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Timecode
Timecode
Timecode
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A timecode (alternatively, time code) is a sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a timing synchronization system. Timecode is used in video production, show control and other applications which require temporal coordination or logging of recording or actions.

Video and film

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In video production and filmmaking, SMPTE timecode is used extensively for synchronization, and for logging and identifying material in recorded media. During filmmaking or video production shoot, the camera assistant will typically log the start and end timecodes of shots, and the data generated will be sent on to the editorial department for use in referencing those shots. This shot-logging process was traditionally done by hand using pen and paper, but is now typically done using shot-logging software running on a laptop computer that is connected to the timecode generator or the camera itself.

The SMPTE family of timecodes are almost universally used in film, video and audio production, and can be encoded in many different formats, including:

Keykode, while not a timecode, is used to identify specific film frames in film post-production that uses physical film stock. Keykode data is normally used in conjunction with SMPTE timecode.

Rewritable consumer timecode is a proprietary consumer video timecode system that is not frame-accurate, and is therefore not used in professional post-production.

Other formats

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Timecodes for purposes other than video and audio production include:

  • IRIG timecode is used for military, government and commercial purposes.
  • DTS timecode is used to synchronise the optical DTS timecode track from a projector to the CD-based DTS audio tracks.

Timecode generators

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Timecode reader/generator with character inserter

Depending on the environment, timecode generators can take various forms.

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Timecode

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from Grokipedia
Timecode is a standardized system used in film, video, and audio production to precisely label each individual frame of recorded material with a unique identifier in the format of hours:minutes:seconds:frames (HH:MM:SS:FF), enabling accurate synchronization between audio and video sources, efficient editing, and reliable identification of specific moments in footage. Developed in the late 1960s by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), timecode originated as a solution for tape-based workflows to address the challenges of aligning separate audio and image recordings during post-production. The core standard governing timecode is SMPTE ST 12, which defines its structure and transmission methods, ensuring compatibility across professional equipment and software. Timecode exists in two primary formats: Longitudinal Timecode (LTC), an that can be recorded on a dedicated track and read by devices even when paused, and Vertical Interval Timecode (VITC), which embeds the code visually in the vertical blanking interval of the video signal for on-screen readability during playback. Additionally, timecode can operate in drop-frame mode, which skips certain frame numbers (but not actual frames) to compensate for non-integer frame rates like 29.97 fps in video, maintaining real-time accuracy over long durations, or non-drop-frame mode for integer rates such as 24 fps or 25 fps in film and PAL systems. In modern and , timecode is embedded directly into camera files as metadata or "burned in" to the video image, supporting from to final conforming via edit decision lists (EDLs) and formats like the (AAF). It plays a critical role in multi-camera shoots, where devices are jam-synced using timecode generators to align frame-accurately, and in collaborative environments, providing a universal reference for teams to locate shots, log events, and disparate media sources. Despite evolving from analog tape eras to digital ecosystems, timecode remains a foundational technology, with ongoing refinements like GPS-based ensuring its relevance in high-precision productions.

Fundamentals

Definition

Timecode is a standardized for labeling individual frames or fields of analog or digital audio and video material with a unique numeric identifier, typically generated at regular intervals to mark elapsed time and positions within a recording or timeline. This identifier serves as a precise temporal reference, enabling consistent tracking across media assets. The basic structure of timecode consists of four pairs of digits in the format , based on a where hours range from 00 to 23, minutes and seconds from 00 to 59, and frames from 00 to the maximum defined by the . Common frame rates include 24, 25, 29.97, and 30 frames per second (fps), accommodating various international broadcast and film standards. The primary purposes of timecode include facilitating precise of multiple audio and video sources, logging specific edits or events by noting their exact positions, and supporting workflows through unique frame identification for navigation and assembly. Timecode exists in two main embedded signal types: (LTC), which is recorded as an audio-like waveform on a longitudinal track for use in both audio and video applications, and vertical interval timecode (VITC), which is inserted into the vertical blanking interval of video signals exclusively for video .

History

The development of timecode systems traces its roots to the mid-20th century, when filmmakers and broadcasters sought reliable methods for identifying and synchronizing media. In the 1950s and 1960s, early precursors emerged in the form of film edge numbering, where manufacturers like Eastman Kodak printed latent numerical codes along the film's edge to uniquely identify frames for editing and archival purposes; these keycodes, introduced around 1919 but refined in subsequent decades, served as a basic frame-of-reference tool without electronic synchronization capabilities. Concurrently, audio cueing techniques, such as the pilottone system developed by Nagra in the early 1960s, provided a precursor for audio-film synchronization by recording a continuous 60 Hz (or 50 Hz in Europe) tone alongside audio tracks on magnetic tape, allowing speed-matching during post-production without precise frame addressing. The modern timecode system was invented in 1967 by the Electronic Engineering Company of (EECO), adapting concepts from NASA's telemetry tape numbering for applications, initially to enable precise frame identification on two-inch recorders without physical cutting; concurrent developments included versions by and by Leo O'Donnell at the . This innovation prompted the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) to form a in 1969, leading to the formal adoption and refinement of the system as an industry standard. By 1975, SMPTE published the specification now known as SMPTE ST 12:2014 (originally SMPTE 12M-1975), which defined the 80-bit binary group structure for time and control codes, enabling longitudinal (LTC) and vertical interval (VITC) implementations across various frame rates. Early non-linear editing systems, such as those from CMX (introduced in 1971) and later Avid (from 1989), relied on timecode for random-access clip manipulation without sequential playback constraints. Widespread adoption accelerated in the 1980s alongside the proliferation of video tape recorders (VTRs), where timecode allowed editors to mark in- and out-points electronically for linear assembly editing, reducing wear on tapes and improving efficiency in broadcast and film post-production. In the and , timecode evolved to integrate with digital formats and computer-based workflows, transitioning from analog tape to file-based systems like DV and HDV, where it embedded metadata in MXF and containers for seamless synchronization in non-linear editors. As high-definition (HD) and 4K standards emerged—standardized by SMPTE in documents like ST 274 for HD and later extensions for ultra-high-definition—timecode adapted to support higher frame rates and resolutions, ensuring compatibility in and broadcast pipelines. As of 2025, recent developments focus on integrating timecode with IP-based workflows and synchronization for streaming production, leveraging (PTP, IEEE 1588) under SMPTE ST 2110 to distribute timing over networks, and cloud-native adaptations that treat timecode as abstract metadata rather than hardware-locked signals for remote collaboration.

Applications

In Video and Film

In video and film production, timecode plays a crucial role in synchronizing picture and sound during shooting through the use of camera slates and . These devices display timecode alongside traditional markings such as scene and take numbers, allowing teams to align footage precisely by matching the timecode values from video and audio recordings. Digital slates, equipped with built-in timecode generators, continuously record and present on an LED screen, facilitating automatic syncing without relying solely on the physical clap of the sticks, which provides both visual and audio cues for manual alignment when needed. In systems like Avid and , timecode enables frame-accurate cuts and multi-camera by serving as a reference for logging, capturing, and aligning clips. Editors use timecode to set in/out points, navigate timelines, and autosync multiple angles from separate cameras, often via group clips or multicam clips that match timecode values for seamless switching during playback. For instance, in Avid, timecode supports up to 99 video and 99 audio tracks for complex sequences, ensuring precise relinking and trimming at the frame level. Similarly, leverages timecode for automatic syncing of audio and video clips, including multicamera setups where a central generator provides consistent values across devices. Burn-in timecode refers to the overlay of timecode values directly onto the video image, commonly applied during the creation of and rough cuts to aid review and feedback processes. This visual embedding allows directors, producers, and editors to reference specific frames without additional tools, often including source clip names or sequence timecode for clarity in collaborative workflows. In systems like , generators such as the Timecode element are added as connected clips to burn these overlays permanently into exports for rough assemblies. For video, which operates at 29.97 , handling drop-frame versus non-drop-frame timecode addresses discrepancies between the actual and a nominal 30 fps clock. Drop-frame timecode skips two frame numbers every minute (except every tenth minute) to maintain alignment with real elapsed time, preventing a cumulative drift of about 3.6 seconds per hour, while non-drop-frame counts every frame sequentially but results in slight desynchronization over long durations. This distinction, denoted by semicolons in drop-frame notation (e.g., 01:00:00;00) versus colons in non-drop-frame (e.g., 01:00:00:00), is essential for accurate broadcast and editing timelines in workflows. Timecode integrates with digital cinema packages (DCPs) for theatrical distribution through SMPTE standards that ensure synchronized playback of high-quality motion picture content. DCPs package picture, sound, and using frame-based indexing derived from production timecode, allowing secure and interoperable delivery to cinema servers while maintaining temporal accuracy across compositions.

In Audio Production

In audio production, timecode serves as a critical tool for synchronizing multitrack audio recordings with video footage, particularly in sound design workflows. It provides a precise positional reference that aligns audio elements, such as , effects, and , to specific frames in the video timeline, ensuring seamless integration during post-production mixing. For instance, in digital audio workstations (DAWs) like , timecode enables the locking of audio regions to video imports, allowing editors to maintain frame-accurate even when handling multiple tracks from analog tape transfers or on-set recordings. This is achieved through standards like , which uses an 80-bit digital stream to encode hours, minutes, seconds, and frames, facilitating modes such as Jam Sync for continuous alignment without interruptions. Timecode also plays a key role in live sound reinforcement, where it triggers timed cues for audio elements during performances or broadcasts. In rock shows and theatrical events, is often embedded in audio tracks—such as on the right channel of a alongside on the left—to synchronize backing vocals, effects, and click tracks with the live band, ensuring consistent timing for drummers and mix engineers. serves as an alternative format, converting audio-based signals for broader integration with and video systems, though challenges like signal bleed from instruments require backup manual triggering to maintain reliability. For digital workflows, timecode stamping embeds temporal metadata directly into audio files within DAWs, streamlining by matching timestamps (in SMPTE : HH:MM:SS:FF) between audio and video assets. This metadata, recorded via devices like wireless systems, allows DAWs such as to automatically align clips, reducing manual matching and minimizing drift over long sessions. Audio production must account for sample rates in relation to video timecode to avoid synchronization issues, with 48 kHz being the standard for video projects due to its even divisibility by common frame rates like 24, 25, and fps. This ensures whole-number samples per frame, preventing playback artifacts when converting between rates (e.g., from 44.1 kHz music sources), and maintains audio-video alignment without resampling-induced quality loss in . In specialized applications like Foley and automated dialogue replacement (ADR) sessions, timecode facilitates precise cueing and recording. For Foley, engineers create frame-accurate cues in DAWs by locking picture and production tracks to timecode, then placing blank regions and "cue beeps" at specific timestamps to guide artists in recreating sounds like footsteps, which can take 10-14 hours to spot for a 90-minute . In ADR, timecode aligns guide tracks with new dialogue recordings in by matching burn-in windows and memory locations, enabling waveform comparisons for lip-sync accuracy during remote or studio sessions.

In Other Fields

In television broadcasting, timecode is employed to synchronize program schedules, ensuring precise timing for content delivery and automated operations. It facilitates the insertion of commercials by aligning ad breaks with predefined time slots in the system, allowing seamless transitions without disrupting the main program flow. This synchronization is critical for maintaining on airtime allocation and optimizing revenue through placements. In and virtual production, timecode integrates with real-time rendering engines to synchronize virtual elements with live action, enabling coordinated playback across software like . For instance, it allows data, camera feeds, and graphical outputs to align temporally, supporting in-camera where virtual sets respond dynamically to physical movements. This approach enhances efficiency in by reducing manual adjustments and ensuring frame-accurate . Timecode finds applications in scientific data logging, particularly for seismic monitoring, where it timestamps recordings to correlate events with precise timestamps for analysis. In telemetry systems, such as those used in , IRIG-formatted timecode embeds timing information directly into data streams, enabling accurate reconstruction of event sequences in geophysical surveys. These implementations support high-fidelity , essential for modeling phenomena like ground vibrations or atmospheric measurements. In and contexts, timecode standards like IRIG are utilized for mission timing and data correlation, synchronizing across aircraft systems during flight tests. It ensures that from sensors, navigation logs, and video feeds are temporally aligned, aiding in post-mission analysis and performance evaluation. This capability is vital for operations requiring precision, such as testing or flight path reconstruction. As of 2025, timecode is increasingly applied in and VR/AR content creation to coordinate multi-device environments, synchronizing immersive experiences across headsets, cameras, and streaming servers. In VR/AR workflows, it aligns real-time audio, video, and interactive elements for collaborative virtual events, minimizing latency in distributed setups. This emerging use supports scalable, synchronized delivery in platforms like Unreal Engine-based productions, enhancing user immersion in live broadcasts.

Timecode Formats

SMPTE Timecode

, defined by the SMPTE ST 12-1 standard, is a time and control code system used in video and audio production for labeling individual frames with precise timing information. The format employs an 80-bit binary word per frame, structured as (BCD) representations of hours (00-23), minutes (00-59), seconds (00-59), and frames, along with 32 user bits available for additional data such as identifiers, event markers, or metadata. Each 4-bit BCD digit is followed by a to ensure even parity within its binary group, providing basic error detection across the timecode elements. Linear Timecode (LTC), a primary implementation of , encodes the 80-bit word as an suitable for recording on linear tracks such as audio channels or cue tracks. The signal uses biphase mark encoding, where a binary 0 produces a single transition at the bit boundary and a binary 1 produces transitions at both the boundary and midpoint, resulting in a self-clocking waveform with frequencies ranging from approximately 960 Hz to 2400 Hz depending on the . A dedicated biphase mark phase correction bit (bit 27) is included to maintain an even number of zero bits (and thus balanced transitions) across the entire 80-bit word, enhancing robustness against transmission errors. LTC operates at a of 2400 bits per second for 30 fps systems, with the full frame transmitted sequentially during each frame period. Vertical Interval Timecode (VITC) embeds timecode data directly into the vertical blanking interval of the video signal, making it suitable for non-linear playback scenarios where audio tracks are unavailable. Unlike the 80-bit LTC, VITC uses a 90-bit structure: 64 information bits (timecode and user data), 18 synchronization bits, and 8 (CRC) bits for error detection, typically inserted across two video lines such as lines 14 and 16 in systems. This allows VITC to be read during paused or slow-motion playback, as the data is visually encoded as modulated waveforms in the region. SMPTE timecode supports multiple frame rate variants to accommodate different broadcast and production standards, including 23.98 fps (common in high-definition film), 24 fps (for film transfers), 25 fps (for PAL/ video), 29.97 (NTSC color), and 30 fps. For 29.97 and 30 fps modes, non-drop frame counting increments every frame sequentially, while drop-frame mode skips specific frame numbers (such as 00 and 01 every minute, except every tenth minute) to align the displayed timecode with real-world clock time, compensating for the slight discrepancy in frame rates. Synchronization across devices is achieved via jam sync, a process where a master clock briefly overrides slave device counters to align them without resetting the overall timeline.

Other Formats

IRIG timecodes are serial timecode standards developed for high-precision timing applications, distinct from media formats. These codes use amplitude-modulated (AM) signals superimposed on a carrier frequency, typically 1 kHz for the widely used IRIG-B format, which encodes time-of-year information including hours, minutes, seconds, and subseconds via . IRIG-B, in particular, transmits data at 100 pulses per second, with the carrier representing the unmodulated code and a mark-to-space of approximately 10:3 for reliable . This format is employed in such as power utilities for synchronizing distributed systems and in military operations for coordinating timing in test ranges and navigation equipment. Keykode, developed by Eastman Kodak, consists of machine-readable s printed along the edge of stock to provide unique frame identification. Each Keykode includes a human-readable key number alongside a barcode that encodes the same information—typically a six-digit sequence for the roll or magazine, four digits for footage count, and additional identifiers for frame offset—allowing for precise location of individual frames during . These codes are optically scanned using dedicated readers on film processors or equipment, enabling automated logging and synchronization without altering the film's image area. Keykode is primarily used in motion picture workflows to track and match physical elements with digital edits or effects. Rewritable Consumer Timecode (RCTC), also known as RC Timecode, is a frame-accurate system designed for consumer and video recording, particularly on Sony's 8mm and Hi8 camcorders. It records time information—hours, minutes, seconds, and —in a dedicated longitudinal track separate from the video and audio signals, allowing the code to be rewritten or regenerated during playback or without affecting the primary content. RCTC achieves accuracy within ±2 to 5 . This format facilitates basic in non-professional setups, such as matching shots from multiple camcorders or integrating with linear decks. DTS timecode, part of the Digital Theater Systems audio format, enables frame-accurate synchronization of multi-channel soundtracks stored on discs with projected film. A modified timecode track, optically printed between the film's holes, is read by a projector-mounted reader to cue the , ensuring audio playback aligns precisely with each at rates like 24 fps for 35mm or 70mm prints. The timecode uses a specialized encoding derived from SMPTE standards but optimized for optical readability and redundancy, often with dual readers in 70mm setups for reliability. This system was deployed in theatrical releases to deliver high-fidelity, discrete without perforating the film for magnetic tracks. MIDI Time Code (MTC) serves as a digital protocol for synchronizing musical sequencers and devices, translating into a series of messages. It embeds timing data as quarter-frame messages, each carrying a portion of the hours:minutes:seconds:frames structure (e.g., frame number in one message, seconds in another), transmitted at up to 120 quarter-frames per second to match SMPTE's resolution. MTC operates independently of musical tempo, using the same frame rates as SMPTE (e.g., 24, 25, or fps), and is generated by converters that map linear SMPTE signals to streams for seamless integration. Primarily used in audio production for aligning -based composition with video timelines or multi-track recorders, MTC enables precise cueing and transport control across sequencers.

Generation and Synchronization

Timecode Generators

Timecode generators are devices or software applications designed to produce precise timing signals used for synchronizing audio, video, and other media equipment in professional production environments. These generators create signals in formats such as Longitudinal Timecode (LTC) and Vertical Interval Timecode (VITC), which embed frame-accurate timestamps into audio tracks or video lines, respectively. Hardware timecode generators include blackburst and sync generators commonly used in broadcast studios to provide stable reference signals for multiple devices. For instance, the Horita TG-50 is a rack-mountable or desktop unit that outputs LTC signals supporting frame rates such as 25, 29.97, and 30 fps, ensuring consistent timing across video switchers and cameras. Similarly, the Telestream SPG700 multiformat reference sync generator delivers blackburst outputs with embedded VITC alongside four LTC outputs, maintaining in high-end setups. Portable hardware generators cater to field production, offering compact designs for on-location use, while rack-mounted units suit fixed studio installations. Examples of portable models include the Horita PTG2, a palm-sized LTC generator, and the Orca Technologies GS-101B, which provides synchronized timecode in lab or mobile scenarios. Rack-mounted options, such as the Horita UTG-50RM, support multi-frame-rate SMPTE timecode generation in 1U form factors for integrated facility timing. As of 2025, many generators incorporate GPS integration for absolute referencing to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), enhancing accuracy in remote or distributed workflows; the Horita GPS-MTG, for example, uses GPS atomic clock data to generate LTC matched to UTC without external references. Key features of timecode generators include operational modes that adapt to different production needs: free-run mode maintains continuous, independent timing regardless of recording status; record-run mode advances the code only during active recording to match media length; and jam-sync mode allows initial alignment to an external source before switching to free-run for drift compensation. These modes are implemented in devices like the Deity DXTX transmitter, which supports free-run, record-run, and jam-sync variants such as auto-jam for ongoing wireless alignment. Software generators, often in the form of (DAW) plugins or applications, enable virtual timecode production within digital workflows. The TXL Timecode Plug-in, compatible with DAWs like and , generates SMPTE LTC, , and signals directly from the host DAW's clock via VST3 or AU formats. In , tools like Adobe Premiere Pro's built-in timecode display and overlay functions allow for generating and embedding timecode tracks in sequences, facilitating alignment without dedicated hardware. Regarding power and interface standards, hardware generators typically feature outputs for LTC distribution over long distances with reduced noise; the Plura Avenue 9400, for instance, provides 110-ohm balanced LTC alongside 75-ohm unbalanced options. interfaces are standard on sync-focused models to lock video signals to a common reference, as seen in the Utah Scientific TSG460, which outputs sync pulses compatible with blackburst for studio-wide video synchronization. Power supplies vary by form factor, with portable units often using battery or USB power (e.g., Horita PG-2100 via PC serial) and rack models drawing from AC mains for continuous operation.

Synchronization Techniques

Synchronization techniques in timecode systems enable precise alignment of multiple devices, such as cameras, audio recorders, and playback equipment, to maintain temporal consistency across media production workflows. These methods address the inherent drift from independent internal clocks by either periodically resetting or continuously referencing a master signal, ensuring frames and audio samples align without perceptible offsets. Jam sync provides a one-time alignment where a slave device captures the incoming timecode from a master to initialize its internal clock, allowing independent operation thereafter without ongoing connection. This technique is particularly useful for field productions where cabling is impractical, but it requires periodic re-jamming—often every few hours—to counteract clock inaccuracies that can cause drift of up to one frame every 30 minutes. In contrast, continuous sync involves an ongoing feed of timecode from a master source to slave devices, which adjust their playback in real-time to match the reference. This is commonly implemented in chase mode, where slaves continuously monitor and follow the master's timecode, employing lock styles such as sync lock for strict adherence or to tolerate brief signal interruptions by allowing limited drift before relocking. Chase modes enhance reliability in environments by enabling devices to locate and synchronize to specific timecode positions dynamically. Genlock and tri-level sync offer video-specific locking to eliminate frame-level drift by synchronizing devices to a common reference signal, distinct from timecode's positional indexing. uses a black burst or composite sync pulse to align frame timing across equipment, while —employing three voltage levels for high-definition formats—provides precise horizontal and vertical synchronization, preventing offsets in multi-camera setups like 3D rigs. These methods ensure simultaneous frame capture, with particularly vital for HD workflows to maintain phase accuracy and avoid drift from oscillator variances. Drift and errors in timecode systems are managed through mechanisms like drop-frame counting at non-integer frame rates (e.g., 29.97 fps), which omits timecode numbers periodically to align with real-time clocks, limiting cumulative error to mere milliseconds over hours. Digital systems detect frame slips via cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) on encoded and employ auto-correction by regenerating clean timecode or bypassing erroneous data with predicted sequential values for up to two . High-stability oscillators, such as TCVCXO, further constrain drift to less than one frame per day in precise implementations. In modern networked broadcasting as of 2025, the Precision Time Protocol (PTP, IEEE 1588) serves as an IP-based alternative, synchronizing clocks across Ethernet with sub-microsecond accuracy—far exceeding traditional timecode—to support IP media workflows under SMPTE ST 2110. PTP enables robust, distributed synchronization for video and audio in cloud and over-IP environments, incorporating error countermeasures like clock adjustments and secure multicast to mitigate network-induced delays or attacks.

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  67. https://horita.com/ptg
  68. https://orcatechnologies.com/products/gs-101b-gps-irig-b-synchronized-time-code-generator/
  69. https://www.fullcompass.com/prod/241064-horita-utg-50rm-rackmount-gps-based-universal-smpte-time-code-generator
  70. https://deitymic.com/blog/setting-timecode-on-the-dxtx/
  71. https://txl20.com/txl-timecode-plug-in/
  72. https://plurainc.com/products/9400/
  73. https://utahscientific.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/TSG460D_Operational_Manual_421.pdf
  74. https://horita.com/pg-2100
  75. https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/video/tips-and-solutions/timecode-versus-sync-how-they-differ-and-why-it-matters
  76. http://bitsavers.org/test_equipment/cipher_digital/Cipher_Digital_-_Time_Code_Handbook_1987.pdf
  77. https://www.prosoundweb.com/9-in-sync-understanding-timecode-synchronization-for-audio-production/
  78. https://newsandviews.dataton.com/genlock-framelock-timecode-sync-when-do-i-need-them
  79. https://www.cinematography.net/edited-pages/Tri-level_Sync_And_TimeCode.htm
  80. https://www.smpte.org/blog/precision-time-protocol-for-synchronization-in-broadcast-over-ip
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