Hubbry Logo
Anti-Taurus MountainsAnti-Taurus MountainsMain
Open search
Anti-Taurus Mountains
Community hub
Anti-Taurus Mountains
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Anti-Taurus Mountains
Anti-Taurus Mountains
Anti-Taurus Mountains
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Aladağlar National Park
Fields in Ceyhan, Adana with Turkey, the Taurus Mountains and Aladağlar behind them

The Anti-Taurus Mountains (from Greek: Αντίταυρος) or Aladaglar are a mountain range in southern and eastern Turkey, curving northeast from the Taurus Mountains.[1]

At 12,851 feet (3,917 m), Mount Erciyes (Turkish: Erciyes Dağı) is the highest peak not just in the range but in central Anatolia as a whole. It is a massive stratovolcano located in the northern part of the Anti-Taurus. The ancient Greek geographer and historian Strabo wrote that in his time the summit was never free of snow and that the few climbers who ascended it could see both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.[2]

Parts of the Anti-Taurus Mountains are protected within the Aladağlar National Park.

Notes

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Anti-Taurus Mountains

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Anti-Taurus Mountains, also known as Aladağlar, are a rugged located in southern and eastern , forming the northeastern extension and curving arc of the broader complex that parallels the Mediterranean coast. Stretching approximately 350 kilometers from near Lake Eğirdir eastward toward the River, the range lies primarily across provinces such as , , , and , with elevations generally exceeding 3,000 meters. The highest peak is Demirkazık at 3,756 meters, situated in the Aladağlar , which exemplifies the range's dramatic topography featuring deep valleys, underground rivers, waterfalls, and numerous caves. Historically regarded as part of the main Taurus chain, the Anti-Taurus is now distinguished as a separate subrange due to its northeastward bend around the Arabian Platform, contributing to the separation of the central Anatolian Plateau from southeastern lowlands and influencing regional river systems like the and . Geologically, the mountains consist largely of formations shaped by tectonic uplift and erosion, with evidence of past glaciation in higher elevations, including small remnant glaciers in the Aladağlar region. The range's diverse ecosystems support alpine meadows, coniferous forests, and endemic flora and fauna, making it a and a prime destination for , , and . The Anti-Taurus Mountains play a crucial role in Turkey's and , channeling to fertile valleys below while creating microclimates that range from Mediterranean influences in the west to more continental conditions eastward. in the region dates back to ancient times, with archaeological sites reflecting Hittite, Roman, and Byzantine influences amid the challenging . Today, the mountains face environmental pressures from , impacting their glacial features and , though conservation efforts in protected areas like Aladağlar aim to preserve their natural heritage.

Geography

Location and extent

The Anti-Taurus Mountains form a prominent northeastern extension of the in southern and eastern , curving from the vicinity of the Seyhan River east of toward the upper reaches of the River. This range spans approximately 350 km, marking a transitional zone between the Mediterranean coastal lowlands and the elevated Anatolian Plateau. The mountains traverse multiple provinces, primarily , , and , while extending into portions of and in the broader southeastern context. Their central coordinates are situated around 37°49′N 35°10′E, encompassing diverse administrative districts such as Aladağ in , Yahyalı in , and Çamardı in . In terms of scale, the Anti-Taurus Mountains rise with peaks exceeding 3,000 m across their core regions, effectively isolating the plain from inland and influencing regional from southern Mediterranean to eastern highland areas.

Major peaks and features

The Anti-Taurus Mountains feature several prominent summits that define their rugged , with elevations generally exceeding 3,500 meters in areas. The highest peak in the central Anti-Taurus is Kızılkaya, reaching 3,767 meters, located within the Aladağlar subrange and recognized for surpassing previous records set by nearby summits. Closely following is Demirkazık at 3,756 meters, also in the Aladağlar, celebrated for its steep, sheer faces popular among mountaineers. Other notable peaks include Emler (also known as Engin Tepe) at 3,723 meters, contributing to the range's cluster of high-altitude landforms. At the northeastern extent, Erciyes Dağı stands as the highest point in central at 3,917 meters, forming a massive that dominates the landscape and marks the transition to broader Anatolian plateaus.
Peak NameElevation (m)Location/SubrangeNotable Feature
Erciyes Dağı3,917Northeastern extent
Kızılkaya3,767Aladağlar (core)Highest in central Anti-Taurus
Demirkazık3,756AladağlarSteep climbing faces
Emler (Engin Tepe)3,723AladağlarHigh-altitude ridge
The Aladağlar subrange, often considered synonymous with the core Anti-Taurus, exemplifies the range's dramatic relief through its glaciated cirques, U-shaped valleys, and perennial snowfields on north-facing slopes above 3,000 meters. This area showcases extensive landscapes, including deep sinkholes, underground drainage systems, and poljes formed in terrains, alongside incised canyons that carve through the . These features create a highly dissected , with the range curving northeastward in a broad arc that enhances its isolation from surrounding lowlands. Further distinguishing the Anti-Taurus are expansive plateaus such as those influenced by the East Taşeli region to the southwest, where elevated karstic plains at around 1,000-1,500 meters provide gentler terrains amid the steeper ridges. Historically significant passes, like those traversing the northeastern flanks near , facilitated ancient trade and migration routes between central and the Mediterranean coast, underscoring the range's role as a natural corridor despite its barriers. Topographic visualizations of the Anti-Taurus reveal this northeastward sweep, with dense networks of ridges and valleys resulting in profound vertical relief exceeding 2,000 meters in places.

Hydrology and drainage

The hydrology of the Anti-Taurus Mountains is characterized by a network of rivers that originate in the high elevations and drain southward toward the or eastward into the Mesopotamian plains, influenced by the range's tectonic structure and karstic features. The Seyhan River forms a key western boundary, emerging from headwaters in the Tahtali Mountains within the Anti-Taurus at altitudes exceeding 2,000 meters, and flows 560 kilometers southwest through a basin spanning 20,731 square kilometers before emptying into a broad delta on the . Its tributaries, including the Zamantı and , collect precipitation and snowmelt from the northern slopes, channeling water southward to support coastal . In the eastern extents, the headwaters of the Euphrates River arise in the highlands northeast of the Anti-Taurus, where the Karasu and Murat rivers converge after traversing intra-mountain valleys with up to 1,500 meters of relief, ultimately feeding the river's 127,304-square-kilometer Turkish basin and contributing to the flow across the Mesopotamian plains. Additionally, the Batman River, another significant originating at 2,500–4,500 meters in the Anti-Taurus, joins the system, enhancing regional drainage to the southeast. Small glacial lakes punctuate the high valleys of the Anti-Taurus, formed by seasonal , particularly in the Aladağlar subrange. These lakes, along with seasonal prevalent in the terrain, capture meltwater and episodic rainfall, creating intermittent flow regimes that recharge underlying aquifers. The range's formations foster extensive networks, where underground drainage systems divert surface water into ponors and poljes, sustaining reserves through multi-level systems like those in the Birkleyn and Bozoba areas. The Anti-Taurus plays a vital role in regional supply, particularly through contributions that peak in spring and sustain river flows for downstream. In the Seyhan basin, maximum snow water equivalent reaches 0.4 gigatons, bolstering inflows that irrigate the plain with approximately 500 millimeters of annual for crops like and , while also supporting central Anatolian needs via reservoirs. Hydrological patterns include flash flooding in narrow valleys, triggered by the rapid influx of combined with seasonal on the Taurus slopes, which can overwhelm conduits and cause sudden surges. aquifers in the region store and release this steadily, mitigating dry summer conditions but remaining vulnerable to during high-flow events.

Geology

Formation and structure

The Anti-Taurus Mountains, as part of the broader Central Taurus range, form within the Alpide , resulting from the ongoing convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This collision, which isolated the Mediterranean from the , initiated in the early around 20 million years ago with the consumption of the last remnants of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere along the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. The process uplifted the Anatolian block, including the Anti-Taurus, through continental convergence and associated shortening, with exhumation occurring since the early . Initial structural development began with folding during the , marking the onset of compression and subdued exhumation in the Central Taurus region, where erosion largely kept pace with tectonic uplift. Major uplift accelerated in the Miocene-Pliocene, driven by mid-Miocene compressional pulses and to Plio-Quaternary surface elevation, forming inward-draining lakes before establishing modern drainage patterns. Ongoing , including active shortening and extension, contribute to frequent earthquakes in the region, reflecting the dynamic plate boundary. The range's structure is dominated by fold-thrust belts, with north-vergent thrusting active since the late Eocene, imbricating Mesozoic-Paleogene units and creating northeast-trending anticlines that define the Anti-Taurus's arcuate morphology. This arcuate shape arises from the interplay of subduction-related rollback of the African plate beneath and subsequent continental convergence, which indented the Anatolian block and produced curved fold patterns. Key fault systems, such as the Ecemiş Fault Zone, a sinistral strike-slip feature with approximately 60 km of offset since the , further influence the structure by dissecting the range and controlling differential uplift in areas like the Aladağlar massif. These elements highlight the Anti-Taurus as a zone of continued deformation within the broader Tauride system.

Rock composition and tectonics

The Anti-Taurus Mountains are predominantly composed of carbonate rocks, including thick sequences of and dolomite derived from marine deposits, particularly from and Permian periods, which form the backbone of the range's elevated plateaus and ridges. These sedimentary layers, often massive and fossiliferous, reflect ancient shallow marine environments and have undergone folding and thrusting during regional orogenies. Intercalated within these carbonates are ophiolitic complexes, remnants of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, consisting of serpentinized peridotites, gabbros, and basaltic pillow lavas that were obducted onto the continental margin in the ; notable examples include the Pozanti-Karsanti and Göksun ophiolites in the eastern segments of the range. Volcanic rocks are localized in the northeastern extensions near the Erciyes , where andesitic and dacitic lava flows, along with basaltic andesites, overlie older basement units, contributing to the range's irregular . Mineral resources in the Anti-Taurus are tied to its tectonic and lithologic diversity, with deposits occurring within the ultramafic components of , such as serpentinites that host disseminated chrome ores suitable for metallurgical use. quarries exploit the metamorphosed equivalents of the dominant limestones, yielding high-quality white and colored varieties used in and export. Potential for mineralization exists along fault zones, where massive deposits in the southeastern Taurus extensions, including volcanogenic types, indicate hydrothermal activity associated with ophiolite emplacement, though exploration remains limited compared to adjacent regions. The range experiences active tectonics driven by the westward extrusion of the Anatolian Plate, with extensions of the dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and sinistral East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) influencing its northern and eastern margins, leading to ongoing strike-slip motion and compression at their near Karliova. This configuration results in moderate to high seismic activity, exemplified by 20th- and 21st-century events such as the (M 7.8) along the NAFZ and the 2023 sequence (M 7.8 and 7.5) linked to EAFZ segments, which produced over 100 km of surface rupture with coseismic displacements up to 5 m and triggered widespread landslides across the Anti-Taurus flanks. Superimposed on this are erosional processes dominated by dissolution in the carbonate bedrock, where acidic percolates through joints and bedding planes, forming extensive cave systems, sinkholes (dolines), and uvalas that characterize the landscape, particularly in the more humid western sectors. These features enhance permeability and contribute to rapid drainage, occasionally exacerbating seismic hazards through .

Climate and ecology

Climate patterns

The Anti-Taurus Mountains, as part of the broader Taurus range in central and eastern Turkey, are characterized by an oro-Mediterranean climate with increasing continental influences toward the east and interior. This results in hot, dry summers at lower elevations, where daytime temperatures frequently reach 25–30°C, and mild to cool winters with averages of 0–10°C, particularly on southern exposures influenced by Mediterranean air masses. Annual precipitation exhibits a west-to-east gradient, ranging from 800–1,500 mm in the western sectors near the Mediterranean coast to less than 500 mm in the drier eastern interiors, with most rainfall occurring during winter and spring due to cyclonic depressions from the Mediterranean Sea. Altitudinal zonation significantly modifies these patterns, with temperatures decreasing by approximately 6–8°C for every 1,000 m rise in elevation, leading to subzero conditions and persistent snow cover above 3,000–3,500 m on prominent peaks such as (3,917 m). Higher altitudes receive enhanced orographic precipitation, up to 1,000–2,000 mm annually on windward slopes, while leeward areas experience reduced amounts due to rain-shadow effects. In the eastern Anti-Taurus, mean annual temperatures hover around 8–12°C at mid-elevations, with January averages near 0°C and July exceeding 20°C, reflecting the region's semi-arid continental traits. Seasonally, winters bring substantial snowfall that accumulates above 2,000 m, replenishing regional through in spring, while summers are marked by under the influence of subtropical high-pressure systems, heightening the risk of wildfires in forested lower slopes. Microclimatic variations are pronounced, with southern slopes benefiting from moister Mediterranean inflows that support higher humidity and compared to the drier, more exposed northern interiors. These patterns are further modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation, which can intensify winter variability across the range.

Flora, fauna, and protected areas

The Anti-Taurus Mountains, part of the broader range in southern , support diverse vegetation zones shaped by elevation and Mediterranean influences. At mid-elevations between 800 and 2,000 meters, mixed forests dominate, featuring (Quercus spp.) and (Pinus spp.) alongside cedar of Lebanon (), a adapted to soils and contributing to the region's ecosystems. Above 2,500 meters, alpine meadows prevail, characterized by low-growing herbaceous plants, grasses, and geophytes such as of Astragalus, which thrive on karstic terrains and represent a significant portion of the area's endemic . The as a whole harbor around 1,400 endemic plant , with the Anti-Taurus contributing through microhabitats that foster , including orchids and Fritillaria arsusiana. Faunal diversity in the Anti-Taurus reflects its role as a , with mammals adapted to montane and forested s. Key species include the (Ursus arctos), which inhabits remote forested slopes and relies on berries, , and ungulates for sustenance, though populations are fragmented due to habitat pressures. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) roam higher elevations, preying on smaller mammals and occasionally livestock, while wild goats or (Capra aegagrus aegagrus) navigate steep cliffs and represent a vulnerable endemic . Avian life is particularly rich, with raptors such as golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus), and bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus) soaring over ridges; the area also hosts endemic or range-restricted birds like Caspian snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius) and Radde's accentor (Prunella ocularis) in alpine zones. In lower valleys, reptiles including (Lacerta spp.) and snakes (Vipera spp.) occupy riparian and scrub habitats, benefiting from the warmer microclimates. Ecosystems in the Anti-Taurus encompass montane grasslands that serve as summer pastures for herbivores, supporting a of herbs and shrubs resilient to seasonal droughts. Riparian zones along rivers like the Zamantı provide critical corridors for aquatic and semi-aquatic , fostering through shaded streams and . The range also functions as glacial refugia from the Pleistocene, preserving populations of and animals in isolated valleys and high plateaus, which has driven high rates. Protected areas play a vital role in conserving this biodiversity, with Aladağlar National Park as the primary reserve, established in 1995 and spanning approximately 550 km² across , , and provinces. The park protects diverse habitats from mid-elevation forests to alpine summits, safeguarding over 50 endemic plant species, nine of which are unique to the area, alongside key fauna like and vultures. It qualifies as an due to its populations of threatened raptors and alpine specialists. Additional reserves in the Anti-Taurus, such as wildlife protection zones, support routes, aiding species like the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) during seasonal passages.

History and human use

Etymology and historical references

The name "Anti-Taurus" originates from the term Antitaurus (Ἀντίταυρος), where the prefix "anti-" denotes opposition or counterposition to the primary , reflecting its geographical role as a northeastern extension or branch of the main range. This nomenclature was first employed by the Greek geographer in the 1st century BCE, who described the Anti-Taurus as a northern of the Taurus system, characterized by deep and narrow valleys that housed significant sites such as the temple of (locally called Ma) at Comana in . In Turkish, the range is known as Aladağlar, translating to "variegated" or "colorful mountains," a designation derived from "ala" (meaning spotted, mottled, or multicolored) and "dağlar" (mountains), alluding to the varied hues of its exposed rock layers from sedimentary and metamorphic formations. Historical references to the Anti-Taurus appear in ancient texts highlighting its strategic importance. During the Hittite period (ca. 1650–1200 BCE), routes through the Anti-Taurus channeled major traffic between the southeastern region of and the Hittite heartland in the Upper Land, facilitating trade and military movements across the rugged terrain. In the Roman era, these passes continued to serve as vital conduits for commerce between and the , with infrastructure like bridges and roads enhancing connectivity despite the natural barriers. Byzantine sources from the 7th to 9th centuries frequently portrayed the Anti-Taurus, alongside the Taurus, as a formidable defensive bulwark against Arab incursions from the south and southeast, forming the outer frontier of the empire's eastern defenses. By the , European increasingly distinguished the Anti-Taurus from the Taurus proper, incorporating detailed surveys from explorers and aligning it with emerging understandings of Anatolian amid Ottoman territorial mappings.

Settlement, economy, and tourism

The Anti-Taurus Mountains host sparse highland villages, particularly in and provinces, where small communities like those near Çukurbag and Demirkazık maintain traditional lifestyles centered on semi-nomadic . These settlements, often located at elevations above 1,500 meters, support seasonal migration patterns similar to those of the Yörük nomads, who utilize alpine meadows for during summer months. At the , larger towns such as serve as hubs for more settled populations engaged in , leveraging the fertile plains for crop cultivation and . The regional economy revolves around livestock grazing, with sheep and herding forming a of livelihoods in highland areas, though traditional systems often yield limited income without modern technical support. plays a role through the exploitation of and coniferous stands in the eastern Anatolian forests that extend into the Anti-Taurus ridge, providing timber and supporting local wood-based industries. activities, including quarries and extraction of metallic minerals like , contribute to economic output, with the broader Taurus belt serving as a key source for Turkey's natural stone exports. generation from rivers originating in the mountains, such as the Seyhan, adds to energy production and regional development. Emerging initiatives are increasingly vital, enhancing income for rural communities by promoting sustainable practices in protected areas. Tourism in the Anti-Taurus Mountains emphasizes and cultural exploration, with Aladağlar National Park offering extensive trails, including challenging routes around Demirkazık Peak that provide panoramic views of glacial lakes and steep cliffs. The Erciyes , situated on the namesake within the range, has evolved since the mid-20th century into a major winter destination with 19 modern lifts, including gondolas and chairlifts, serving over 100 kilometers of slopes and attracting over 3 million visitors annually as of 2023. opportunities abound in alpine habitats like the Maden section, where species such as and alpine accentors thrive. Nearby cultural influences from extend into the region, complemented by ancient ruins in the valleys. Following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, conservation and tourism recovery efforts have focused on in the area.

References

  1. https://www.euratlas.net/geography/europe/mountains/taurus_mountains_anti_taurus.html
  2. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-is-the-mountain-complex-of-taurus-mountains-located.html
  3. https://aroundus.com/p/9640075-anti-taurus-mountains
  4. https://mapy.com/en/?source=osm&id=1010992809
  5. https://bluegreenatlas.com/turkey.html
  6. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386g/turkey.pdf
  7. https://www.birdingplaces.eu/en/birdingplaces/turkey/anti-taurus-mountains-maden-section
  8. https://www.livius.org/articles/place/taurus/
  9. https://leisurecrew.com/place/taurus-mountains.html
  10. https://www.turkeyhomes.com/blog/post/welcome-to-the-taurus-mountain-range-in-turkey
  11. https://travel.com/regions/europe/turkey/aladaglar-milli-parki-turkey-best-things-to-do-top-picks/
  12. https://wikimapia.org/1391193/Anti-Taurus-Mountains
  13. https://www.blueguides.com/wp-content/pdf/bgmedturkey/example.pdf
  14. https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=403
  15. https://peakvisor.com/peak/kizilkaya.html
  16. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=213010
  17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330247096_Aladaglar_Mountain_Range_A_Landscape-Shaped_by_the_Interplay_of_Glacial_Karstic_and_Fluvial_Erosion
  18. https://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/18304
  19. https://ancientmesopotamia.org/geography/taurus-mountains
  20. https://www.allaboutturkey.com/taurus.html
  21. https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/18/S2/177/20547/Drought-planning-and-management-experience-in-the
  22. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/7/1331
  23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279959277_Rivers_of_Turkey
  24. https://waterinventory.org/sites/waterinventory.org/files/chapters/Chapter-03-Tigris_River-Basin-web_0.pdf
  25. https://medium.com/@samarakareemofficial/alada%C4%9Flar-national-park-one-of-the-largest-natural-and-cultural-sites-of-turkey-alada%C4%9Flar-national-20aff70b7b37
  26. https://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/18304?lang=en
  27. https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/iccap/ICCAP_Final_Report/3/1-hydrology_sg_jp.pdf
  28. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30234.1
  29. https://bmta.researchcommons.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2233&context=journal
  30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019181419500061H
  31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240379268_Tectonic_significance_of_the_geochemistry_and_petrology_of_ophiolites_in_southeast_Anatolia_Turkey
  32. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/massive-sulfide-copper-deposits-ergani-maden-area-southeastern-turkey
  33. https://earthjay.com/earthquakes/20200223_turkey/bozkurt_2001_Neotectonics_Turkey.pdf
  34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06710-0
  35. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-karst-regions-in-Turkey_fig1_330247342
  36. https://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/280/2018/12/30.Y%C4%B1l.TamMetin45%C4%B0brahim-Atalay1-Sevda-Altunba%C5%9F2-Ashfak-Ahmad-Khan1-and-M%C3%BCcahit-Co%C5%9Fkun1.pdf
  37. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=17133
  38. https://www.academia.edu/5079617/Mediterranean_Ecosystems_of_Turkey_Ecology_of_Taurus_Mountains
  39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12665-025-12412-z
  40. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/16/5/267
  41. https://iucn.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/site_h.taurus-mountains-turkey_final.pdf
  42. https://www.bearbiology.org/download/status-and-management-of-brown-bears-in-turkey/
  43. https://nationalparksassociation.org/turkey-national-parks/aladaglar-national-park/
  44. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332591126_The_Importance_of_Taurus_Mountains_in_Terms_of_Turkey_Zoogeography_and_Biodiversity
  45. https://elifesciences.org/articles/82984
  46. https://ekotaban.tarimorman.gov.tr/alan/43
  47. https://nationalparksofturkey.com/aladaglar-national-park/
  48. https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/aladag
  49. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027841652100026X
  50. https://www.anatolianarchaeology.net/discover-a-roman-era-route-hidden-in-turkiyes-taurus-mountains/
  51. https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/introduction-imperial-geographies-in-byzantine-and-ottoman-space/
  52. https://brill.com/display/book/9789004417410/BP000003.xml
  53. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/collections/maps/middleeast19/
  54. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-99415/nigde-aladaglar.html
  55. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000016813
  56. https://www.trekclimbskiturkey.com/antitaurustranscappadociatrekkingto
  57. https://www.bestturkeytour.com/taurus-mountains/
  58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805003445
  59. https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/eastern-anatolian-deciduous-forests/
  60. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/mountain_partnership/doc/Duzgun_Turkey.pdf
  61. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380224980_The_Taurus_Mountains_the_Hotspot_of_Western_Palearctic_Biodiversity_Is_in_Danger_Marble_Quarries_Affect_Wildlife
  62. https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-turkey.pdf
  63. https://skiingturkey.com/history.html
  64. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/where-to-ski-turkey-erciyes-dormant-volcano
  65. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/tourism/erciyes-ski-center-hosts-over-3-million-skiers-in-2022-23-season/2876543
  66. https://www.unwto.org/news/turkiye-earthquake-recovery-tourism
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.