.[41]Economy and Resource Management
Primary Economic Activities
The primary economic activities of Red Pheasant Cree Nation center on agriculture, which forms the main base of the community's livelihood, involving farming on reserve lands historically adapted from traditional hunting and fishing practices following settler encroachment in the Battleford region.[6] [42] This sector has been bolstered by ongoing claims resolutions, including a 2023 ratification of the Agricultural Benefits Settlement Agreement, which addressed Treaty 6 promises of farming implements, livestock, and support never fully provided, as part of a federal $1.72 billion compensation package to 14 Saskatchewan First Nations for such unfulfilled agricultural entitlements.[43] [44] Resource extraction contributes through a 1997 oil and gas agreement with Wascana Energy Inc. (now part of Husky Energy), enabling development of subsurface rights on band lands under the Indian Oil and Gas Act framework, with revenues directed toward community economic development.[28] [2] Band-owned commercial operations supplement these, including a grocery store and the Centex Gas Bar, which provide local employment and services while generating profits reinvested into community initiatives per the nation's financial administration law.[6] [45] Overall, these activities are managed to prioritize profit-oriented ventures that align with self-determination, though constrained by reserve land sizes totaling approximately 14,000 acres across multiple sites.[46] [2]Development Initiatives and Constraints
Red Pheasant Cree Nation has pursued economic development through strategic use of Treaty Land Entitlement (TLE) settlements, which expanded the reserve land base to 29,345.7 hectares and funded urban reserve acquisitions near North Battleford.[6] In 2023, the Nation broke ground on a 17-unit commercial retail plaza on its urban reserve, a project delayed approximately 30 years since the land's designation, aimed at boosting local commerce alongside existing band-owned enterprises like a grocery store and gas station.[47] [48] The plaza, expected to open in summer 2024, represents part of broader land purchase initiatives using TLE proceeds to enable commercial infrastructure.[49] Primary economic activities include agriculture as the foundational base, supplemented by a 1997 oil and gas agreement with Wascana Energy and participation in Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs (BATC) programs for employment and training.[6] In February 2025, the Nation received part of a $1.72 billion federal "cows and plows" settlement compensating 14 Saskatchewan First Nations for unfulfilled Treaty 4 agricultural promises, potentially enabling further farming and resource investments.[44] Development faces structural limitations inherent to urban reserve frameworks, including bureaucratic delays and legal entanglements under the Indian Act that hinder rapid commercialization, as evidenced by the decades-long lag in Red Pheasant's urban projects.[50] Historical land reductions, such as coerced sales in 1901 that diminished the original Treaty 6 allocation, have constrained resource access and economic self-sufficiency.[51] Persistent socioeconomic issues, including poverty, drug-related crime, and limited off-reserve member engagement, exacerbate barriers to investment and business viability, with community leaders citing these as widespread impediments to growth across Saskatchewan First Nations.[52] Dependence on federal settlements and partnerships, while enabling progress, underscores ongoing vulnerabilities to policy delays and external funding cycles.[42]Social and Community Challenges
Crime, Safety, and Recent Policing Reforms
The Red Pheasant Cree Nation has experienced persistent safety challenges, including gang activity, drug trafficking, and violent incidents that community leaders attribute to inadequate preventive policing. A homicide on March 6, 2022, highlighted these issues, with Chief Clint Wuttunee criticizing the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) for reactive responses limited to life-threatening emergencies rather than addressing root causes like ongoing gang and drug problems.[53][54] Elders and residents echoed calls for earlier intervention, noting that such violence erodes community trust and safety.[55] Wuttunee further contended that racial biases influence RCMP engagement, resulting in delayed or insufficient patrols on the reserve compared to non-Indigenous areas.[56] In October 2023, the Battlefords RCMP detachment responded to these concerns by increasing patrols and partnering with Indigenous Services Canada, local leadership, and health agencies to bolster on-reserve presence and support services.[57] This followed broader provincial trends of rising violent crime in Saskatchewan, where RCMP data indicated spikes in assaults and homicides, often linked to substance abuse and organized crime infiltrating rural and Indigenous communities.[58] A pivotal reform emerged on October 21, 2025, when Red Pheasant signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Saskatchewan Marshals Service (SMS), marking the first such agreement between the province's new agency and a First Nation.[59][60] Launched in 2022 to supplement RCMP efforts on rural crime, warrants, and high-impact enforcement, the SMS emphasizes proactive measures tailored to community needs, with Chief Marshal Robert Cameron prioritizing child protection amid gang threats.[52][8] The partnership formalizes collaboration for enhanced patrols, intelligence sharing, and crime reduction, aiming to restore resident confidence through visible, consistent policing absent under prior RCMP-dominant models.[61] Community officials described the MOU as a "historic day" for self-directed safety initiatives, potentially serving as a template for other Saskatchewan First Nations facing similar vulnerabilities.[62]Health, Education, and Youth Outcomes
In October 2023, Red Pheasant Cree Nation declared a state of emergency due to a sharp rise in drug overdoses, with eight incidents reported in a short period, disproportionately affecting youth. Community officials linked the crisis to underlying mental health problems, viewing substance addiction as a symptom rather than the root cause, and implemented naloxone training which subsequently reduced overdose occurrences.[63][64] Youth outcomes reflect these health pressures, with measures including youth curfews after 10 p.m. and mandatory home visits to monitor at-risk individuals and curb drug access. Such interventions highlight elevated vulnerabilities to substance misuse and related harms among younger residents, consistent with patterns in Saskatchewan First Nations communities where self-harm, suicide ideation, and addiction correlate with limited preventive resources.[64][65] Education in the community is supported by Clifford Wuttunee School, administered through the Treaty Six Education Council, focusing on elementary and secondary levels. Specific attainment data for Red Pheasant remain limited, but on-reserve First Nations youth in Canada exhibit high school completion rates of approximately 46% for those aged 19 to 30, far below the 73% for off-reserve counterparts and 91% for non-Indigenous youth, often tied to geographic isolation and resource constraints.[66] Post-secondary funding policies exist for band members, requiring maintenance of full-time status and GPA thresholds, though uptake and completion reflect broader First Nations gaps in higher education access.[67]Demographics and Community Profile
Population Trends
The registered population of the Red Pheasant Cree Nation has grown substantially since the late 19th century. In 1879, the band recorded 416 members.[6] By 2011, this figure reached 2,250 registered individuals, with 818 residing on reserve.[68] As of September 2025, the total registered population stood at 2,775, comprising 1,921 off-reserve members (69% of the total) and approximately 749 on-reserve, reflecting ongoing urbanization and mobility patterns common among First Nations.[12] In contrast, the on-reserve population enumerated by Statistics Canada censuses has shown a decline in recent decades, potentially influenced by out-migration, housing constraints, and economic factors. The table below summarizes census counts for Red Pheasant Indian Reserve No. 108, the band's primary community:| Census Year | On-Reserve Population |
|---|---|
| 2006 | 656 |
| 2011 | 603 |
| 2016 | 519 |
| 2021 | 442 |
Socioeconomic Indicators
In the 2021 Census, the on-reserve population of Red Pheasant 108 totalled 442 persons across 165 households, with a homeownership rate of 0.0%, reflecting dependence on band-managed rental units typically funded through federal transfers.[70] [71] Income metrics indicate persistent economic disadvantage. Median after-tax household income rose to $49,600 in 2020 from $27,400 in 2015, an 81.0% increase partly driven by temporary pandemic supports, with 84.3% of persons aged 15 and over receiving COVID-19-related benefits (median amount $14,900) and 68.6% accessing earnings replacement programs (median $19,400).[72] Individual employment incomes remained low, as shown below for those aged 25 to 59 in 2020:| Category | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Median total income | $23,000 | $35,600 |
| Median employment income | $14,400 | $21,400 |