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Square du Temple
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Key Information
The Square du Temple is a garden square in Paris, France in the 3rd arrondissement, established in 1857. It is one of 24 city squares planned and created by Georges-Eugène Haussmann and Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand. The Square occupies the site of a medieval fortress in Paris, built by the Knights Templar. Parts of the fortress were later used as a prison during the French Revolution, and then demolished by the mid-19th century.
History
[edit]Knights Templar
[edit]The order of the Knights Templar began in the 12th century, first constructing a fort (Vieux Temple or Old Temple) in Le Marais. In the 13th century, a new fortress was built as their European headquarters. The enclosure, called enclos du Temple, originally featured a number of buildings important to the running of the order, and included a church and a massive turreted keep known as Grosse Tour (great tower), which housed a number of the order's prized possessions, and a smaller tower called Tour de César (Caesar's Tower).
The location of the towers is drawn on the ground in front of the Mairie de Paris Centre (town hall),[1] on the rue Eugène Spuller. The heavy doors of the Grosse Tour still exist and are kept at Château de Vincennes, whose great keep, attributed to Raymond du Temple of Notre-Dame cathedral, is thought to have been inspired by the nearby Templar fortress.[2][clarification needed]
It was here in the enclos du Temple on the morning of Friday, the 13th of October, 1307 that agents of Philip IV of France arrested Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay charging him with heresy. Philip was deep in debt to the Templars due mainly to the 1294–1303 Gascon War with Edward I of England. Philip acted with the approval of Pope Clement V who also desired the dissolution of the Knights Templar. Clement V had annulled the papal bull Unam Sanctam proclaiming papal supremacy over secular rulers, giving Philip legal authority to arrest the Templars. Philip confiscated the immense wealth of the French Templars. Jacques de Molay was burned at the stake for heresy without trial on March 18, 1314, where the Square du Vert-Galant stands in Paris today.[3][4]
French Revolution
[edit]The Temple is also known for having been the place where the French royal family was jailed at the time of the French Revolution. Members of the royal family imprisoned at the Temple's tower were:
- Louis XVI, King of France, from 13 August 1792 to 21 January 1793, when he was taken to be executed by guillotine at the Place de la Révolution;
- Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, from 13 August 1792 to 1 August 1793 in the Temple's tower. She was then brought to the Conciergerie, from where she eventually was also taken to the guillotine;
- Madame Élisabeth, who stayed for 21 months at the tower before being taken on 9 May 1794 to the Conciergerie and guillotined the following day;
- Louis XVII, Dauphin of France, from 13 August 1792 until his death of tuberculosis at the tower on 8 June 1795, at the age of ten;
- Princess Marie-Thérèse, who stayed at the tower for three years and four months before being sent into exile.
Demolition
[edit]By 1808, the Temple had become a place of pilgrimage for royalists, so Napoleon ordered its demolition, which took two years. Remnants were demolished around 1860 under orders from Napoleon III.
Today
[edit]Today its location is a station of the Paris Metro, serving the carreau du temple (covered market) and the Palais de Justice (Courthouse) of the third arrondissement.
The garden includes a gazebo, a playground for children, lawns with the largest open to the public from 15 April to 15 October, fountains and a pond with an artificial waterfall, built from rocks brought in from the forest of Fontainebleau. The grid surrounding the square was designed by the architect Gabriel Davioud. The square contains almost 200 varieties of plants, including many exotic species, such as hazel, a Ginkgo biloba, a Honey locust of America, a Pterocarya fraxinifolia, goldenrain tree, Cedrela, and Chinese quince.
In 2007, the square received the "ecological green spaces" awarded by ECOCERT, the international organic certification.
There are two statues. One represents the songwriter Pierre-Jean de Béranger, who lived on the nearby street which later took his name. This is the second statue of him; a first bronze statue, by Amédée Donatien Doublemard, was erected with a public subscription held in 1879 by the newspaper "La Chanson", and was destroyed in 1941. It was replaced in 1953 with the present stone statue, by Henri Lagriffoul.
Another statue, a bust on a pedestal, is dedicated: "To B. Wilhelm 1781-1842, founder of the French Orphéon" above a medallion portrait that bears the inscription "To Eugène Delaporte 1818-1886, propagator".
On 26 October 2007, a monument was inaugurated on the lawn of the main square of the Temple. It carries the names and ages of 85 "little ones who did not have time to attend school", Jewish children from 2 months to 6 years living in the 3rd arrondissement and deported between 1942 and 1944 and then murdered in Auschwitz. This monument was unveiled in the presence of several hundred people, city and district elected officials, representatives of associations and the Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France. The memorial is one of several honouring the 11,400 Jewish children deported from France. The lists of children were compiled from school and civic records by Serge Klarsfeld.
In literature
[edit]- In Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series, Capt. Jack Aubrey, Dr. Stephen Maturin and a young Lithuanian officer, Jagiello, are held prisoner at the Temple Prison in The Surgeon's Mate.
- The Temple in art
-
Miniature from the Hours of Étienne Chevalier, with the Temple in the background -
Louis XVI at the Tour du Temple, by Jean-François Garneray (1755-1837). -
Marie Antoinette, in the Temple Tower, attributed to Kucharsky
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References
[edit]- ^ "Google Maps".
- ^ Lorentz, Phillipe; Dany Sandron (2006). Atlas de Paris au Moyen Âge. Paris: Parigramme. p. 238 pp. ISBN 2-84096-402-3.
- ^ Hillairet, Jacques (1993). Connaissance du vieux Paris Rive Gauche/Rive Droit/Les Îles et Les Villages. Paris: Editions de Minuit, Payot & Rivages. pp. 157–159. ISBN 978-2228919111.
- ^ Soprani, Anna (1998). Paris Jardins: Promenade historique dans les parcs et jardins de chaque arrondissement. Paris Edition (in French). Paris: Éditions Paris-Méditerranée. pp. 58–63. ISBN 2-84272-049-0.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Square du Temple – Elie-Wiesel at Wikimedia Commons
Square du Temple
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History
Knights Templar Period (12th–14th Centuries)
The Knights Templar established their Paris preceptory, known as the Enclos du Temple, around 1140 on land granted by Louis VII, initially as a modest fortified residence that replaced an earlier chapel and served as a base for the order's activities in northern Europe.[7] By the mid-12th century, the site had expanded into a substantial compound with walls, gates, and barracks, functioning as a secure hub for coordinating Crusader logistics, housing pilgrims en route to the Holy Land, and managing the order's growing administrative duties across its European network.[8] In the 13th century, the Paris Temple evolved into a pivotal financial center for the Templars, who pioneered early banking practices including safe deposits, loans at interest, and letters of credit that allowed pilgrims to transfer funds securely without carrying valuables.[9] The preceptory handled royal treasuries—such as safeguarding England's Crown Jewels as loan collateral—and acted as France's de facto central depository, amassing wealth from donations, land revenues, and moneylending to monarchs like Philip II Augustus, which fueled the order's military expeditions but also bred envy among secular powers.[9] Architecturally, the complex featured a large rectangular enclosure spanning about 400 by 400 meters, fortified with ditches and towers; its centerpiece, the donjon or Grosse Tour, was constructed starting around 1240 under Louis IX, comprising a massive cylindrical keep over 20 meters tall with thick walls for defense and secure storage of bullion and documents.[10] The Templars' downfall commenced on October 13, 1307, when Philip IV ordered the simultaneous arrest of all French members, including Grand Master Jacques de Molay, on charges of heresy, idolatry, sodomy, and blasphemy—allegations extracted under torture and widely regarded by historians as fabricated to justify seizing the order's assets amid Philip's chronic debts from wars in Flanders and against England.[11] The king, who owed vast sums to the Templars and coveted their independent wealth and exemption from royal taxes, leveraged his influence over Pope Clement V to convene trials that lasted until 1314, resulting in executions (including de Molay's burning in 1314) and the papal bull Vox in excelso of 1312 dissolving the order; French assets were nominally redirected to the Knights Hospitaller, but Philip effectively confiscated them to alleviate his fiscal crises, demonstrating the vulnerability of religious-military institutions to monarchical absolutism when their economic power threatened state sovereignty.[11]Transition to Prison and Administrative Use (14th–18th Centuries)
Following the suppression of the Knights Templar in 1312, their properties, including the Enclos du Temple in Paris, were transferred to the Knights Hospitaller by papal bull in 1313, establishing it as the seat of the Grand Priory of France.[12][7] The Hospitallers maintained control over the fortified complex, which encompassed the church, residences, and towers, adapting it for their administrative functions while the Grand Prior of France resided in the Palais du Temple.[8][7] By the late 14th century, portions of the Enclos, particularly the imposing towers such as the Tour du Temple, began serving as a royal prison under the French monarchy, initially for debtors and common criminals seeking refuge from creditors within the privileged ecclesiastical enclosure.[8] This usage expanded in the 15th century, transforming the site into a state-controlled facility for detaining both low-status offenders and, on occasion, high-ranking nobles implicated in political intrigues, reflecting the monarchy's consolidation of authority over former religious strongholds.[3] The prison's dual role alongside Hospitaller administration highlighted inefficiencies in early modern custodial practices, where ecclesiastical privileges clashed with royal oversight, leading to inconsistent enforcement and prolonged detentions without standardized conditions.[8] Throughout the 16th to 18th centuries, the Temple continued as a multifaceted administrative hub, with the towers functioning as a debtors' sanctuary and political detention center, while the surrounding structures supported Hospitaller operations until the eve of the Revolution.[3] Notable expansions under royal patronage, such as fortified enhancements to the Grand Prior's palace, underscored its enduring role in blending religious, residential, and penal functions amid evolving monarchical control.[7]Role During the French Revolution (1789–1795)
Following the insurrection of 10 August 1792, which stormed the Tuileries Palace, the royal family—King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, their two children Louis-Charles (the dauphin) and Marie-Thérèse, and Louis XVI's sister Madame Élisabeth—was transferred to the Temple fortress on 13 August 1792, designating it as a primary detention site for high-profile captives amid revolutionary upheaval.[13] The facility, previously a minor prison, was repurposed under the Paris Commune's control, with the royal family confined initially to the smaller medieval tower (Tour du Temple) under strict surveillance by national guard units rotated in shifts to prevent collusion or external aid. Conditions involved basic provisions but escalating isolation, as revolutionary authorities sought to sever monarchical influence, though logistical strains from overcrowding and guard vigilance led to documented hardships without systematic executions at the site itself.[14] Louis XVI remained imprisoned until 21 January 1793, when he was removed for trial and guillotined later that day, after which the Temple continued holding the remaining royals and other nobles suspected of counter-revolutionary ties, totaling dozens of detainees by mid-1793.[13] Marie Antoinette endured confinement until the night of 1-2 August 1793, when she was secretly transferred to the Conciergerie prison for her own trial, leaving her children and Élisabeth behind; she was executed on 16 October 1793.[15] Attempts to rescue or substitute prisoners, such as rumored plots involving guards or external sympathizers, failed due to intensified security, including frequent inspections and the dauphin's isolation starting in July 1793 under radical commissioner Jacques René Hébert, who enforced coercive indoctrination that physically deteriorated the boy's health.[16] The young Louis-Charles, titular Louis XVII, faced the harshest regimen, confined alone in a darkened cell with minimal care, leading to his death on 8 June 1795 from tuberculosis exacerbated by neglect, as confirmed by contemporary autopsy reports amid claims—later propagated by royalist exiles—of substitution, poisoning, or escape that fueled over 100 impostor pretenders in subsequent decades.[14][17] Élisabeth and Marie-Thérèse were transferred out in 1795 following the Thermidorian Reaction, marking the Temple's shift from royal prison to general detention before partial repurposing, though the site's role exemplified revolutionary overreach in detaining innocents like the dauphin, whose verifiable demise from preventable illness underscored failures in custody logistics rather than broader Terror executions elsewhere. No mass death tolls occurred at the Temple akin to other sites, with royal fatalities limited to indirect outcomes of confinement, distinguishing it from guillotine-centric violence.[14]Demolition and Urban Transformation (1808–1865)
In 1808, Napoleon I ordered the demolition of the Temple's remaining structures, particularly the tower, which had become a pilgrimage site for royalists honoring the site's association with the imprisoned royal family during the French Revolution.[18] This decision aimed to eradicate symbols that could foster counter-revolutionary sentiment, with the work directed by Joseph Fouché and completed by 1810 after two years of systematic clearance.[18] The removal extended to most Templar-era remnants, leaving the enclosure largely vacant and enabling repurposing of the land, including the emergence of a market in the cleared area to support local commerce. Under the Second Empire, the site's urban transformation accelerated as part of Georges-Eugène Haussmann's comprehensive modernization of Paris, commissioned by Napoleon III to address overcrowding, sanitation deficits, and public health challenges in a city strained by rapid population growth.[19] The Square du Temple was formally established in 1857 as one of 24 new garden squares, occupying approximately 7,965 square meters of the former enclosure to provide accessible green space for recreation and ventilation in the dense Marais district.[19] Jean-Charles Alphand, as director of public works, oversaw the landscaping, incorporating winding paths, open lawns, and strategic plantings to facilitate orderly public use while enhancing airflow and mitigating urban morbidity rates empirically linked to pre-reform congestion.[2] These features prioritized functional improvements in hygiene and social order over historical preservation, reflecting a causal emphasis on infrastructural rationality to sustain a burgeoning metropolis without deference to monarchical nostalgia.[19]Physical Description and Features
Layout and Botanical Elements
The Square du Temple covers 7,700 square meters in Paris's 3rd arrondissement, bounded by Rue de Bretagne to the north, Rue du Temple to the east, Rue Eugène Spuller to the south, and Avenue Mathurin Moreau to the west.[1] Its layout incorporates winding paths in an English garden style that encircle central lawns and flowerbeds, promoting pedestrian access and leisure circulation without rigid symmetry.[20] The space divides into northern and southern halves, each equipped with children's playgrounds to accommodate family use while preserving open green areas.[21] Botanically, the square features diverse plantings established following its 1857 creation, with exotic trees and shrubs selected for shade provision and ornamental value amid urban density.[4] This includes varieties such as three-spined acacia among over 190 plant types, contributing to a rich, layered landscape of lawns, borders, and specimen trees.[22] [1] Integrated elements like the 1900 music kiosk and contemporaneous artificial waterfall complement the botanical framework, directing foot traffic through shaded allées and aquatic accents.[20] [23]Monuments, Memorials, and Surviving Structures
A commemorative stèle in the Square du Temple honors 85 Jewish children under the age of 6 from Paris's 3rd arrondissement who were deported to Auschwitz between July 1942 and August 1944 via specific convoys such as No. 16 on July 18, 1942, and No. 75 on June 17, 1944. Inaugurated on October 25, 2007, by survivors and associations including former pupils of local schools, it bears their full names, ages at deportation (ranging from 2 months to 5 years), and dates of birth for precise historical record, inscribed under the heading "Enfants juifs déportés de France" alongside the broader statistic of over 11,000 Jewish children deported from France during the period.[24][25] No surviving structures from the Knights Templar era or the Tour du Temple prison, which confined Louis XVI from August 13, 1792, until his execution on January 21, 1793, remain on the square's grounds; the fortress's outer walls and related buildings were razed in 1808 by order of Napoleon Bonaparte to curb royalist gatherings, with residual elements fully demolished circa 1860 during Haussmann's urban renovations under Napoleon III. The absence of physical traces underscores the site's transformation into a public garden in 1857, though the adjacent Temple métro station marks the approximate location of the demolished tower.[18][2]Modern Usage and Significance
Contemporary Role as a Public Space
The Square du Temple functions primarily as a neighborhood park in Paris's 3rd arrondissement, where residents engage in everyday activities such as picnics, reading, and casual socializing on its lawns and benches.[26] Its central location near the Marais district draws steady foot traffic from locals and passersby, who utilize the space for brief respites amid surrounding urban density.[27] Open daily with free access, the park accommodates extended hours in summer, from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., facilitating prolonged visits during favorable weather.[28] Family-oriented features, including playgrounds and shaded paths, make it a favored spot for parents with children and dog walkers, fostering routine community interactions observable in user reports of its peaceful, well-maintained ambiance.[21] The adjacent Carreau du Temple, repurposed since its 2014 renovation as a 6,500 m² venue for sports, arts, and cultural programming, complements the square's recreational role by hosting public events that attract spillover foot traffic to the park's open areas.[29] This configuration positions the square as an integral element of local urban ecology, providing empirical green coverage—spanning approximately 8,000 square meters—that buffers against the high-rise environment of the Marais, as evidenced by consistent patron feedback on its utility for relaxation and play.[19]Recent Developments and Renamings
In December 2016, the Conseil de Paris approved the co-naming of the square as Square du Temple – Elie Wiesel through délibération DEVE 162, honoring Elie Wiesel (1928–2016), the Romanian-born writer, philosopher, Auschwitz survivor, and 1986 Nobel Peace Prize laureate who died on July 2, 2016.[30][31] The initiative, proposed by Pierre Aidenbaum, mayor of Paris's 3rd arrondissement, aimed to commemorate Wiesel's literary contributions on the Shoah and human rights advocacy, despite his primary residence in the United States after World War II.[32] This dual naming preserved the historical reference to the site's Templar origins while adding the tribute, reflecting municipal policy to associate public spaces with figures of moral significance amid post-Holocaust remembrance efforts. In 2020, a bronze bust of Wiesel, sculpted by artist Denis Chetboune, was inaugurated in the square, donated by the Association des Fils et Filles de Déportés Juifs de France to further materialize the homage.[33] No major structural renovations to the square itself have occurred since 2000, though routine maintenance aligns with Paris's broader urban greening initiatives, including enhanced pedestrian access in the Marais district.[34] The square's adjacency to the Carreau du Temple— a 19th-century iron-and-glass market hall renovated over four years and reopened in April 2014 as a multifunctional cultural and sports venue—has integrated it into a revitalized local hub for events, exhibitions, and community activities.[35][36] This development, preserving the hall's historical fabric while adding modern amenities, has supported the square's function as an accessible green space amid denser urban programming, without altering its core layout established in the 19th century.[31]Cultural and Historical Legacy
Representations in Literature and Media
The Tour du Temple, on whose site the Square du Temple now stands, features prominently in 19th-century historical fiction as a fortress of revolutionary captivity. Alexandre Dumas' novel Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (1845–1846) centers the narrative on the tower as the prison holding Marie Antoinette, where royalist conspirators, led by the chevalier de Maison-Rouge, attempt her daring escape amid the Terror's chaos.[37] This portrayal draws on documented accounts of the site's use from August 1792, emphasizing intrigue and the tower's imposing isolation. The work was adapted into a 1914 silent film directed by Abel Gance, preserving the Temple's dramatic role in visual media as a symbol of monarchical downfall. In English-language literature, the Temple Prison appears in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series of naval historical novels. Volume 10 references the site in Paris, with protagonists Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin encountering its echoes during discussions of French political prisoners and wartime intelligence in 1813.[38] These mentions underscore the prison's lingering notoriety in post-Revolutionary Europe, tying it to broader geopolitical tensions without fabricating events.[39] The square's Templar origins have inspired fictional allusions to medieval mysteries in some 19th-century works, including Dumas' broader oeuvre evoking hidden treasures beneath the enclosure, though such elements blend historical fact with romantic speculation.[40] Post-Haussmann travel accounts from the 1860s onward describe the transformed garden as a serene counterpoint to its sanguinary past, often noting the erasure of the tower in 1808 as a Haussmannesque renewal.[41] Contemporary media highlights the square's 2017 renaming to Square du Temple–Elie Wiesel, honoring the Nobel Prize-winning author's Holocaust memoirs and activism, as covered in travel guides framing it as a nexus of layered historical remembrance.[27] This tribute, inaugurated amid discussions of Jewish heritage in the Marais, positions the site in modern narratives of resilience, distinct from its Templar or Revolutionary depictions.[42]Enduring Historical Interpretations
Scholarly analyses of the Knights Templar's legacy at the site emphasize their role in pioneering secure financial transfers for pilgrims, which laid groundwork for proto-banking systems, yet attribute their 1307 suppression primarily to King Philip IV's fiscal desperation rather than charges of heresy or esoteric practices. Empirical records, including royal accounts, reveal Philip's massive debts to the order—exacerbated by wars and devaluations—prompting asset seizure as a pragmatic solution, with papal acquiescence under Clement V modeled as a strategic game of influence rather than ideological crusade.[43][44] Esoteric legends positing Templar guardianship of hidden knowledge or artifacts lack substantiation in trial testimonies, which historians dismiss as coerced fabrications yielding insubstantial evidence of deviation from orthodoxy, underscoring power dynamics over mystical narratives.[45] Interpretations of the Temple's Revolutionary-era use frame it as emblematic of monarchical collapse under Louis XVI's ineptitude, where inherited fiscal mismanagement and indecisiveness eroded legitimacy, yet pivot to revolutionary overreach as evidenced by the site's transformation into a squalid prison symbolizing ideological fervor's human toll. The fate of Louis XVII, perishing in 1795 amid neglect and isolation, exemplifies critiques of Jacobin excess, where doctrinal purity supplanted pragmatic governance, fostering conditions of deprivation that hastened the child's demise from untreated illness rather than mere monarchical frailty.[46][47] This mismanagement, rooted in radical egalitarianism's disregard for institutional stability, contrasts with causal assessments prioritizing economic reforms over symbolic retribution. Contemporary evaluations of the site's Haussmann-era reconfiguration weigh urban rationalization's tangible gains—such as widened boulevards enhancing circulation and sanitation—against displacement of proletarian populations, advocating data on reduced mortality and economic vitality as countering equity-focused indictments. Archival metrics from the Second Empire document Haussmann's interventions correlating with halved cholera incidences and infrastructure scalability, framing demolition not as class warfare but as evidence-based modernization amid pre-industrial congestion.[48][49] While acknowledging relocated tenants' hardships, scholars prioritize longitudinal efficiency metrics over retrospective moralizing, attributing enduring viability to fiscal incentives aligning public works with speculative growth.[50]References
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Square_du_Temple_-_cascade_Paris_3e_001.jpg