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Red lory
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Red lory
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Red lory
At Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Trichoglossus
Species:
T. borneus
Binomial name
Trichoglossus borneus
Synonyms
  • Eos goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, 1907
  • Psittacus borneus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Eos bornea

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is the second-most commonly kept lory in captivity, after the rainbow lorikeet.

Taxonomy

[edit]

In 1751 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the red lory in the fourth volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The long-tailed scarlet lory". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a stuffed specimen that he had purchased from a toyshop in London. He was uncertain of its origin. Edward gave his specimen to the collector Hans Sloane and subsequently a visitor to Sloane's house suggested that the bird may have come from Borneo.[2] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the red lory with the other parrots in the genus Psittacus. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Psittacus borneus and cited Edwards' work.[3] The red lory is now placed in the genus Trichoglossus that was introduced by the English naturalist James Francis Stephens in 1826.[4] The specific epithet borneus, bornea is a toponym from Borneo. This is an error as the species does not occur on the island.[5]

There is some uncertainty as to whether Edwards' plate actually depicts a red lory and the binomial name Eos rubra (Gmelin, 1788) has sometimes been used for this species.[6]

The word "lory" comes from the Malay lūri, a name used for a number of species of colourful parrots.[7] The name was used by the Dutch writer Johan Nieuhof in 1682 in a book describing his travels in the East Indies.[8] The spelling "laurey" was used by English naturalist Eleazar Albin in 1731 for a species of parrot from Brazil,[9] and then in 1751 Edwards used the spelling "lory" for five species of parrot from the East Indies. Edwards credited Nieuhof for the name.[10]

Two subspecies are recognised:[4]

Description

[edit]
Type illustration of Eos bornea

The red lory is about 31 cm (12 in) long. They weigh 30-300 grams.[11] It is mostly red and all the plumage of the upper body is red. There are red, blue, and black marks on the back and wings, and the tail is reddish-brown with blue under-tail coverts. The beak is orange and the legs are grey. The irises are red except in E. b. bernsteini, which has brown irises. There is no bare skin at the base of the lower mandible. The male and female have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have brown irises and a brownish beak.[12] Their bills are narrower and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin-walled and weak. A defining characteristic of a Lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar.[13]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Lories and lorikeets live in Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific.[13] The red lory in particular is endemic to the Moluccas and surrounding islands in Indonesia. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and tropical mangrove forests. It also was introduced to Taiwan.

Aviculture

[edit]

This intelligent bird has a playful personality and a colourful appearance. They are often described as flamboyant, theatrical and pugnacious birds.[13] The subspecies, Buru red lory (Eos bornea cyanonothus) is darker, more maroon in colour, and is often confused in captivity with the nominate. Inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found. The other two subspecies are not as common, Rothschild's red lory (Eos bornea rothschildi) and Bernstein's red lory (Eos bornea bernsteini). Lories are very intelligent, trainable, affectionate, playful and curious and they can display interesting behaviors. For example, some lories have wrapped themselves in a washcloth for sleeping or some sleep on their backs with their feet up in the air. When kept as a pet, they should be given toys (ropes, bells, balls, swings), chewing items and branches. They require much attention and care. They should be bathed frequently in a bird bath, bowl or shower, and they can be dried by the sun or by a blow drier. A moderate amount of their feathers should be clipped to prevent them from flying[dubious – discuss]. Young birds must be socialized and exposed to new people and new things (new cages, toys, vet visits, wing and nail clippings). Outdoor housing is preferred, but if housed in cages, the cages must be large and cleaned often. They may be kept alone or with others, as long as they are closely monitored for signs of aggression. Mated pairs defend their territories forcefully.[11][14]

Diet

[edit]

In the wild, lories eat nectar, pollen, fruits, and occasional insects. As pets they should be fed a good formulated diet. Smaller lories should be fed fresh nectar (commercial or home-made) daily. Larger birds can be fed pellets from a bird food company, or fruits and vegetables such as apples, pomegranates, papaya, grapes, cantaloupe, pineapple, figs, kiwi, and corn-on-the-cob. Lories can be given treats to reward positive behavior. Fresh, clean water should be provided daily.[11][14]

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References

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Cited texts

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Red lory

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The red lory ( borneus, formerly bornea) is a small, brightly colored endemic to the southern Moluccan Islands of , renowned for its striking scarlet , social behavior, and popularity as a pet bird. Measuring approximately 31 cm (12 in) in length and weighing about 170 g (6 oz), the red lory features a predominantly red body with blue streaks on the wings and back, an orange-red bill, and red eyes in adults; juveniles display duller coloration and brown irises. Four are recognized—T. b. bornea, T. b. rothschildi, T. b. cyanonothus, and T. b. bernsteini—varying slightly in size, intensity of red, and blue markings. Native to tropical lowland forests, mangroves, , and plantations up to 1,250 m , it inhabits an extent of occurrence of roughly 136,000 km² across islands including Ambon, Seram, , Saparua, Haruku, and the . The red lory's diet consists primarily of nectar (comprising about 40% of intake), supplemented by soft fruits, vegetables, flowers, and occasional small insects, which it forages in flowering trees like Eugenia and Erythrina using its specialized brush-tipped tongue. Highly social and vocal, it forms large, noisy flocks that fly at high altitudes and gather in flowering areas, exhibiting playful antics and some nocturnal activity; in captivity, it is the second-most commonly kept lory species after the rainbow lorikeet, with a lifespan of 25–30 years and a reputation for mimicry and interaction. Classified as Least Concern on the due to its large range and stable local abundances, the population is nonetheless decreasing owing to habitat loss and historical for the pet trade, with over 99,000 wild-caught individuals recorded in since 1981 (though none since 2000). It is protected under Appendix II, regulating commercial trade to prevent further declines.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The common name "lory" derives from the Malay term lūri (or variant luri), a local designation for various colorful species in the region. This word entered European usage through Dutch colonial accounts, notably introduced by the explorer Johan Nieuhof in his 1682 publication describing travels in the , where he documented indigenous birds including parrots referred to by such terms. In broader Indonesian linguistic contexts, similar words like nuri in Malay and related Austronesian languages denote parrots, reflecting cultural recognition of these birds' vibrant and prevalence in island trade. The scientific name of the red lory has undergone revisions, currently classified as within the family, though historically placed in the genus . The genus Eos, established by German naturalist in 1832, originates from the Ancient ēōs (ἠώς), meaning "dawn," alluding to the bird's striking scarlet evocative of sunrise hues. Early European naturalists, drawing from limited specimens in European markets, formalized this naming; for instance, Wagler reassigned the species from Linnaeus's original binomial to Eos bornea to group it with similarly rosy lories. The specific borneus (or bornea) stems from a geographical , indicating an origin in , but the red lory is endemic to the Moluccas and nearby Indonesian islands, not Borneo. This error traces to Carl Linnaeus's 1758 description as Psittacus borneus in , based on a stuffed specimen illustrated by George Edwards in 1751, purchased in a shop and erroneously reported as from Borneo—likely due to confused trade routes bringing Moluccan birds westward via Bornean ports. Subsequent ornithologists, including Otto Finsch in 1868, noted the discrepancy, yet the name persisted through taxonomic stability despite the locality inaccuracy.

Classification and subspecies

The red lory is classified in the order Psittaciformes and the family Psittaculidae. It is traditionally placed in the genus Eos, though recent molecular phylogenetic studies, including a 2024 phylogenomic analysis, have reclassified it within the genus Trichoglossus. The species was first depicted and informally described by the English naturalist George Edwards in 1751 as Psittacus lory in his work A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. It was formally named Psittacus borneus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758, based on Edwards's illustration; the specific epithet "borneus" (later corrected to "bornea") is considered a misnomer, as the bird does not occur on Borneo. In 1826, James Francis Stephens transferred it to the genus Trichoglossus, but it was subsequently moved to the genus Eos by Johann Georg Wagler in 1832. Following recent taxonomic revisions, it is now placed in Trichoglossus. Two are currently recognized. The nominal subspecies Trichoglossus borneus borneus is widespread across the central Moluccas, including islands such as Seram, Ambon, Haruku, Saparua, and the Banda and Watubela groups. The other subspecies, Trichoglossus borneus cyanonothus ( red lory), is restricted to Island and is distinguished by darker maroon-red , more extensive blue markings on the wings and undertail coverts, and broader black tips on the compared to the nominate form. Proposed subspecies T. b. rothschildi (Seram) and T. b. bernsteini () are considered invalid, as differences are attributed to clinal variation.

Description

Plumage and morphology

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus, formerly Eos bornea) exhibits a striking dominated by a vivid scarlet-red coloration that envelops the head, neck, breast, and underparts. A distinctive patch adorns the mantle and upper back, while the are black with red edges, and the undertail coverts display a bright hue. The tail feathers are reddish-brown, contributing to the overall vibrant appearance. The beak is orange-red and narrow, specifically adapted for probing into flowers to access , reflecting the ' specialized nectarivorous diet. The legs are grey, and the irises are red, encircled by a dark grey that accentuates the bird's alert expression. A key anatomical feature is the specialized brush-tipped , which is muscular and extensible with threadlike papillae at the tip; this structure facilitates the extraction of and through , a hallmark shared among lorikeets in the Loriinae. The overall body morphology includes a short, blunt and rounded wings, enabling agile maneuvers through dense forest canopies where the bird forages. Juveniles possess duller with brown irises, gradually acquiring the adult's brilliant red tones as they mature.

Size and

The red lory measures an average of 31 cm (12 in) in length from the tip of the to the end of the . Adults typically weigh between 130 and 190 grams, with an average around 170 grams. Adult red lories exhibit no sexual dimorphism, with males and females indistinguishable in size, plumage coloration, and iris color, both possessing bright orange-red irises. Sex determination in captivity relies on DNA testing or endoscopy rather than physical traits. Juveniles are slightly smaller than adults and display duller red plumage overall, often with subdued tones and additional subtle blue markings on areas like the ear coverts, vent, and abdomen depending on the subspecies. They also feature brown irises and paler, brownish beaks that gradually darken to the adult orange color over approximately 6-12 months as they mature. This transitional phase aligns with their growth into full adult morphology, including the development of a more robust brush-tipped tongue adapted for nectar feeding.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) is native to the (also known as the Moluccas) in eastern , where it occurs on several islands within the central and southern parts of the archipelago. Its confirmed native distribution includes Boano, Seram, Ambon, Haruku, Saparua, the , the Seram Laut Islands, the Watubela Islands, the Tayandu Islands, the , and . These populations are primarily resident and non-migratory, with the species favoring lowland and coastal island environments across this fragmented range. Introduced populations of the red lory have been established outside its native range through escapes and releases from the pet trade. A small feral exists in , comprising fewer than 100 breeding pairs, likely originating from imports during the and . This introduced group persists in localized areas but remains limited in extent compared to the native populations. The total extent of occurrence for the red lory is estimated at 136,000 km², encompassing its native island habitats. The is decreasing owing to habitat loss and trapping for the pet trade, though the ' broad distribution maintains its status as Least Concern globally.

Habitat preferences

The red lory ( borneus) primarily inhabits tropical moist lowland forests and forests along coastal areas, where it favors the canopy layer of flowering trees for . These environments provide abundant and resources, supporting the bird's specialized diet. The is also recorded in subtropical/tropical moist shrublands and dry shrublands, extending its range into varied low-elevation ecosystems. It shows a clear preference for elevations from up to 1,800 m, though it is most common below 1,000 m in lowland settings rather than higher montane zones. forests and human-modified landscapes, such as coconut plantations, are readily utilized, indicating an adaptation to disturbed habitats. The red lory avoids dense montane forests, confining its activities to more open, accessible woodland structures.

Behavior

Social structure

The red lory ( borneus) exhibits a highly social lifestyle in the wild, typically occurring in pairs or small flocks of 2–10 individuals during the day, which allows for coordinated foraging and predator vigilance. These groups are often noisy and conspicuous, engaging in lively interactions that include acrobatic maneuvers such as hanging upside down from branches and short aerial chases while navigating flowering trees. Larger aggregations form temporarily around abundant sources, with flocks exceeding 50 birds observed during peak feeding periods, though such gatherings fluctuate with the availability of blossoms. Diurnal in nature, red lories are active from dawn to , with heightened activity in the mornings and evenings when flow is optimal, followed by periods of rest amid foliage. At night, they converge in larger communal roosts of up to 50 individuals in "dormitory trees," where squabbling over perches underscores their gregarious yet competitive dynamics. These roosts, often near potential nesting sites, provide safety in numbers against nocturnal predators. During the breeding season, red lories form monogamous pairs that maintain strong bonds, defending nest sites in high tree hollows through territorial displays such as vocal signaling and physical posturing to deter intruders. This pairing system supports synchronized nesting efforts, reducing predation risks for . Outside breeding, vocalizations facilitate group cohesion and alert calls during threats.

Vocalizations

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) produces a variety of vocalizations characterized by short, harsh screeches that form the basis of its primary calls, often delivered in series while perched or in flight. These calls are frequently accompanied by chattering notes and more musical whistles, contributing to a wheezy or nasal quality that aids in flock communication. In addition to these everyday sounds, the bird emits high-pitched squawks as alarm calls, particularly in response to threats or predator encounters, which serve to alert nearby individuals and coordinate defensive behaviors. Red lories demonstrate notable abilities, imitating human speech, household noises, and other calls with clarity, a trait more pronounced in . These vocal talents stem from their and social nature, allowing them to replicate sounds for interactive purposes. The functions of these vocalizations are multifaceted, with contact calls facilitating flock coordination during and movement, while territorial warnings through harsh screeches help maintain spacing among groups. often involves duets of chattering and whistles between pairs, strengthening pair bonds and signaling reproductive readiness. Overall, these sounds underscore the species' highly social lifestyle in tropical island environments.

Diet and feeding

Dietary composition

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) is primarily nectarivorous, with from flowers forming the bulk of its diet as the main source of carbohydrates and energy. This is typically sugar-rich, containing 15-35% sugars by weight, predominantly , glucose, and , which the efficiently digests using its specialized brush-tipped . , consumed alongside , serves as the primary protein source, providing 16-30% protein on a basis and contributing essential micronutrients, though its digestibility varies (e.g., around 17-55% depending on type). The diet is supplemented by soft fruits, such as native figs and berries, which add variety and are particularly important during seasons when floral is less abundant. Opportunistic intake of protein-rich items includes small , larvae, and spiders, with unidentified occasionally found in the bird's , fulfilling minor nutritional needs without forming a dominant component. Nutritionally, the red lory's diet is high in carbohydrates and simple sugars for quick , reflecting its adaptation to feeding, while seeds are largely absent due to the species' lack of a strong grinding bill and specialized digestive system suited for liquid and soft foods rather than hard items. Seasonal variations occur, with increased reliance on fruits during dry periods when availability declines, helping maintain intake.

Foraging behavior

Red lories primarily in the upper canopy and crowns of flowering trees, where they exhibit agile movements including hovering and clinging to branches to access blossoms. They employ their specialized brush-tipped to extract efficiently from these flowers, darting it rapidly in and out to collect the liquid and associated . This technique allows them to target nectar-rich opportunistically as blooms become available. Foraging occurs in small flocks, often numbering a few to several dozen individuals, which facilitates locating food sources but also involves where dominant birds may access the most productive flowers first. These group activities are typically noisy, with vocalizations aiding coordination during feeding bouts. Red lories consume substantial amounts of liquid food daily, equivalent to 20-30% of their body weight, taken in short bouts lasting 10-20 minutes several times throughout the day to meet their high energy demands.

Reproduction

Breeding biology

Red lories (Trichoglossus borneus) reach sexual maturity around 2 years of age in captivity, with some reports indicating 1–3 years depending on conditions. In the wild, the breeding season typically begins with nest prospecting in , with fledged young observed by December, aligning with the transition from the wet to in their Indonesian island habitats. This timing coincides with increased food availability following the rainy period, supporting reproductive efforts. Little is known about wild reproduction; the following details are primarily from captive observations unless noted. Courtship behaviors in red lories involve males performing aerial displays and bowing postures to attract females, often accompanied by vocalizations and food regurgitation as a sign of pair bonding. These displays help establish strong, long-term monogamous pair bonds, which are common among lory species and facilitate cooperative reproduction. Pairs remain together beyond a single breeding attempt, with males feeding females regurgitated nectar or fruit to reinforce the bond during courtship and early breeding phases. Females typically lay a clutch of 2 white, rounded eggs measuring about 30 × 24.5 mm, with laying intervals of 2–3 days between eggs in some cases. Up to three clutches may be produced per year if the first fails, allowing for multiple reproductive opportunities in favorable conditions. The lasts 23–25 days, primarily carried out by the female, while the male provides food support.

Nesting and parental care

Red lories construct their nests in natural tree cavities located high in the forest canopy. Breeding pairs engage in nest prospecting, inspecting multiple potential sites before selecting a suitable hollow. These cavities are often lined with decayed wood chips and debris from the tree itself, providing a soft substrate for egg-laying. The female lays a clutch of two rounded eggs, which she primarily incubates for approximately 25 days. During this period, she covers the eggs at night to maintain warmth, while the male provides food to the incubating female. Both parents exhibit biparental care, with the male often guarding the nest territory against intruders. Upon , the altricial are blind and featherless, relying entirely on their parents for nourishment. Both adults regurgitate a mixture of secretions and nectar-based food to feed the young, supporting rapid growth. The fledge after 9-10 weeks in the nest and remain dependent on parental provisioning for several additional weeks, achieving full independence around 3-4 months of age.

Conservation

IUCN status

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) is classified as Least Concern on the , based on the 2018 assessment, which remains the most recent as of 2025. This status reflects its extensive range exceeding 20,000 km²—specifically an extent of occurrence of 136,000 km²—and a global population size that is unknown but does not approach vulnerable thresholds under IUCN criteria. Although the population trend is decreasing, no significant declines have been documented to alter its conservation category, with monitoring conducted through BirdLife International's application of IUCN criteria. The species is afforded legal protection under Appendix II of the Convention on in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora () since 1981, which regulates international trade to ensure it does not threaten survival.

Threats and protection

The primary threats to the red lory (Trichoglossus borneus) populations stem from habitat destruction driven by logging and agricultural expansion in the Moluccas archipelago of Indonesia. Between 2001 and 2024, tree cover loss in Maluku province reached approximately 6.3% of the 2000 baseline, while Maluku Utara experienced a 10% decline, primarily due to conversion for plantations and timber harvesting. Illegal trapping for the international pet trade has also posed significant pressure, with 99,834 wild-caught individuals recorded in CITES-monitored international trade since the species' listing on Appendix II in 1981, though legal exports appear to have ceased after 2000. Secondary risks include potential impacts on introduced populations in , where fewer than 100 breeding pairs have established, facing challenges from local that may compete for resources or prey on nests, though the overall ecological effects remain limited due to the . further exacerbates vulnerabilities by altering flowering cycles of nectar-providing trees in the Moluccas, potentially disrupting the species' patterns amid regional shifts in and frequency associated with El Niño events. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection within Indonesian national parks and reserves, such as Gunung Sahuwai Wildlife Reserve on , where routine patrols target and in key lowland forest areas. Community-based monitoring programs, led by Indonesia's Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) in Maluku, involve local patrols and awareness initiatives to curb illegal trade at source sites. programs in aviaries worldwide have successfully reduced demand for wild-caught birds, supporting and potential reintroduction efforts while alleviating trade pressure on native populations. As of 2025, enforcement of quotas has strengthened, contributing to a substantial decline in reported volumes—effectively approaching zero for legal wild exports since —marking a 100% reduction from peak levels in the late , though illegal domestic persists at lower scales. The maintains its IUCN Least Concern status, reflecting these interventions amid ongoing declines.

Aviculture

Popularity and history

The red lory (Trichoglossus borneus), native to the of , has been subject to significant since its listing on Appendix II in 1981, with 99,834 wild-caught specimens recorded in global trade between 1981 and 2000. Exports from targeted European and other aviculturists for private aviaries and collections, contributing to population declines in the wild due to trapping pressures. Trade volumes peaked during the 1980s and 1990s, reflecting the broader boom in the market, though exact annual figures for the species vary; regulated exports under quotas, but illegal trade persisted alongside legal shipments. In captivity, the red lory ranks as the second most commonly kept lory species worldwide, surpassed only by the rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus). Its vivid scarlet plumage, combined with a boisterous and affectionate personality, playful antics, and notable vocal skills, has endeared it to experienced owners and aviculturists. These traits make it a standout in pet keeping, though its high energy and messiness from a liquid-based diet demand dedicated care. It appears in modern contexts like bird shows and exhibitions, highlighting its role in promoting awareness of endemic . However, the pet trade has introduced challenges, including frequent hybridization with closely related such as the rainbow lorikeet, resulting in fertile but ethically contentious crosses that dilute pure genetic lines and hinder conservation of wild populations. Since 2000, has ceased, with focus shifting to captive-bred birds to meet demand.

Captive care and breeding

Red lories require spacious housing to accommodate their active, climbing nature. A minimum size of 36 inches long by 24 inches wide by 36 inches high (approximately 0.9 m x 0.6 m x 0.9 m) is recommended for a single , with horizontal bars spaced no more than ½ inch apart to allow climbing while preventing escape. Enclosures should include varied perches of ½ to ¾ inch in natural materials like wood or rope, full-spectrum UV lighting for 10–12 hours daily, and daily out-of-cage exercise in a safe, supervised area to promote physical and . Bathing facilities, such as shallow dishes or misting, are essential, as red lories enjoy daily baths to maintain feather condition. In captivity, the diet of red lories should mimic their nectarivorous habits with a primary focus on commercial powdered or substitutes mixed fresh with , offered twice daily and discarded after 12 hours to prevent spoilage. This should comprise about 40% of the diet, supplemented by low-iron pellets (<100 ppm iron) and small amounts of fresh fruits like apples, pears, bananas, and oranges, as well as such as carrots and corn. Seeds should be limited to occasional spray millet or soaked sunflower to avoid nutritional imbalances, and high-fat foods must be avoided to prevent and iron storage . Health management is critical due to red lories' messy feeding habits, which can lead to bacterial infections in the gut or if enclosures are not cleaned daily. They are susceptible to (), a zoonotic bacterial requiring regular veterinary check-ups, especially for signs like nasal discharge or lethargy. Preventive measures include regular veterinary check-ups to diagnose and treat infections promptly and treatment of spoiled food to reduce yeast or bacterial overgrowth. Annual exams by an avian specialist are advised to monitor for or abnormal droppings. Breeding red lories in occurs readily in spacious aviaries, where pairs form strong bonds and produce clutches of two eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 24–25 days, after which chicks are often hand-reared using specialized formulas to support the pet trade. Fledging typically occurs at 9–10 weeks, with around 62–70 days if parent-reared, though artificial rearing in brooders at 98°F has proven successful. Nest boxes should measure about 10 x 10 x 14 inches to encourage nesting. Ownership of red lories requires compliance with Appendix II regulations, mandating permits for to ensure specimens are legally acquired and non-detrimental to wild populations. In many countries, national permits or certificates of ownership are needed for import, export, or possession, particularly since over 99,000 wild-caught individuals were traded between 1981 and 2000.

References

  1. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=1A4139ABC2A98BC3
  2. https://parrots.org/encyclopedia/red-lory/
  3. https://www.thesprucepets.com/red-lory-bird-species-profile-4800390
  4. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-lory-eos-bornea
  5. https://www.etymonline.com/word/lory
  6. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lory
  7. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/redlor1/cur/introduction
  8. https://www.orientalbirdclub.org/s/Walters-Psittacus.pdf
  9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2020.1779596
  10. https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/updates-and-corrections-october-2024/
  11. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/115/mode/1up
  12. https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/Red%20Lory%20Species%20Profile.pdf
  13. https://www.aavac.com.au/files/2011-11.pdf
  14. https://lafeber.com/vet/basic-information-sheet-for-the-lory-and-lorikeet/
  15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340945065_An_overview_of_illegal_parrot_trade_in_Maluku_and_North_Maluku_Provinces
  16. https://journals.tdl.org/watchbird/index.php/watchbird/article/view/653/636
  17. https://www2.newpaltz.edu/~mcglinnl/animals/redlory.htm
  18. https://app.mybirdbuddy.com/birds/red-lory/0c3fe838-2308-417c-a952-3b0420b7ba4c
  19. https://lafeber.com/pet-birds/species/red-lory/
  20. https://www.petplace.com/article/birds/general/choosing-a-red-lory
  21. https://hari.ca/us/bird-species/lories-lorikeets/
  22. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/lories-and-lorikeets-feeding
  23. https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/lory-and-lorikeet
  24. https://www.parrotsaustralia.com/moluccan-red-lories
  25. https://www.east-indonesia.info/planning/maluku-travel-information-climate-timing.html
  26. https://lafeber.com/pet-birds/four-parrot-behaviors-that-might-baffle-new-owners/
  27. https://www.indianapoliszoo.com/animals/lories-and-lorikeets/
  28. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IDN/19/
  29. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IDN/18/
  30. http://journal-old.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/download/7316/5758
  31. https://journals.tdl.org/watchbird/index.php/watchbird/article/download/1169/1148/0
  32. https://ehnew.org/rainbowlhybrids/rainbow-lory-x-red-lory/
  33. https://www.petmd.com/bird/lory-and-lorikeet-care-sheet
  34. https://watchbird-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/watchbird/article/download/982/962
  35. https://www.cdc.gov/psittacosis/about/index.html
  36. http://www.lakelandbirdkeepers.co.uk/lakeland_breeds_needs_lories.htm
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