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List of highways in Turkey
List of highways in Turkey
List of highways in Turkey
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Otoyol
Devlet yolu
İl yolu



34-11 34-27 34-28
Route markers
Otoyol network in Turkey as of January 2026. Motorways in use and under construction.
System information
Maintained by Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü
Formed1950, 1968[1]
Highway names
Otoyols:Otoyol XX (O-XX)
Websitewww.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Root/default.aspx
System links

The highways in Turkey are divided into three types: motorways, state roads and provincial roads.

Types of roads

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There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:

Motorways are controlled-access highways that are officially named Otoyol. But it is not uncommon for people in Turkey to call them Otoban (referring to Autobahn) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of Turks in Germany. These roads depend on the General Directorate of Highways except those that are financed with a BOT model.

State roads (Devlet Yolları) are historical and free road network that are completely under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of ring roads of Ankara, Istanbul or İzmir). Even if they mostly possess dual carriageways and interchanges, they also have some traffic lights and intersections.

Provincial roads (Il Yolları) are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other, the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports.

  • Motorways: Motorway 3.796 km (January 2025)[3]
  • Dual carriageways: 29.673 km (January 2025)[3]
  • State Highways 30.832 km (January 2025)[3]
  • Provincial Roads 33.922 km (January 2025)[3]
  • Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053)[4]

As of 2023, there are 471 tunnels (total length 665 km)[5] and 9.660 bridges (total length 739 km)[6] on the network.

Motorways

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Main article: List of otoyol routes in Turkey
Highway Roads in Turkey as of October 1, 2024

This map highlights different types of highways across Turkey as of October 1, 2024, classified by their funding and operational model:

Red: Highways that are open to service and funded by public resources.

Blue: Highways currently under construction, developed through the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model, where private companies build and operate the highway for a specified period before transferring ownership to the government.

Green: Highways that are already open to service and were developed using the BOT model, now operational and managed under this system.

The Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model, known as "Yap-İşlet-Devret" (YID) in Turkish, allows for private investment in highway infrastructure to support expansion and maintenance without immediate public expenditure.

State roads

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Main article: Turkish State Highway System

The numbering of state roads is as indicated below:

  • D0XX, D1XX, D2XX, D3XX, D4XX: West–east roads (numbered west to east )
  • D5XX, D6XX, D7XX, D8XX, D9XX: North–south roads (numbered north to south)

West – east reference main

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West – east intermediate

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North – south reference main

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North – south intermediate

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Provincial roads

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Provincial roads (İl yolu) are under the responsibility of KGM. These are the roads that connect the central district and counties within the borders of a province to each other and to the nearby district centers of neighboring provinces, state roads, train stations, ports and airports.

These are roads other than those under the responsibility of municipalities or other institutions[7] and bear the license plate number of that province in the road identification number's first half. (Example 35-04 List of provincial roads in Izmir Province)

See also

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References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of highways in Turkey

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The highways in form a comprehensive national road network managed by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM) under the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, categorized into three primary types: motorways (otoyollar), state highways (devlet yolları), and provincial roads (il yolları). This system supports the country's economic connectivity, freight transport, and passenger mobility across its diverse terrain, with motorways providing high-speed, controlled-access routes and state and provincial roads serving broader regional access. As of early 2025, the total length of the KGM-managed road network stands at approximately 68,550 km, including 3,796 km of motorways, 30,832 km of state highways, and 33,922 km of provincial roads, with approximately 96% of the network paved using asphaltic or surfaces. As of 2025, the motorway network totals 3,796 km, reflecting ongoing investments in to enhance , reduce travel times, and integrate with international corridors like the Middle Corridor. State highways, numbered D.010 to D.977, total around 31 major routes spanning over 30,000 km and connect key urban centers, ports, and borders, while provincial roads, exceeding 33,000 km, link local districts and rural areas to the primary network. Motorways, designated with O-numbers (e.g., O-1 to O-51 (planned)), are toll-controlled, multi-lane expressways totaling about 20 active routes as of 2025, with expansions focusing on high-traffic axes such as the O-4 (Ankara-) and O-5 (–İzmir). The system emphasizes divided carriageways, which constitute over 40% of the network at approximately 30,000 km, significantly improving accident reduction—evidenced by an 80% drop in fatalities on upgraded sections since 2003. Ongoing projects, including the 122 km Antalya-Alanya motorway, aim to further densify the network to 88 meters per square kilometer, supporting Turkey's role as a Eurasian transport hub.

Road Classification and Administration

Types of Highways

Turkey's highway network is hierarchically structured into three primary categories—motorways, state roads, and provincial roads—each designed to serve distinct levels of connectivity, from high-capacity inter-regional travel to local access, under the oversight of the General Directorate of Highways (Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, or KGM). These categories form a cohesive system that facilitates national transportation, with motorways prioritizing speed and safety for long-distance traffic, state roads linking major urban centers, and provincial roads supporting intra-provincial mobility. Motorways, known as Otoyol in Turkish, are controlled-access, multi-lane divided highways engineered for high-speed, uninterrupted travel, featuring grade-separated interchanges, no at-grade intersections, and physical barriers between opposing lanes. They typically consist of four or more lanes and impose speed limits ranging from 120 km/h to 140 km/h, depending on the section, with a minimum of 40 km/h to maintain flow. As of January 1, 2025, the total length of motorways stands at 3,796 km, representing the backbone of Turkey's express travel infrastructure. State roads, or Devlet Yolu, function as the national trunk network, interconnecting major cities, industrial regions, and key economic corridors while providing essential links to motorways and borders. These routes are predominantly dual carriageways with two lanes per direction, though some sections may be single-carriageway, and they accommodate speed limits of up to 110 km/h on divided segments to balance efficiency and accessibility. By January 1, 2025, state roads total 30,825 km, underscoring their role in sustaining regional commerce and passenger movement. Provincial roads, referred to as İl Yolu, serve as the local connectors within each of Turkey's 81 provinces, linking district centers, towns, and rural areas to state roads and urban hubs without extending beyond provincial boundaries. They vary in configuration, including single-lane or dual carriageway designs, with speed limits generally at 90 km/h outside urban zones, emphasizing adaptability to terrain and lower traffic volumes. As of January 1, 2025, provincial roads measure 33,996 km, completing the tiered system by ensuring comprehensive coverage for short-haul and community-based travel. Collectively, these highway types comprise Turkey's core paved road network of approximately 68,617 km as of January 1, 2025, with over 95% surfaced in asphalt or similar materials to support the country's hierarchical connectivity from national arteries to local veins.

Numbering Systems

The numbering systems for highways in Turkey are structured to provide logical geographical and directional orientation, aiding in national connectivity and local navigation. Administered by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM), these systems categorize roads by type and function, with prefixes and digits reflecting regional origins, progression directions, and administrative boundaries. Motorways, or Otoyol, employ a two-digit numbering system prefixed with "O", such as O-1 to O-7 for primary routes. This scheme is based on the starting region, with single-digit numbers assigned to those originating in the Marmara region and two-digit numbers beginning with 2 for routes starting in Central Anatolia, thereby denoting key inter-regional links. State roads, designated as Devlet Yolu and prefixed with "D" followed by three digits (e.g., D.100), use a directional progression logic. Routes numbered D010 to D490 progress west to east, with numbers increasing eastward, while D500 to D900 series denote north-south progression, increasing southward. Within these ranges, even numbers typically indicate main arteries, and odd numbers signify intermediate connections. Provincial roads, known as İl Yolu, feature a two-digit province code (e.g., 34 for Istanbul) followed by a hyphen and two sequential digits (e.g., 34-01), assigned within each province to connect local districts, towns, and the provincial center for intra-provincial mobility. These codes align with Turkey's official provincial identification system. The evolution of these numbering systems began with state roads in the 1950s, coinciding with the establishment of the KGM in 1950 to modernize the national road network following the International Highways Act of 1949. Motorway numbering was introduced and expanded in the part of accelerated velopment, with the first Otoyol operational in 1973 but significant growth occurring post-2000 to support economic integration. No major revisions to the systems have occurred since 2020, maintaining consistency amid ongoing network expansions.

Motorways (Otoyol)

List of Motorway Routes

Turkey's motorway network, designated with the "O-" prefix, comprises controlled-access highways that facilitate rapid intercity travel and freight transport across the country. As of late 2025, the total operational length stands at 3,886 km. These routes follow a numbering system where the "O" denotes otoyol (motorway), with sequential numbers generally progressing from western to eastern and southern regions. The motorways connect key urban centers, border crossings, and ports, while integrating with international corridors like the E80 (transcontinental east-west route) and E90 (linking Turkey to Europe via the Balkans). Interchanges with state roads (D-prefix) enable seamless transitions to secondary networks, supporting overall road hierarchy. Representative examples include major hubs in and , where multiple O-routes converge. The active motorway routes are cataloged below, detailing their paths, lengths, endpoints, and notable interchanges. All are fully operational unless noted, with connections to European routes and state roads highlighted for context.
RoutePath and EndpointsLength (km)Key Connections and Interchanges
O-1Bakırköy to Kadıköy, Istanbul20.5Local connections within Istanbul; links to urban roads.
O-2Mahmutbey to Anadolu, Istanbul36.9Interchanges with O-3 and O-4 in Istanbul; part of local network.
O-3Edirne to Bağcılar, Istanbul246.9Starts at Kapıkule border; connects to O-4; part of E80.
O-4Ümraniye-Ataşehir, Istanbul to Sincan, Ankara372Junction with O-3 in Istanbul; interchanges at Bolu; part of E80 to Ankara.
O-5Gebze, Kocaeli to Bornova, İzmir409.4Includes Osman Gazi Bridge; key interchanges at Bursa; connects to O-30 and O-32 at İzmir; part of E96.
O-6Malkara, Tekirdağ to Lapseki, Çanakkale101Northern Aegean connection; links to D.550; part of E90.
O-7Kınalı, Istanbul to Akyazı, Sakarya275.2Connects to O-4; interchanges at Adapazarı; integrates with D.140.
O-20Ankara ring road110Full loop around Ankara; interchanges with O-4 and O-21.
O-21Gölbaşı, Ankara to Tarsus, Mersin399.5Passes through Niğde and Cappadocia area; connects to O-51 at Mersin; part of E90. Includes O-21A spur (32 km, Çakmak Bucağı to Eminlik).
O-22Çağlayan to Turanköy, Bursa ring road34.1Local ring around Bursa; links to O-5.
O-30Menemen to Balçova, İzmir ring road60.4Outer ring of İzmir; connects O-5 to O-32 and O-33.
O-31Aydın to Denizli165Southeastern extension; connects to O-5; links to D.320. Recent completion in 2024.
O-32Çeşme to Balçova, İzmir77.7Coastal route around İzmir; interchanges with O-30; part of E87.
O-33Çandarlı to Menemen, İzmir area76Northern İzmir connections; links to O-5 and O-30.
O-51Çeşmeli, Mersin to Adana99.2Connects to O-21; interchanges with D.400; part of E90.
O-52Adana to Şanlıurfa365Eastern route; connects O-51 to D.400; part of Middle Corridor.
O-53Ceyhan to İskenderun150Mediterranean coastal; links to O-52 and ports; part of E90.
O-54Gaziantep beltway35Ring road around Gaziantep; connects to O-52 extensions.

Recent Developments and Expansions

In recent years, Turkey's motorway network has seen significant expansions, reaching a total length of 3,886 kilometers as of late 2025, driven by public-private partnerships and international financing. A prominent project is the (proposed O- numbering pending), a 122-kilometer route including 84 kilometers of main highway and 38 kilometers of connecting roads, which broke ground in July 2025 and secured €1.7 billion in financing from institutions like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. This southern corridor, running parallel to existing toll roads along the Mediterranean coast, is under construction and projected to reduce travel time between and from 2.5 hours to 36 minutes upon completion, enhancing tourism and regional connectivity. Additionally, extensions to the Ankara-Niğde Motorway (O-21) continue to link central Anatolia, incorporating segments through Nevşehir province to improve access to and eastern routes. Toll collection on Turkish motorways relies on the Hızlı Geçiş Sistemi (HGS) electronic system, with the Otomatik Geçiş Sistemi (OGS) fully phased out by March 2022, requiring vehicles to maintain speeds up to 30 km/h at toll plazas. In 2025, the General Directorate of Highways implemented toll increases of approximately 42-44 percent across categories, with vehicles in classes 1 and 2 (passenger cars) facing hikes up to 50 percent on key segments to offset inflation and maintenance costs. Amid fiscal pressures, the government revived plans in September 2025 to sell operating rights for Istanbul's Bosphorus bridges (Fatih Sultan Mehmet and 15 July Martyrs) and several highways, potentially valued at multibillion dollars, though officials clarified that only operational concessions—not ownership—would be transferred to attract private investment. Challenges in 2025 included geotechnical failures, such as the August collapse of a section on the Söke-Kuşadası highway near Yaylaköy village, attributed to slope instability and prior cracks, disrupting traffic for over a month and highlighting vulnerabilities in embankment design. In response to safer segments, speed limits were raised to 140 km/h on select build-operate-transfer motorways for passenger vehicles, aiming to optimize flow while maintaining safety standards enforced by automated cameras. Looking ahead, future motorway developments emphasize regional integration, including links to the Zangezur Corridor—a proposed transport route connecting Turkey's eastern provinces to Azerbaijan via Armenia—to facilitate trade with Central Asia and boost Eurasian connectivity by 2026. Urban motorway upgrades also incorporate multimodal enhancements, such as better integration with metro systems in cities like Istanbul and , where new lines replace sustainable access to highway networks.

State Roads (Devlet Yolu)

West-East Routes

The west-east state roads in Turkey form the backbone of horizontal connectivity across the country, facilitating trade, tourism, and daily travel from the European border regions through Anatolia to the eastern frontiers. These routes are designated under the D0XX to D4XX numbering system, where lower numbers indicate more northerly alignments and higher numbers more southerly ones, administered by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM). They often parallel motorways for redundancy and serve as vital links in the Trans-European Transport Network, including corridors like E80.

Reference Main Routes

These primary west-east state roads provide long-distance connectivity, typically spanning multiple regions with divided highway sections where traffic volumes are high.
RoutePathLength (km)
D.100Kapıkule (Bulgarian border) to Gürbulak (Iranian border) via , , , and (as of 2024)1,788
D.200Çanakkale to near Refahiye (Erzincan) via Balıkesir, Eskişehir, and (as of 2024)1,261
D.300Çeşme (İzmir) to Kapıköy (Van) via Salihli, Uşak, Afyon, and (as of 2024)2,004
D.400Datça to Esendere (Iranian border) via , , , and Şanlıurfa (as of 2024)2,057
The D.100, for instance, overlaps with the O-2 and O-4 motorways in segments near and , serving as a key component of the E80 European corridor that extends from Lisbon to the Iranian border. Similarly, the D.400 provides an alternative to the O-52 motorway in southern Anatolia, supporting freight movement along the E90 corridor.

Intermediate Routes

Intermediate west-east state roads supplement the main routes by connecting secondary urban centers and providing bypass options, often with shorter spans and integration into regional networks.
RoutePathLength (km)
D.020Edirne East (D.100) to via (as of 2024)455
D.110İpsala (Greek border) to Kınalı (near ) via and Çorlu (as of 2024)172
D.260Afyonkarahisar to Divriği via Sivrihisar and Bayat (as of 2024)977
D.350Uğurlu (Fethiye) to Döşemealtı via Korkuteli (as of 2024)~250
These routes enhance accessibility, with the D.110 forming part of the E84 corridor and paralleling the O-2 motorway near Istanbul, while the D.260 links to the E96 for central Anatolian transit.

North-South Routes

The north-south state roads in Turkey, designated under the D5XX to D9XX numbering scheme, primarily facilitate meridional connectivity across the country's diverse topography, linking northern coastal regions with southern inland and Mediterranean areas. These routes form a crucial backbone of the national road network, complementing east-west alignments by enabling efficient vertical transport of sengers, and resources. The General Directorate of Highways (Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, KGM) maintains these roads, ensuring standards for divided carriageways where feasible to handle increasing traffic volumes. Reference main routes include several key arteries that span significant distances, often paralleling or intersecting motorways for integrated mobility. The D.550 runs from Edirne to Muğla, covering 774 km through Çanakkale, Edremit, İzmir, and Aydın provinces, serving as a vital link for cross-border trade and regional commerce along the west coast (as of 2024). The D.650 connects Karasu on the Black Sea to Antalya, extending about 700 km via Sakarya, Bilecik, Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar, and Denizli, supporting heavy industrial and tourist traffic (as of 2024). The D.750 stretches from Zonguldak on the Black Sea to Tarsus near Mersin, totaling 722 km via Bolu, Ankara, Konya, and Adana, facilitating agricultural exports from the central regions to southern ports (as of 2024). Intermediate routes supplement these mains by providing secondary connections and bypassing segments. The D.695 connects Eskişehir to Afyonkarahisar with extensions to Konya, traversing approximately 200 km of central plateau terrain to support mining and manufacturing logistics (as of 2024). The D.795 runs from Konya to Mut, spanning about 250 km through Taurus foothills in Konya and Mersin provinces, aiding agricultural transport in the Çukurova basin (as of 2024). These north-south routes play a strategic role in Turkey's transport infrastructure, bridging coastal economic hubs with inland production centers and integrating with international corridors such as the E90 trans-European network for enhanced Eurasian connectivity. They also support migration and refugee flows by providing reliable access from northern entry points to southern accommodation areas, as highlighted in regional development plans.
RoutePath SummaryLength (km)Key Intersections
D.550Edirne – Çanakkale – Edremit – İzmir – Aydın – Muğla (as of 2024)774O-2 (near Edirne), O-5 (İzmir)
D.650Karasu – Sakarya – Bilecik – Kütahya – Afyonkarahisar – Denizli – Antalya (as of 2024)~700D.200 (Kütahya), O-31 (Antalya)
D.750Zonguldak – Bolu – Ankara – Konya – – Adana – (as of 2024)722O-4 (Ankara), O-21 (near Tarsus)
D.695Eskişehir – Afyonkarahisar – Konya (as of 2024)~200D.300 (Polatlı), D.650 (Afyon)
D.795Konya – Mut (as of 2024)~250D.750 (Karaman), D.715 (Ereğli)

Provincial Roads (İl Yolu)

Overview and Structure

Provincial roads in Turkey, known as il yolu, form a critical component of the country's local transportation network, serving all 81 provinces by connecting district centers and rural areas to the broader state road system. These roads total approximately 33,996 km in length as of 2024, comprising about 50% of the highways managed by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM). They are administered through KGM's provincial organization, which includes 18 regional directorates, 118 branch offices, and 25 maintenance offices responsible for planning, construction, upkeep, and operations under the oversight of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. In terms of design, provincial roads are predominantly two-lane configurations with shoulders to accommodate local traffic, though sections near urban centers may feature dual carriageways for improved capacity. The standard speed limit on these roads is 90 km/h, reflecting their role in balancing efficiency with safety on secondary routes. These roads primarily function as a feeder system, providing essential access to rural communities, supporting agricultural transport by linking farms to markets, and facilitating tourism in provincial areas through connections to scenic and economic hubs. In 2025, reforms under KGM initiatives addressed safety concerns by removing over 32,000 unnecessary speed limit signs nationwide as of November 2025, aiming to reduce driver confusion and enhance compliance on provincial routes. Funding for provincial roads draws from a mix of local provincial budgets and central government the latter providing the through KGM's annual budget. Key challenges include ongoing efforts to mitigate over-signage, as seen in the 2024-2025 reduction campaigns, which targeted excessive signage to improve afety and flow.

Examples by Major Provinces

Provincial roads in major provinces like , , and Izmir primarily serve urban and suburban connectivity, linking local districts, airports, and tourist areas to broader state road networks while maintaining shorter lengths typical of this highway class. These routes, numbered with the province code followed by a two-digit identifier (e.g., 34-XX for ), facilitate daily commuting and regional access without extending across provincial boundaries. Nationally, provincial roads total approximately 33,996 km as of 2024, but individual routes are generally concise, ranging from 5 to 50 kilometers, with no exhaustive list published due to their extensive number exceeding 10,000 segments. In Istanbul Province (34-XX), provincial roads emphasize urban ring functions and parallels to motorways like O-1, supporting the metropolis's dense traffic. For instance, 34-01 connects Bağcılar to Başakşehir, handling significant suburban traffic as of 2023 data. Another key route, 34-02, forms a beltway-like path from Bakırköy to Ataköy spanning 11 kilometers. Route 34-11 runs parallel to O-1 from Altunizade junction to Söğütlüçeşme over 5 kilometers, serving as a critical urban relief corridor. Ankara Province (06-XX) features provincial roads focused on capital suburbs, connecting city centers to airports and peripheral districts while integrating with E90 corridors. Route 06-01 links Ankara's city center areas like Çankaya to E90 access points over approximately 16 kilometers, supporting administrative and residential flows as of 2023. The 06-02 route extends from Kızılay to Çankaya for 7 kilometers, functioning as an inner-city connector. Additionally, 06-10 provides extensions from Gölbaşı toward suburban areas like those near E90, covering segments up to 43 kilometers, emphasizing airport and border linkages. In Izmir Province (35-XX), these roads highlight Aegean tourism links, with routes tying urban rings to coastal destinations. The 35-01 Bornova ring connects central areas like Alsancak to Izmir's ring infrastructure, facilitating metropolitan circulation as of 2023 data. Route 35-10 supports coastal access toward Çeşme, including segments from Izmir-Çeşme junction to Seferihisar at 21 kilometers, vital for seasonal tourism traffic. Overall, such examples underscore the role of provincial roads in local maintenance, as overseen by the General Directorate of Highways, without delving into cross-provincial state integrations.

References

  1. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteEng/Root/Gdh/GdhRoadNetwork.aspx
  2. https://en.guvenlitrafik.gov.tr/infrastructure-road-and-road-environment
  3. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Yayinlar/YayinPdf/KarayoluUlasimIstatistikleri2024.pdf
  4. https://www.dailysabah.com/business/transportation/turkiyes-2025-budget-proposal-spotlights-road-network-expansion
  5. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteEng/Projeler/OtoyolProjeleri.aspx
  6. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteEng/Projeler/BolunmusYolProjeleri.aspx
  7. https://unece.org/DAM/trans/main/tem/temdocs/Presentation_TURKEY.pdf
  8. https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/turkey-raises-speed-limits-on-highways-starting-from-july/news
  9. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Istatistikler/DevletIlYolEnvanter/SatihYolAgiUzunlugu.pdf
  10. https://lca.logcluster.org/turkiye-23-road-network
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213624X17301621
  12. https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Turkey.aspx
  13. https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/turkey/transport/driving/on-the-road
  14. https://sites.google.com/site/roadnumberingsystems/home/countries/turkey
  15. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteEng/Root/Gdh/GdhHistory.aspx
  16. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Root/otoyolharitalari.aspx
  17. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/Projeler-Otoyol.aspx
  18. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2025/approved/turkiye-antalya-alanya-motorway.html
  19. https://tollguru.com/turkey-toll
  20. https://www.novinite.com/articles/230276/Turkey+Implements+Major+Toll+Hike+on+Highways+and+Bridges+in+2025
  21. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-08/turkey-said-to-weigh-multibillion-dollar-deal-for-iconic-bridges
  22. https://www.geoengineer.org/news/cracks-before-collapse-what-the-skekuadas-highway-failure-reinforces-about-slope-and-wall-design
  23. https://www.dailydrive.com.tr/en/blog/traffic-terms/highway-speed-limits-2025-updated-rules-and-penalties
  24. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/
  25. https://wiki.aaroads.com/wiki/D.650_(Turkey)
  26. https://www.senskin.eu/consortium/kgm
  27. https://www.iatss.or.jp/en/entry_img/7CountriesReport_en_04Turkey.pdf
  28. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Eng/Traffic/HighwayDesignReport%28App-3%29-June.pdf
  29. https://openpublishing.library.umass.edu/fabos/article/668/galley/618/download/
  30. https://en.haberler.com/32-845-signs-were-removed-and-speed-limits-changed-19225271/
  31. https://www.worknwomen.com/20000-traffic-signs-removed/
  32. https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/rail-road-cycling/1681244/presidential-circular-introduces-uniform-application-of-speed-limits-on-highways
  33. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Istatistikler/TrafikveUlasimBilgileri/23IlYollariTrafikUlasimBilgileri.pdf
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